Lightweight Steel Construction Research Articles

Analysis of impact of the lightweightsteel construction sector development on the economic effieciency in Azerbaijan (methodology)

lightweight construction system growth has increased in the last decade, and it has spread in many countries in the developed and developing countries, included the countries adjacent to Azerbaijan, whether in Russia or Turkey. however, this construction technology is still in a limited range in Azerbaijan in some agricultural sector as green houses. This article discusses in the methodology, which can be measured by the addition of this type of construction in economic efficiency in Azerbaijan. This article shows also how to examine the impact of this type of building on the GDP in Azerbaijan, through the share of the sector's share within the construction sector share of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, the article indulges methodology measuring the impact of the development of a lightweight construction of steel in residential, commercial and industrial applications on Azerbaijan's economic development.

Integrated decision support for embodied impact assessment of circular and bio-based building components

The construction industry is accounted for one third of all waste generation in the European Union (EU) countries. The Interreg Circular Bio-Based Construction Industry (CBCI) project was conceived to explore the circular principles and bio-based materials for enhancing sustainability in construction industry. This study provides a new approach for decision support via a case study on early design phase of a demo terraced single family house; the living lab (LL) located in Ghent (Belgium). The decision support utilizes circularity tools and life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. For this purpose, nine preliminary designs (PD) for the building envelope were assessed in a comparative study, which consists of three basic construction methods: masonry, light-weight steel and wood framing construction supplemented with bio-based materials. Environmental impact assessment was supported with the circularity tools focusing on the reuse and recyclability potential in the end-of-life (EoL) scenarios. The integration of LCA and circularity tools displayed that bio-based design PDs have an increased performance due to the avoided environmental impact through reuse and recycling in the EoL scenarios. As a result, a novel approach that integrates circularity calculations with LCA methodology was provided to improve long-term impact analysis on circular buildings with more precision in end-of-life scenario development.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN RC CONSTRUCTION AND LIGHTWEIGHT STEEL CONSTRUCTION

The construction of lightweight steel has been remarkable in multiple applications including residential, commercial and industrial buildings. Many studies focus on the advantages of building lightweight from several aspects. This article highlights a comparative study of the construction of lightweight steel and construction by reinforced concrete in technical and economic aspects such as the weight of the building, construction time and construction conditions. In this article, the construction of lightweight steel appears to be the big difference in the weight of the building compared with the construction of the reinforced concrete and also by construction duration, which the construction needs from start to finish. It is also illustrated that direct and non-direct cost for light-weight steel construction is less than the cost of construction with reinforced concrete.

Influence of airtightness of steel sandwich panel joints on heat losses

Energy saving ordinances requires that buildings must be designed in such a way that the heat transfer surface including the joints is permanently air impermeable. The prefabricated roof and wall panels in lightweight steel constructions are airtight in the area of the steel covering layers. The sealing of the panel joints contributes to fulfil the comprehensive requirements for an airtight building envelope. To improve the airtightness of steel sandwich panels, additional sealing tapes can be installed in the panel joint. The influence of these sealing tapes was evaluated by measurements carried out by the RWTH Aachen University - Sustainable Metal Building Envelopes. Different installation situations were evaluated by carrying out airtightness tests for different joint distances. In addition, the influence on the heat transfer coefficient was also evaluated using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The combination of obtained air volume flow and transmission losses enables to create an "effective heat transfer coefficient" due to transmission and infiltration. This summarizes both effects in one value and is particularly helpful for approximate calculations on energy efficiency.

Configuração de melhor rendimento para telha de aço autoportante submetida à ação de vento de sucção

Construções leves em aço são frequentemente utilizadas como uma solução estrutural apropriada permitindo redução do custo da supra e infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, empregam-se Perfis Formados a Frio (PFF) e que, sendo elementos estruturais esbeltos, tornam-se propícios a condições de flambagem. Assim, este estudo desenvolve uma solução de telha autoportante em PFF do tipo viga-calha que apresente o melhor rendimento tanto à flexão (provocada pela ação do vento) quanto à cobertura obtida. Para a análise de estabilidade, utilizou-se o software CUFSM (Constrained and Unconstrained Finite Strip Method) baseado no Método das Faixas Finitas. Além disso, usou-se o Método da Resistência Direta para a determinação da resistência à flexão de projeto. Logo, este artigo apresenta seis análises numéricas a fim de propor um modelo que apresente a melhor relação entre Momento Resistente Efetivo e taxa de cobertura. Finalmente, sugere-se uma solução de telha do tipo viga-calha autoportante que se mostre eficiente na flexão sob vento de sucção e apresente uma taxa de cobertura satisfatória.

Behaviour factor evaluation of CFS shear walls with gypsum board sheathing according to FEMA P695 for Eurocodes

Earthquake standards around the globe are progressing towards adopting an advanced performance based seismic design approach, providing the guidelines for the newer innovative seismic force resisting systems and codifying the seismic performance of already in use structural systems. Gypsum board panels are among one of the many types of panels currently widely used in the Light Weight Steel (LWS) constructions made of the Cold Formed Steel (CFS) frames primarily for sheathing the studs to form an envelope of the building. Contrarily, there choice as the sheathing panel for shear walls resisting the seismic loads in LWS construction is rather limited due the lack of guidelines on their seismic performance in European standards. The work presented here in attempts to bridge this gap by evaluating a suitable value of their behaviour factor, which is one of the significant measures for quantifying the seismic response, through a numerical study performed following the procedures of FEMA P695. A set of fourteen archetypes, which represent a range of design parameters and the building configurations are designed following the capacity design approach and their response is idealized by the nonlinear models. The performance of archetype models is evaluated systematically through the static pushover and the incremental dynamic analysis under a suite of forty-four normalized and scaled earthquake records, representing the probable seismic hazard to the buildings. Finally, by calculating the collapse probability while also considering the uncertainties from various sources, the suitability of trial value of behaviour factor used in the design phase of archetypes is evaluated. Based on the results, it is concluded that a behaviour factor (q) of 2.0 for the CFS shear walls with gypsum board sheathing is appropriate.

Seismic Behaviour of Strap-Braced LWS Structures: Shake Table Testing and Numerical Modelling

Nowadays Lightweight Steel (LWS) Constructions made with Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) profiles are currently used in seismic area, especially for residential buildings. The increasing use of these systems is accompanied by a large development of the research in this field. Indeed, the University of Naples “Federico II” has recently started an important collaboration with Lamieredil S.p.A. Company in order to investigate the seismic behaviour of strap-braced CFS systems through a series of shake-table tests, performed on two reduced-scale strap-braced structures. In addition, 3D numerical models were developed in OpenSees environment in order to simulate the dynamic/earthquake response of the whole structure, considering also the effect of the two different floor typologies. The present paper illustrates the main results of the shake-table testing and numerical modelling.

Seismic collapse assessment of a hybrid cold-formed hot-rolled steel building

This paper investigates seismic collapse potential of a hybrid cold-formed hot-rolled system in order to quantify the response modification factor (R-factor) through a procedural method proposed in FEMA-P695. A series of hot-rolled steel (HRS) knee-braced frames in conjunction with cold-formed steel (CFS) stud walls are proposed to resist lateral and gravity loads. ASCE7-16 does not provide seismic performance factors for this hybrid HRS/CFS structural topology in lightweight steel construction and as a result, more sophisticated assessment is needed to measure reasonable seismic performance. A nonlinear numerical model that simulates post-peak response of HRS knee-braced frames is calibrated with experimental data. Post-buckling behaviour of CFS studs are measured according to various techniques in terms of finite strip method (FSM), finite element method (FEM) and AISI-S136-16 analytical formulations. The modelling approach is implemented into nonlinear analytical models of a six-storey steel building which is designed in accordance with ASCE7-16, ANSI/AISC360-16, and AISI-S316-16. A suite of twenty-two bidirectional far-field ground motions are chosen from PEER/NGA database subset and scaled to conditional mean spectrum (CMS) relevant to Urban California region. A set of nonlinear static analysis as well as incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is conducted to measure collapse fragility and seismic performance of the building. It is concluded that initially assumed R-factor for the proposed structural system maintains the collapse prevention criterion as recommended by FEMA-P695 and is appropriate to be considered for design purposes.

Design of SupaCee Sections Subject to Web Crippling under One-Flange Load Cases

Cold-formed steel sections are generally used as flexural members in lightweight steel construction. The SupaCee section is an innovative section introduced recently to the Australian building sector. It provides superior flexural strength than the traditional channel sections due to unique ribbed web and curved lip elements. However, the web crippling behavior and strength of the high strength SupaCee sections has not been investigated yet. Current web crippling design methods given in cold-formed steel design standards do not include any provision for SupaCee sections. Hence, detailed experimental and finite element studies were conducted to investigate the web crippling behavior and strengths of SupaCee sections under one-flange load cases with their flanges unfastened from the supports. Experimental and finite element analysis results showed that the web crippling capacities of SupaCee sections are reduced relative to lipped channel sections. Therefore, the current web crippling design equations in the American and Australian/New Zealand cold-formed steel design standards were modified by including suitable web crippling coefficients for SupaCee sections. Finite element models of tested SupaCee sections were also developed and validated using the experimental results. This paper presents the details of experimental and numerical web crippling studies of SupaCee sections under one-flange load cases and the results. It also presents the details of direct strength method-based design equations developed in this research.

Adaptive Welding of S960QC UHSS for Arctic Structural Applications

The construction of welded structures capable of withstanding the harsh operating conditions found in the Arctic region is essential for effective exploitation of the area. This paper examines the usability of S960QC UHSS as potential weldable material for lightweight Arctic structural constructions. The paper concurrently explores the applicability of an adaptive robotic GMAW process in welding the UHSS material. The adaptive welding system featured an infrared thermo-profile scanner. S960QC UHSS was welded in two different fillet joint orientations employing PA and PB welding positions. Using the adaptive welding system, the behavior of welding parameters such as current, voltage and heat input and their effect on the temperature of the weld seam were monitored in relation to the metallurgical properties of the welds. It was observed that the orientation of the joint geometry influences weld penetration and the shape of the weld. Metallurgical tests performed across the weld metal revealed that, using heat inputs between 0.5–0.65 kJ/mm, weld hardness between 375–397 HV5 can be achieved. The hardness values together with impact strength of 33–50 J at an operating temperature of -40 oC demonstrate material properties suitable for Arctic structural applications where excellent strength-to-weight ratio and high load carrying capacity are required. The paper contributes to the field of lightweight steel construction and digitization in welding where adaptive intelligent systems are harnessed in sensing, monitoring, predicting and modelling of the welding process for weld quality control and assurance purposes.

Lightweight Steel Constructions for Seismic Areas

Lightweight steel constructions are one of the innovative constructional systems steadily increasing in spread due to their huge benefits in respect to more traditional constructional systems. Typical lightweight steel products, usually combined with gypsum, wood and cement based panels, can be used to build both structural and nonstructural systems. After a brief description of the most common lightweight steel constructional systems, this paper describes the state of the art by focusing the attention on their behaviour under seismic actions. In particular, the main past and ongoing research themes are briefly summarised and a critical comparison among seismic codes available in North America, Europe and Oceania is presented. Finally, an overview of studies carried out on this topic at the University of Naples Federico II is presented and latest research activities involving the seismic performance assessment of both lightweight steel structural and nonstructural architectonic systems though shake-table tests is provided.

Web crippling studies of SupaCee sections under two flange load cases

Cold-formed steel channel sections are generally used as flexural members in light weight steel construction. Improved channel section profiles such as SupaCee sections with longitudinal web stiffeners and curved lips are also used instead of the conventional lipped channel sections. Web crippling capacities of these innovative sections can be different from those of conventional lipped channel sections. However, the web crippling behaviour and strength of these high strength SupaCee sections has not been investigated yet. Current web crippling design methods given in cold-formed steel design standards do not include any design procedures for SupaCee sections. Hence an experimental study involving 36 web crippling tests was first undertaken to investigate the web crippling behaviour and strengths of SupaCee sections under two flange load cases with their flanges unfastened to the supports. Comparison of experimental results showed that the web crippling capacities of SupaCee sections are reduced in comparison to lipped channel sections. Therefore the current web crippling design equations in the American and Australian/New Zealand cold-formed steel design standards were modified by including suitable web crippling coefficients for SupeCee sections. Finite element models of tested SupaCee sections were also developed and validated using the experimental results. This paper presents the details of the experimental and numerical web crippling studies of SupaCee sections under two flange load cases and the results. It also presents the details of direct strength method based design equations developed in this research.

Behaviour factor (q) evaluation the CFS braced structures according to FEMA P695

An upgrade of the construction standards is required to promote the use of lightweight steel structures in seismic areas of Europe. European earthquake standard EN1998-1 does not provide seismic design guidelines for the energy dissipative structural typologies in lightweight steel constructions. CFS strap-braced stud wall is an all-steel solution to dissipate the seismic energy in lightweight steel constructions. In this regard, a numerical study is performed to provide suitable value of the behaviour factor (q) for CFS strap-braced stud wall following the procedures of FEMA P695. A set of fourteen archetypes, which represented the range of design parameters and building configurations are designed following the capacity design approach. Numerical models with the ability to simulate the non-linear response of archetype buildings are then developed and analysed using non-linear static and dynamic analysis procedures. A suite of 44 normalized and scaled earthquake records, representing the probable seismic hazard to the buildings, is used for the incremental dynamic analysis. Performance of archetypes is evaluated by measuring their collapse fragility. Based on the results, it is concluded that the design method used in this study and a behaviour factor (q) of 2.5 for CFS strap-braced stud wall are appropriate to be include in next edition of the Eurocodes.

Cyclic Loading Tests for Cold-Formed Steel Wall Frames with Lightweight Concrete

Lightweight steel framing is a method in housing and construction that have been widely used in lightweight steel construction. In this method, the structure is built by cold formed steel elements. They are cost-effective, light, and easy to assemble. However, the performance of lateral load resisting systems in cold-formed steel structures specially the behavior of cold-formed steel shear walls filled with lightweight structural concrete under seismic loads has not been studied in detail. In this study, an experimental investigation on cold-formed steel frames filled with lightweight structural concrete has been conducted and the results are presented. Six full-scale cold-formed steel frames filled with lightweight structural concrete with two different configurations were studied. The test was performed under a standard cyclic loading regime. This study is focused on the ultimate lateral load capacity and seismic response modification factor of cold-formed steel walls filled with lightweight concrete subjected to cyclic loads. Based on the test observation, detailed discussions on the failure modes of cold-formed steel wall specimens are given. Finally, shear load resistance, seismic response modification factor, failure modes, energy dissipation and stiffness of tested shear walls are proposed and discussed. The results show that although lower height to width ratio leads to a greater shear load resistant, energy dissipation, and stiffness for shear wall filled with lightweight concrete, its seismic modification factor is lower than those shear walls, which have higher height to width ratio.

봉화지역의 농촌주택 유형과 공간구문론에 의한 공간 분석

The purpose of this study is to analysis the change of rural house type and house plans in Bonghwa province. According to definition of rural area, the scopes of the research of rural houses limited the Bonghwa rural area(1 eup, 9 myeon). The method of study is to compare and analyze about housing situation, structure of house, housing type and construction of house space etc. through the statistical data of Bongwha statistical yearbook, space syntax(convex analysis) and other various data etc. during these 10 years. As a results of the analysis 1) According to Change of family member the supply ratio of detached house is steadily decreasing and changing from a detached house to multi-household house in Bongwha areas. 2) Most of houses structure were using lightweight steel construction because of cost-cutting of construction and easy way to construct etc.. 3) The highest Integration space is living space in rural house plans 4) The highest segregation space is bathroom space of master bed room in rural house plans. Some of bed rooms are classed as segregation space regardless of Integration space 5) Traditional front yard`s function is changing from the place with the various functions to the place with the specific functions.

경북지역 신축 농촌주택의 건축경향에 관한 연구 - 경북 지역의 12개 군 지역을 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study is to analysis the change of rural house type in Gyeongbuk province. There are 13 Gun(a kind of administrative district) areas in Gyeongbuk province. According to definition of rural area, the scopes of the research of rural houses limited the 12 places rural area(Gun area, excluded Ulleung-Gun) of Gyeongbuk province. The method of study is to compare and analyze about housing situation, structure of house, housing type and housing area etc. through the statistical data of each Gun area and other various data etc. during these 5 years. As a results of the analysis : 1) The supply ratio of housing is steadily decreasing in rural areas. 2) The houses of rural areas are changing from a detached house to multi-household house and small apartment by development near the rural area. 3) The number and area of commercial buildings are gradually increasing because of urbanization of rural areas. 4) The most houses inside area scopes in the rural area was from <TEX>$60m^2$</TEX> to <TEX>$85m^2$</TEX> area. And the family types of rural house are changing from large family to nuclear family and single households. 5) The structure of rural houses is changing from the brick house type to lightweight steel construction house because of cost-cutting of construction and easy way to construct etc.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT HOUSING SYSTEMS ON THE WELFARE OF CALVES

Abstract The aim of this paper was to find out what the system of the technical solution to housing for calf breeding is the most suitable from the point of view of welfare. There were compared four basic types. We focused on the comparison behavior of stabled calves like a lying and eating time. These behavior were observed in all four seasons. At the same time we observed some microclimatic conditions. We focused on the cooling value that refers to the thermal comfort of stabled animals. With a comprehensive examination of all collected and measured values can be recommended to prioritize individual outdoor sheds under shelter and calf house from lightweight steel construction, according to actual economic situation of breeders.

Potenziale und Chancen der Stahl(leicht)bauweise beim Bauen im Bestand

AbstractPotentials and prospects of the steel‐ and lightweight steel structures with existing buildings. To achieve a sustainable urban and spacial development the focus currently lies on the urban concentration, modernization and redevelopment of existing building stock. This especially opens up opportunities for (lightweight) steel construction, since steel has considerable advantages in comparison with other materials. The use of steel leads to lightweight building elements, high prefabrication, and good recyclability of the structure. Sustainable projects dealing with the building stock require a holistic view on all fields of building construction in consideration of functional, economic, ecologic and socio‐cultural aspects. Within the scope of the presented research project an interdisciplinary research group develops integral, sustainable solutions for the modernisation of the building stock with optimised (lightweight) steel structures for building extensions.

Serviceability and ultimate limit states of channels under compression and bi-axial bending

As the demand for light-weight steel constructions continues on the rise, efficient and accurate design procedures become extremely essential. A good understanding and knowledge of the structural performance is a fundamental step to achieve this target. The paper examines the behavior of channel members subjected to compression and bi-axial bending. A modeling strategy is first presented for non-linear analysis of channels under this combined loading arrangement. The interaction between serviceability and ultimate limit states is then highlighted. Cost-effective design spaces are shown for channels under this loading that can be used in practice to achieve economical light-weight designs. Several strategies are also presented that tackle common design challenges encountered in practice. The paper offers to practitioners and steel fabricators procedures that can be used to optimize the channel size under this general loading combination.

NSB new steel body: Safe and economic lightweight body-in-white made of steel

Thyssen Krupp Stahl’s Auto Division developed NSB, the New Steel Body, an idea for lightweight steel construction for automotive body-in-whites that allows designers to save substantial amounts of weight. Although NSB is not just about lowering weight, but also optimising production feasibility, it still allowed TKS to scale down the weight of the body-in-white by 24 % compared to a successful large-scale series production car, while keeping performance levels in place and only slightly increasing production costs.