Lightweight Encryption Algorithm Research Articles

Enhancing IoT data confidentiality and energy efficiency through decision tree-based self-management

Given the widespread deployment of IoT devices characterized by heterogeneity and energy limits, a greater emphasis on IoT data security within IoT environments has become required. This critical situation encouraged the deployment of lightweight encryption solutions to avoid additional attacks. These solutions, which are based on traditional encryption algorithms, are intended to fulfill the demands of resource-constrained devices while maintaining a high security level. In this research, we provide a novel IoT framework that uses lightweight cryptographic ciphers and the Autonomic Computing paradigm to self-manage the security of IoT devices. Our framework is based on a decision tree technique to guarantee the IoT data confidentiality by selecting and changing in an autonomic manner the most appropriate lightweight encryption algorithm to be used in order to improve energy efficiency by extending the lifespan of IoT devices and to provide an adapted security level according to IoT application type and IoT object state.

A lightweight security model for ensuring patient privacy and confidentiality in telehealth applications

Telehealth, a cornerstone of Healthcare 4.0 has widespread adoption owing to its convenience and efficiency. However, the secure transmission of patient records over the Internet and Cloud services remains a paramount concern. This study endeavors to design an enhanced security model that guarantees the privacy and confidentiality of patient electronic health records in telehealth applications. The proposed model employs a lightweight encryption algorithm to generate an access token that strictly regulates data access exclusively to the patient's department. Leveraging the patient's unique ID for encryption and decryption processes, the model ensures the secure handling of sensitive information. Robust data privacy measures are implemented through a random key generator utilizing the patient's ECG signal for secure key generation. Test results underscore the efficacy of the proposed security model in limiting access to patient-related data within the designated department. Furthermore, the model employs an efficient encryption algorithm, resulting in a 0.2% increase in generation rate compared to previous models, while reducing CPU usage by 23.16%. These enhancements significantly bolster the reliability and efficiency of the security model, providing robust safeguards for patient electronic health records' privacy and confidentiality during transmission across diverse telehealth applications. This study makes a substantial contribution to healthcare by addressing critical concerns surrounding patient privacy and confidentiality. The designed security model stands poised for seamless integration into various telehealth applications, offering a steadfast solution for data privacy and confidentiality concerns.

Fast and Secure Image Encryption System Using New Lightweight Encryption Algorithm

The rapid evolution of network technologies, where computer vision and the Internet seamlessly merge, poses significant challenges in safeguarding end-user data. To address the growing need for secure data in smart environments, lightweight and efficient security solutions are in high demand. Notably, the Trivium, a well-known encrypt stream cipher (eSTREAM) project, has been the target of several attacks. This paper proposes an innovative approach for fast and highly secured image encryption using byte scrambling and a modified version of the Trivium algorithm. The Henon map is utilized to generate random numbers for permutation, reducing time and increasing security. Performance is measured on 100 colour images with different several tests. The results present a fast and robust security system for the transmission process. It is more efficient than the traditional Trivium method. The encrypted-decryption time is reduced by 1:24 times, making it a quick security system for surgical telepresence and multimedia visuals.

A Hybrid Algorithms Based on the Aizawa Attractor and Rabbit-Lightweight Cipher for Image Encryption

Social media and networks rely heavily on images. Those images should be distributed in a private manner. Image encryption is therefore one of the most crucial components of cyber security. In the present study, an effective image encryption technique is developed that combines the Rabbit Algorithm, a simple algorithm, with the Attractor of Aizawa, a chaotic map. The lightweight encryption algorithm (Rabbit Algorithm), which is a 3D dynamic system, is made more secure by the Attractor of Aizawa. The process separates color images into blocks by first dividing them into bands of red, green, and blue (RGB). The presented approach generates multiple keys, or sequences, based on the initial parameters and conditions, which are then utilized for encrypting each one of the blocks. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) tests are among performance tests that are used to assess the effectiveness of the approach. With the help of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the produced keys have been checked for randomness. Additionally, research is being done into how long decryption and encryption take. The encryption approach is particularly secure because of the chaotic attractor's unpredictability. The correlation coefficient, Shannon entropy, and a histogram are used to analyse the encryption technique's performance. The findings demonstrate that the suggested encryption approach dependably operates since it makes use of a mechanism to strengthen security against the attack of known or selected plain-text. The outcomes also demonstrated that both decoding and encoding using the suggested encoding approach require less time. For instance, images 3's decoding time is 0.002000, whereas images 3's encoding time is 0.001200.

Multi-chain blockchain based secure data-sharing framework for industrial IoTs smart devices in petroleum industry

Industry 4.0 efficiently enhances the manufacturing process in many aspects such as increasing system performance, productivity, cost reduction, and building large-scale systems with enable autonomous operation. Numerous heterogeneous devices and sensors are connecting to the internet network through the utilization of revolutionary techniques that transfer the manufacturing paradigm to intelligent processes. The traditional schemes adopted centralized architectures and complex encryption algorithms that suffer from several cyber-security threats and latency making them unsuitable for resource-constrained IoTs devices. In our work, we proposed a decentralized, low-power consumption, fast, scalable, secure, privacy-preserving, and trusting architecture-based private blockchain network/smart contract and interplanetary file system for the petroleum industry in Iraq. Our scheme improves blockchain performance by adopting the incremental aggregator subsector commitment instated of Merkle tree and a multi-chain proof of rapid authentication as consensus algorithms, which are specially designed for industrial IoTs applications. It provides a high level of security authentication and privacy preservation, P2P communication, remote access, immutability, traceability, and information backtracking. In addition to addressing the blockchain storage limitation and eliminating third-party dependencies by adopting an interplanetary file system (IPFS). Also provides an efficient data encryption mechanism at the perceptual layer by adopting a lightweight encryption algorithm with internet friendly ARM Cortex-M33 Microcontroller as clear in the experimental results. Moreover, our architecture succeeds in merging blockchain technology, IoTs, and an IPFS with the petroleum industry as an industrial application area, and provides an efficient framework that resists common cyber-security attacks by achieving data integrity, availability, and confidentiality.

Design and Evaluation of a Power Analysis Resilient Implementation of Piccolo-80 Lightweight Encryption Algorithm

Design and Evaluation of a Power Analysis Resilient Implementation of Piccolo-80 Lightweight Encryption Algorithm

Linear Layer Architecture Based on Cyclic Shift and XOR

One of the nodes of a block symmetric encryption algorithm is represented by a linear layer, the purpose of which is to distribute the mutual influence of bits within the processed data block. Several methods exist for constructing a linear layer, the most common of which are matrix multiplication operations and the permutation of bits. Both approaches have high computational complexity and are not equally effective for both hardware and software implementations. This paper presents an approach for constructing linear functions for block symmetric encryption algorithms utilizing cyclic shift, and bitwise addition operations are formulated. We provide a preliminary assessment of certain properties of such functions, including the branch number. This linear operation can accommodate binary words of any length, allowing for the design of an optimal linear layer for software or hardware architectures with any word size. Furthermore, the developed architecture allows for balancing the laboriousness of linear operations and related branch numbers. The proposed novel linear layer architecture facilitates the creation of fast lightweight encryption algorithms as well as robust classical algorithms with a high level of cryptographic strength. For efficient implementation on software and hardware platforms, no additional optimizations are required, as the proposed linear layer allows for achieving high performance in both cases.

Development of a new lightweight encryption algorithm

Lightweight encryption algorithms are considered a relatively new direction in the development of private key cryptography. This need arose as a result of the emergence of a large number of devices with little computing power and memory. Therefore, it became necessary to develop algorithms that can provide a sufficient level of security, with minimal use of resources. The paper presents a new lightweight LBC encryption algorithm. LBC is a 64–bit symmetric block algorithm. It supports 80 bit secret key. The number of rounds is 20. The algorithm has a Feistel network structure. The developed lightweight algorithm has a simple implementation scheme, and the transformations used in this algorithm have good cryptographic properties. This was verified by studying the cryptographic properties of the algorithm using the "avalanche effect" and statistical tests. The avalanche property was checked for each round when each bit of the source text was changed. Based on the work carried out, it was found that the proposed encryption algorithm is effective to ensure a good avalanche effect and the binary sequence obtained after encryption is close to random. Its security against linear and differential cryptanalysis is also evaluated. The results of the research revealed good cryptographic properties of this algorithm. The algorithm will be used for devices with small hardware resources, in information and communication systems where confidential information circulates, and it is also extremely necessary to exchange information in a protected form in an operationally acceptable time

Integration of lightweight cryptography and watermarking with compression for high speed and reliable communication of digital images in IoT

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly over the past few years. The main challenges for people who design and make these systems are to make them use less energy and use as small hardware as possible. Recording and sending compressed images in IoT systems must be secure. Secure image transmission requires encryption, watermarking, and compression. In choosing these algorithms, one should always consider energy efficiency and low hardware complexity. So, we propose a secure way to send data in IoT systems by combining encryption, watermarking, and compression. Depending on what is needed, we use a lightweight encryption algorithm, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) watermarking, and Discrete cosine transform + Lempel‐Ziv‐Welch (DCT+LZW) compression. In this method, the main contribution is to make a security pack that is small, strong, and easy to implement for secure image transmission on IoT systems. In the experiments, several images are used to judge how well the proposed integrated method works and how well it compares to other methods. When the proposed method was compared to other methods, the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) parameter improved by more than 20% in the Lena image and by more than 11% in the Baboon image.

Efficient Key Generation Techniques for Wireless Body Area Network

In wireless body area network health care applications, energy-constraint wearable devices are used to monitor patient physiological parameters. The security of the private health information of a person plays a significant role because if it is captured and read by an unauthorized person, the confidentiality of the patient data is lost. Therefore, there is a requirement to secure the data by performing encryption to transfer it into an unreadable form. Since the resources used for encryption should be kept to a minimum as the devices are attached to the human body, a lightweight encryption algorithm has to be used. Therefore, the generation of a unique key used for encryption plays a significant role. In work, generating a unique key uses the ECG values taken from MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database. Four unique keys are generated, which can be used for encryption. The uniqueness and randomness of the keys generated are proved using the runs test and frequency test within the block. Also, the average hamming distance calculated between the ECG keys generated from two different ECG signals is 62.5% (approx 80 bits), which proves the distinctiveness of the keys generated. Implementation of the work is performed using Matlab.

High Throughput PRESENT Cipher Hardware Architecture for the Medical IoT Applications

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an intelligent technology applied to various fields like agriculture, healthcare, automation, and defence. Modern medical electronics is also one such field that relies on IoT. Execution time, data security, power, and hardware utilization are the four significant problems that should be addressed in the data communication system between intelligent devices. Due to the risks in the implementation algorithm complexity, certain ciphers are unsuitable for IoT applications. In addition, IoT applications are also implemented on an embedded platform wherein computing resources and memory are limited in number. Here in the research work, a reliable lightweight encryption algorithm with PRESENT has been implemented as a hardware accelerator and optimized for medical IoT-embedded applications. The PRESENT cipher is a reliable, lightweight encryption algorithm in many applications. This paper presents a low latency 32-bit data path of PRESENT cipher architecture that provides high throughput. The proposed hardware architecture has been implemented and tested with XILINX XC7Z030FBG676-2 ZYNQ FPGA board 7000. This work shows an improvement of about 85.54% in throughput with a reasonable trade-off over hardware utilization.

Development of a New Lightweight Encryption Algorithm

Due to the growing need to use devices with low hardware resources in everyday life, the likelihood of their susceptibility to various cyber-attacks increases. In this regard, one of the methods to ensure the security of information circulating in these devices is encryption. For devices with small hardware resources, the most applicable is low-resource (lightweight) cryptography. This article introduces a new lightweight encryption algorithm, ISL-LWS (Information Security Laboratory – lightweight system), designed to protect data on resource-constrained devices. The encryption algorithm is implemented in the C++ programming language. The paper presents the statistical properties of ciphertexts obtained using the developed algorithm. For the experimental testing for statistical security, the sets of statistical tests by NIST and D. Knuth were used. Separately, the ISL-LWS algorithm was tested for avalanche effect properties. The obtained results of statistical tests were compared with the Present and Speck modern lightweight algorithms. The study and comparative analysis of the speed of encryption and key generation of the three algorithms were carried out on the Arduino Uno R3 board.

A Lightweight Encryption Algorithm to Enhance Wireless Sensor Network Security on the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an anticipated future technology that promises to connect a massive number of devices over the internet. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are regarded as one of the most essential subnetworks of the IoT. Sensor networks are being utilized by IoT to gather, monitor, and send sensitive data across wireless networks. Because the information transferred through WSNs is easily exposed to cyber-attacks, data security is critical. In WSNs, the attacker's adversary aims are to deteriorate and halt the network's effective use, as well as to interrupt network services, rendering them unreachable to the users or providing a user with false feedback. Since the users don’t have control over their data transmitted on the wireless medium or stored in the middleware, anyone with internet access can access it. This puts data confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity at risk since users with unauthorized access can easily access, alter, and manipulate data in transit. The proposed Lightweight Security Algorithm (LSA) is a hybrid algorithm created by combining the Security Protocol for Sensor Networks (SPINS) with the Secure IoT (SIT) encryption technique to improve WSN’s data security while lowering the threshold of attacks and minimize power consumption in WSNs without impacting network performance. Furthermore, the proposed LSA reduces the key generation time by 102mS thus improving the security by 99%. During data transmission, the power consumption is reduced by an average of 411.2uJ and the Packet Drop Ratio (PDR) is between 90 and 99% when comparing it with SPN and Feistel techniques.

An Anti-Physical Attack Scheme of ARX Lightweight Algorithms for IoT Applications

The lightweight encryption algorithm based on Add-Rotation-XOR (ARX) operation has attracted much attention due to its high software affinity and fast operation speed. However, lacking an effective defense scheme for physical attacks limits the applications of the ARX algorithm. The critical challenge is how to weaken the direct dependence between the physical information and the secret key of the algorithm at a low cost. This study attempts to explore how to improve its physical security in practical application scenarios by analyzing the masking countermeasures of ARX algorithms and the leakage causes. Firstly, we specify a hierarchical security framework by quantitatively evaluating the indicators based on side-channel attacks. Then, optimize the masking algorithm to achieve a trade-off balance by leveraging the software-based local masking strategies and non-full-round masking strategies. Finally, refactor the assembly instruction to improve the leaks by exploring the leakage cause at assembly instruction. To illustrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme, we further conducted a case study by designing a software-based masking method for Chaskey. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively weaken the impact of physical attacks.

Retraction Note: Medical Data Security for Healthcare Applications Using Hybrid Lightweight Encryption and Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Retraction Note: Medical Data Security for Healthcare Applications Using Hybrid Lightweight Encryption and Swarm Optimization Algorithm

FPGA based secure and noiseless image transmission using LEA and optimized bilateral filter

In today’s world, the transmission of secured and noiseless image is a difficult task. Therefore, effective strategies are important to secure the data or secret image from the attackers. Besides, denoising approaches are important to obtain noise-free images. For this, an effective crypto-steganography method based on Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (LEA) and Modified Least Significant Bit (MLSB) method for secured transmission is proposed. Moreover, a bilateral filter-based Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is used for image denoising. Before image transmission, the secret image is encrypted by the LEA algorithm and embedded into the cover image using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and MLSB technique. After the image transmission, the extraction process is performed to recover the secret image. Finally, a bilateral filter-WOA is used to remove the noise from the secret image. The Verilog code for the proposed model is designed and simulated in Xilinx software. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed filtering technique has superior performance than conventional bilateral filter and Gaussian filter in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM).

Simple Lightweight Cryptographic Algorithm to Secure Imbedded IoT Devices

The internet of things (IoT) revolution has been sparked by the exponential increase in connected devices caused by recent advances in wireless technology. These embedded devices gather, analyze, and send vast data via the network. Data transmission security is a primary problem in IoT networks. Several lightweight encryption/decryption algorithms have been developed for such resource-constraint devices. One of most effective and fast lightweight encryption algorithms for IoT applications is the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA). TEA has few lines source of codes to implement and based on Feistel structure to provide cryptographic primitive confusion and diffusion features in order to hide statistical aspects of plaintext. However, it is vulnerable to assaults using equivalent and related key attacks. This study suggested modifying TEA by employing a new proposed generating keys function using two Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs) as a combination to address the security flaw caused by utilizing different keys for each round function. The key sensitivity, Avalanche effect, and a completeness test were used to evaluate its security performance. The key sensitivity of the proposed modified TEA outperforms original TEA by 50.18 % to 44.88 %. The modified TEA avalanche effect outperforms TEA by 52.57 % to 47.69 %, and its completeness test outperforms TEA by 51.75 % to 48.36 %. Experimental results indicates that, the encryption performance of proposed modified TEA is better than original TEA.

The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm

Abstract This article presents a developed lightweight data encryption algorithm called LBC-3. Its essential difference from the known algorithms is the R1 function and the procedure for generating round keys. The main characteristics of this lightweight algorithm and all the transformations used in the encryption and decryption processes are described. The process of generating the round keys of the algorithm is also considered. The results of the study of the cryptographic properties of the algorithm using the “avalanche effect” and statistical tests are presented. The avalanche property was tested for each round with each bit of the source text changing. Based on the work carried out, it was found that the proposed encryption algorithm is effective in providing a good avalanche effect, and the binary sequence obtained after encryption is close to random. The research revealed good cryptographic properties of this algorithm.

Identifying and analyzing Risk Mitigation strategies in IOT devices using Light Weight Symmetric Encryption Algorithms

Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming more and more pervasive in all applications. It has greater capabilities like remote monitoring and control. Different available APIs make IoT devices and applications easy to develop and deploy. The data generated by IoT devices is smaller in size and needs light weight protocols like MQTT to carry it over the network. Risk Mitigation in IoT data is very crucial and to do that traditional security and risk mitigation algorithms like RSA, SHA-512 and all cannot be used as IoT devices have smaller data. Applying traditional security and Risk Mitigation techniques to IoT data by traditional algorithms will cause the computation overhead in IoT applications. Different Light Weight Encryptions schemes for risk mitigation are suggested like PRESENT, HUMMINGBIRD et al. in this paper, different light weight encryption algorithms used in IoT risk mitigation are studied and understood. Their problems are noted down and possible improvements are suggested to make them more efficient

A Sponge-Based Key Expansion Scheme for Modern Block Ciphers

Many systems in use today require strong cryptographic primitives to ensure confidentiality and integrity of data. This is especially true for energy systems, such as smart grids, as their proper operation is crucial for the existence of a functioning society. Because of this, we observe new developments in the field of cryptography every year. Among the developed primitives, one of the most important and widely used are iterated block ciphers. From AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) to LEA (Lightweight Encryption Algorithm), these ciphers are omnipresent in our world. While security of the encryption process of these ciphers is often meticulously tested and verified, an important part of them is neglected—the key expansion. Many modern ciphers use key expansion algorithms which produce reversible sub-key sequences. This means that, if the attacker finds out a large-enough part of this sequence, he/she will be able to either calculate the rest of the sequence, or even the original key. This could completely compromise the cipher. This is especially concerning due to research done into side-channel attacks, which attempt to leak secret information from memory. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme which can be used to create key expansion algorithms for modern ciphers. We define two important properties that a sequence produced by such algorithm should have and ensure that our construction fulfills them, based on the research on hashing functions. In order to explain the scheme, we describe an example algorithm constructed this way, as well as a cipher called IJON which utilizes it. In addition to this, we provide results of statistical tests which show the unpredictability of the sub-key sequence produced this way. The tests were performed using a test suite standardized by NIST (National Institute for Standards and Technology). The methodology of our tests is also explained. Finally, the reference implementation of the IJON cipher is published, ready to be used in software. Based on the results of tests, we conclude that, while more research and more testing of the algorithm is advised, the proposed key expansion scheme provides a very good generation of unpredictable bits and could possibly be used in practice.