Light-emitting Diode Photomodulation Research Articles

Light-emitting diode photomodulation of uterine adenocarcinoma cells inhibited angiogenesis capacity via the regulation of exosome biogenesis.

This study was conducted to investigate the inhibitory effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on exosome biogenesis and angiogenesis capacity in Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. To this end, cells were exposed to different energy densities (fluences) of 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64J/cm2 for 5days (once every 24h), and cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. Based on data from the MTT panel, cells were exposed to 4 and 16J/cm2 for subsequent analyses. Exosome biogenesis was also monitored via monitoring the expression of CD63, ALIX, and Rab27a and b. The size and morphology of exosomes in the supernatant were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Using Transwell insert, the migration capacity of these cells was studied. The angiogenic effects of irradiated Ishikawa cell secretome at different fluences were monitored on human endothelial cells using in vitro tubulogenesis. Results indicated LED can reduce the viability of Ishikawa cells in a dose-dependent manner. According to our data, 4 and 64J/cm2 groups exhibited minimum and maximum cytotoxic effects compared to the control cells. Data revealed a close proportional relationship between the power of laser and exosome average size compared to the non-treated control cells (p < 0.05). Real-time PCR analysis showed the suppression of Rab27b and up-regulation of Rab27a in irradiated cells exposed to 4 and 16J/cm2 (p < 0.05). These effects were evident in the 16J/cm2 group. Likewise, LED can inhibit the migration of Ishikawa cells in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Tubulogenesis activity of endothelial cells was suppressed after incubation with the secretome of irradiated Ishikawa cells (p < 0.05). These data showed tumoricidal properties of LED irradiation on human adenocarcinoma Ishikawa cells via the inhibition of exosome biogenesis and suppression of angiogenesis capacity.

Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effects of Light-Emitting Diode Photomodulation on Lower Extremity Wounds Left to Heal by Secondary Intention.

Light-emitting diode (LED) has been used for wound healing because of its stimulatory effects on fibroblast proliferation, matrix synthesis, angiogenesis, and downmodulation of inflammatory reactions. The aim of the authors' study was to investigate the effects of red LED (wavelength 633 nm) photomodulation on lower extremity surgical defects left to heal by secondary intention. Fourteen subjects with surgical defects of the lower leg were irradiated with a 633 ± 3-nm light source for 20 minutes (105 mW/cm, 126 J/cm) at 4 weekly sessions. The number of days required for wounds to heal was greater in the treatment group (63.2 ± 12.2 days) than in the control group (48.67 ± 11.1 days), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = .07). The percentage of the original wound remaining was not statistically different between treatment and control groups between Weeks 1 and 2 (p = .71) and Weeks 3 and 4 (p = .56). It was significant between Weeks 2 and 3 (p = .01). This study revealed that red LED photomodulation at a wavelength of 633 nm did not result in clinical improvement in wound healing of surgical defects on the lower extremities.

The Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Photobiomodulation on Implant Stability and Biochemical Markers in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of light-emitting diode photomodulation (LED PBM) on implant osseointegration by measuring implant stability changes by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and measuring interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF). Light therapy modulates various biological events and allows improved wound healing in ischemic and wounded tissues. Fifteen patients (8 control, 7 LED) participated in the study. In the LED group, LED device at a wavelength of 626 nm in the near-infrared (NIR) region (treatment array area: 4.80 cm2; average intensity: 38.5 mW/cm2; total power: 185 mW; total energy: 222 J; average density: 46.2 J/cm2) was applied for 20 min over the surgical area during 3 weeks, three times in a week, starting from the operation day. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were recorded at the time of operation, and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. PICF samples were collected in postoperative weeks 4 and 12 and IL-1β, TGF-β, PGE2, and NO levels were evaluated. Clinical indices were recorded around implants in postoperative weeks 4 and 12. In the control group, significant reduction of ISQ values from week 2 to week 12 were demonstrated. In the LED group, baseline ISQ values were maintained during the study and no significant changes were observed. Changes in biochemical parameters were found to be similar between groups over time. However, in the LED group, a negative correlation was found between PGE2 and ISQ values. LED application to surgical area has a positive effect on the osseointegration process, and implant stability can be maintained.

Efficacy of Light-Emitting Diode Photomodulation in Reducing Erythema After Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser Resurfacing: A Pilot Study

The most common side effects of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser resurfacing are erythema and edema of the treated skin. Light-emitting diode (LED) devices have been shown to stimulate fibroblast activity and hasten wound healing. The current study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of such LED devices in treating post-laser therapy erythema. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of LED photomodulation in reducing erythema resulting from ablative fractional CO2 laser resurfacing. Randomly selected facial halves of 10 Korean subjects (Fitzpatrick skin type III-IV) were treated using a 635-nm wavelength LED array immediately after full-face fractional laser skin resurfacing. Each participant was subsequently treated with LED daily for the following 7days. Clinical photographs, subjective physician assessment, and chromometer erythema index were used to track the results, with clinical improvement assessed using a 5-point grading scale. The postlaser erythema resolved faster on the experimental side than the control side, with improvements noted according to physician assessment and chromometer erythema index. Statistically significant improvements between the two sides were first noted on day 4. Treatment using a 635-nm-wavelength LED array decreases the intensity and duration of post-fractional CO2 laser treatment erythema.

A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Study of Light Emitting Diode Photomodulation for the Prevention of Radiation Dermatitis in Patients with Breast Cancer

Radiation dermatitis occurs in a majority of patients with breast cancer who receive radiation therapy (RT), causes significant pain, and may necessitate treatment delay. Light emitting diode (LED) photomodulation has been reported to minimize radiation dermatitis. This study sought to further evaluate the efficacy of LED photomodulation in lessening radiation dermatitis. After surgery, patients with breast cancer received LED photomodulation or sham treatments in conjunction with three-dimensional conformal RT. Reactions were evaluated using standardized photographs graded according to National Cancer Institute criteria. In the LED treatment group (n=18), no patients had grade 0 reactions, six (33.3%) had grade 1 reactions, 12 (66.7%) had grade 2 reactions, and none had a grade 3 reaction. In the sham treatment group (n=15), one (6.6%) patient had a grade 0 reaction, four (26.7%) had grade 1 reactions, 9 (60.0%) had grade 2 reactions, and one (6.7%) had a grade 3 reaction. Two (11.1%) patients in the LED treatment group and one (6.7%) in the control group had to interrupt treatment. Differences between groups were not statistically significant. LED photomodulation did not reduce the incidence of radiation-induced skin reactions or interruptions in therapy. .

Commentary: Should We Use Light-Emitting Diode Photomodulation to Minimize Radiation-Induced Dermatitis?

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Improvement of Postfractional Laser Erythema with Light-Emitting Diode Photomodulation

The most common side effects of fractional laser skin treatment are erythema and edema. Low-level light therapy and light-emitting diode (LED) devices have been used to stimulate fibroblast activity and hasten wound healing. To determine whether LED treatment immediately after fractional laser skin resurfacing affects the severity and duration of postoperative eythema. Twenty patients received treatment with a 590-nm wavelength LED array to randomly selected facial halves immediately after undergoing full-face fractional laser skin resurfacing with a 1,550-nm erbium-doped fiber laser. Differences in erythema between LED-treated and untreated facial halves were recorded at 24, 48, and 96 hours post-treatment. The LED-treated facial halves were less erythematous in all 20 patients 24 hours postoperatively. The six patients who received the highest mean energy densities during fractional laser treatment continued to exhibit decreased erythema in the LED-treated areas at 48 hours. At 96 hours post-treatment, no discernible differences between facial halves were observed in any patient. Photomodulation with a 590-nm-wavelength LED array can decrease the intensity and duration of postfractional laser treatment erythema.

Treatment of radiation‐induced dermatitis with light‐emitting diode (LED) photomodulation

Light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation increases dermal collagen and reduces inflammation. This study evaluated the use of LED photomodulation in the prevention of radiation-induced dermatitis in breast cancer. Patients (n=19) were treated with LED photomodulation (Gentlewaves, Light BioScience, LLC, Virginia Beach, VA) after each of a series of intensity-modulated radiation treatments (IMRT). Skin reactions were monitored weekly with National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria. Age-matched controls (n=28) received IMRT without LED photomodulation. In LED-treated patients, 18 (94.7%) had grade 0 or 1 reaction and 1 (5.3%) had grade 2 reaction. Among controls, 4 (14.3%) had a grade 1 reaction, 24 (85.7%) had a grade 2 or 3 reaction. One LED-treated patient (5.3%) and 19 controls (67.9%) had to interrupt treatment. LED photomodulation treatments immediately after IMRT reduces the incidence of NCI grades 1, 2, and 3 skin reactions in patients with breast cancer treated by radiation therapy (RT) postlumpectomy.

Clinical Experience with Light‐Emitting Diode (LED) Photomodulation

Light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation is a novel nonthermal technology used to modulate cellular activity with light. We describe our experience over the last 2 years using 590 nm LED photomodulation within a dermatologic surgery environment. Practical use of nonthermal light energy and emerging applications in 3,500 treatments delivered to 900 patients is detailed. LED photomodulation has been used alone for skin rejuvenation in over 300 patients but has been effective in augmentation of results in 600 patients receiving concomitant nonablative thermal and vascular treatments such as intense pulsed light, pulsed dye laser, KTP and infrared lasers, radiofrequency energy, and ablative lasers. LED photomodulation reverses signs of photoaging using a new nonthermal mechanism. The anti-inflammatory component of LED in combination with the cell regulatory component helps improve the outcome of other thermal-based rejuvenation treatments.

Clinical trial of a novel non‐thermal LED array for reversal of photoaging: Clinical, histologic, and surface profilometric results

Photomodulation has been described as a process which modifies cell activity using light sources without thermal effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of a non-thermal low dose light emitting diode (LED) array for improving the appearance of photoaged subjects. This prospective study investigated a random cohort of patients (N = 90) with a wide range of photoaged skin treated by LED photomodulation using a full panel 590 nm non-thermal full face LED array delivering 0.1 J/cm(2) with a specific sequence of pulsing. Subjects were evaluated at 4, 8, 12, 18 weeks and 6 and 12 months after a series of 8 treatments delivered over 4 weeks. Data collected included stereotactic digital imaging, computerized optical digital profilometry, and peri-ocular biopsy histologic evaluations for standard stains and well as collagen synthetic and degradative pathway immunofluorescent staining. Digital imaging data showed a reduction of signs of photoaging in 90% of subjects with smoother texture, reduction of peri-orbital rhytids, and reduction of erythema and pigmentation. Optical profilometry showed a 10% improvement by surface topographical measurements. Histologic data showed markedly increased collagen in the papillary dermis of 100% of post-treatment specimens (N = 10). Staining with anti-collagen I antibodies demonstrated a 28% (range: 10%-70%) average increase in density while staining with anti-matrixmetalloproteinase (MMP)-1 showed an average reduction of 4% (range: 2%-40%). No side effects or pain were noted. Photomodulation to reverse photoaging is possible with a specific array of LEDs with a specific fluence using a precise pulsing or "code" sequence. Skin textural improvement by digital imaging and surface profilometry is accompanied by increased collagen I deposition with reduced MMP-1 (collagenase) activity in the papillary dermis. This technique is a safe and effective non-painful non-ablative modality for improvement of photoaging.