Lightweight Package Research Articles

Hybrid Electric Cycle with Two Stoke Engine Based Two Wheel Terrain Vehicle

Introduction:: Hybrid bicycles combine the features of road bikes and mountain bikes, offering a versatile and practical mode of transportation. The focus of the hybrid bicycle project is on energy conservation. Designed with a lightweight frame, comfortable seating, and efficient wheels, these bikes provide riders with speed, control, and flexibility on various terrains. Their adaptability, ease of use, and low maintenance requirements contribute to their growing popularity. Method:: The hybrid bicycles in this project include a 250 W brushless motor, a lead-acid battery, a controller, and a 110 cc internal combustion engine commonly used in motorcycles and scooters. The engine operates on the principle of internal combustion, delivering optimal performance in a compact and lightweight package. The BLDC motor, known for its efficiency and reliability, utilizes permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields, eliminating the need for brushes and commutators. Lead-acid batteries, widely used in various applications, store and release electrical energy effectively. Controllers play a crucial role in managing electric motor operations, regulating speed, torque, and direction of rotation. Results:: Hybrid bicycles offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to cars for commuting. The paper explores hybrid bicycles' design, advantages, and potential impact on the environment and public health, aiming to encourage their adoption for daily commutes and recreational activities. The Speed range about 40-45 km/hr with 2.688 hrs of effective battery Conclusion:: It also discusses the potential for advancements in battery-powered electric hybrid bikes to enhance their appeal and impact. Ultimately, hybrid bicycles have the potential to reduce traffic congestion and decrease air pollution.

Measurement and Analysis of the Shock and Drop Levels Experienced by Small and Medium Packages in the Korean Parcel Delivery System

South Korea is one of the leading markets for the e-commerce industry. In line with the rapid growth of the e-commerce industry, the parcel delivery volume in Korea has also proliferated. Despite the developments in the Korean e-commerce and courier industries, consumers still experience a high package damage rate. In response, many packaging engineers in Korea have raised the need for new parcel shipping environment tests that reflect the Korean ground shipping environment in order to properly optimize packages. However, only limited information on the Korean parcel shipping environment is currently available. Therefore, this study focused on measuring and analyzing the shock and drop levels that parcels experience during ground shipping in Korea. Shock data were collected from a total of sixty one-way shipments for small, lightweight packages and medium, mid-weight packages. The findings revealed that the two types of boxes do not experience significantly different numbers of shock events or drop heights in the Korean parcel delivery environment. Furthermore, the number of shock events that occur in Korea is substantially less than the international testing standard and less than in previous studies conducted in both Europe and the USA. In contrast, however, the drop heights are higher than those in the international testing standard and previous studies. Shock events were found to occur most frequently on the edges and to be concentrated around the bottoms of the packages. Most shock events happen while packages are loaded and unloaded at hub terminals and sub terminals.

Acute effect of common peroneal nerve electrical stimulation on quadriceps maximum activity failure in patient with knee osteo arthritis after ten physiotherapy sessions

Introduction: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent OA worldwide, particularly in the USA. Studies show that knee OA leads to functional limitations, including problems with weight tolerance during walking, climbing stairs, household activities, and lightweight package transport. Since the quadriceps muscles play a critical role in weight tolerance throughout the knee joint, weakness in these muscles diminishes the capacity to protect the knee and results in knee susceptibility to more physical stress and developed structural injuries. Abnormal quadriceps muscle functioning that often manifests into weakness is part of a movement disorder presumably due to certain neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, etc., or knee injuries after surgery, arthritis, traumatic injuries, and more. This weakness can originate from atrophy or neural inhibition that prevents maximal activation of the quadriceps muscle. This condition is called arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), which Hopkins first introduced in 1990. AMI is associated with several causes, including swelling, inflammation, pain, joint stiffness, and structural damage, though the importance of these causes remains unclear. Consistently, this phenomenon is caused by discharging the sensory receptors in the damaged knee joint.

Containerization for creating reusable model code

Will you be able to run your computational models in the future? Even with well-documented code, this can be difficult due to changes in the software frameworks and operating systems that your code was built on. In this paper we discuss the use of containers to preserve code and their software dependencies to reproduce simulation results in the future. Containers are standalone lightweight packages of the original model software and their dependencies that can be run independent of the platform. As such they are suitable for reuse and sharing results. However, the use of containers is rare in the field of modeling social-environmental systems. We provide an introduction to the basic principles of containerization, argue why it would be beneficial if this tool became common practice in the field, describe a conceptual walkthrough to the process of containerizing a model, and reflect on near future directions of containerization workflows.

CHEX

In scientific computing and data science disciplines, it is often necessary to share application workflows and repeat results. Current tools containerize application workflows, and share the resulting container for repeating results. These tools, due to containerization, do improve sharing of results. However, they do not improve the efficiency of replay. In this paper, we present the multiversion replay problem, which arises when multiple versions of an application are containerized, and each version must be replayed to repeat results. To avoid executing each version separately, we develop CHEX , which checkpoints program state and determines when it is permissible to reuse program state across versions. It does so using system call-based execution lineage. Our capability to identify common computations across versions enables us to consider optimizing replay using an in-memory cache, based on a checkpoint-restore-switch system. We show the multiversion replay problem is NP-hard, and propose efficient heuristics for it. CHEX reduces overall replay time by sharing common computations but avoids storing a large number of checkpoints. We demonstrate that CHEX maintains lightweight package sharing, and improves the total time of multiversion replay by 50% on average.

Chandrayaan-2 Dual-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR): Performance Characterization and Initial Results

Abstract The Dual-Frequency synthetic aperture radar (DFSAR) system manifested on the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft represents a significant step forward in radar exploration of solid solar system objects. It combines SAR at two wavelengths (L and S bands) and multiple resolutions with several polarimetric modes in one lightweight (∼20 kg) package. The resulting data from DFSAR support the calculation of the 2 × 2 complex scattering matrix for each resolution cell, which enables lunar near-surface characterization in terms of radar polarization properties at different wavelengths and incidence angles. In this paper, we report on the calibration and preliminary performance characterization of DFSAR data based on the analysis of a sample set of crater regions on the Moon. Our calibration analysis provided a means to compare on-orbit performance with prelaunch measurements, and the results matched with the prelaunch expected values. Our initial results show that craters in both permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) and non-PSRs that are classified as circular polarization ratio–anomalous in previous S-band radar analyses appear anomalous at the L band also. We also observe that material evolution and physical properties at their interior and proximal ejecta are decoupled. For the Byrgius C crater region, we compare our analysis of dual-frequency radar data with the predicted behaviors of theoretical scattering models. If crater age estimates are available, a comparison of their radar polarization properties at multiple wavelengths similar to that of the three unnamed south polar crater regions shown in this study may provide new insights into how the rockiness of craters evolves with time.

Focus on lasers, imaging, microscopy, and nanoscience

Focus on lasers, imaging, microscopy, and nanoscience

A Passion for Security: Intervening to Help Software Developers

While the techniques to achieve secure, privacy-preserving software are now well understood, evidence shows that many software development teams do not use them: they lack the 'security maturity' to assess security needs and decide on appropriate tools and processes; and they lack the ability to negotiate with product management for the required resources. This paper describes a measuring approach to assess twelve aspects of this security maturity; its use to assess the impact of a lightweight package of workshops designed to increase security maturity; and a novel approach within that package to support developers in resource negotiation. Based on trials in eight organizations, involving over 80 developers, this paper demonstrates that (1) development teams can notably improve their security maturity even in the absence of security specialists; and (2) suitably guided, developers can find effective ways to promote security to product management. Empowering developers to make their own decisions and promote security in this way offers a powerful grassroots approach to improving the security of software worldwide.

Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Carbonated Soft Drinks Using LCA Methodology

Objectives:In accordance with the concern of global warming problem, many companies in Korea are striving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with consumer awareness. Many studies have been reported for various products; however it is difficult to find carbonated soft drinks in Korea. The purpose of this study is to the impact of the greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbonated soft drinks in Korea.Methods:Calculation method of the greenhouse gas emissions followed “Guidelines for Carbon Footprint of Products” used in Korean Carbon Footprint Labeling. It was developed based on international standards such as ISO 14040 series. Life cycle of carbonated soft drinks was considered as a pre-manufacturing stage, manufacturing stage, distribution and disposal stage. Use stage of the product was excluded.Results and Discussion:This study shows that the package types and amounts for pre-manufacturing, manufacturing and disposal steps of carbonated soft drinks (the unit contents: 500 mL/unit, 1.5 L/unit), and also shows the results of greenhouse gas emissions. From the results, the pre-manufacturing stage of PET bottle manufacturing is the first contributor that occupy above 60% of greenhouse gas emissions. For reducing carbon emissions, low carbon manufacturing techniques for PET bottle are important. Sensitivity analysis was performed for PET bottle manufacturing, cap manufacturing and waste plastic disposal including site data and assumptions made. The sensitivity of each item was less than 7%.Conclusions:In conclusion, this study shows that the pre-manufacturing step of PET bottle and cap production have very significant impact on the greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore lightweight packages and usage of recycled plastics would be main techniques for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of carbonated soft drinks. From this study, the increment of product’s carbon footprint certification would be used as an effective policy instrument for achieving reduction goals of Korea Government. And also it could be used to spread the culture of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Construction and simulation of a novel high altitude versatile armor comprising of X-Aerogel and Carbon fiber composite with Ansys 2020 R2

Abstract High Altitude Versatile Armor is a concept, thought of to protect the soldiers fighting at Siachen, by providing better armor and insulation in a lightweight package. The Armor is a Epoxy reinforced Carbon Fiber Composite sandwiched between two layers of polymer infused aerogel. It is capable of stopping bullets up to a 0.338 Lapua Magnum and can be made to suit various needs on demand due to its malleability and light weight package. Aerogel is a low density material capable of high insulation due to Knudsen Effect. It is made by super critically drying the solvent out of alcogels, commonly silica alcogels. Despite having high insulation, it has low mechanical strength and fractures easily. The mechanical strength is improved by removal of silicon hydroxides and addition of Di Isocyanate, which forms carbamates and a polymeric reaction occurs, linking the secondary particles. To compensate for the loss in thermal insulating properties due to modification of structure, a thin lining of silica aerogel maybe added. The Carbon fibre forms the heart of the armor which catches all the shrapnel of the bullet after it impacts on the aerogel. DGEBA has been used as epoxy resin in DETDA matrix, which acts as a hardener, to further reinforce the fibre. Fibre used has a tensile strength of 3.4 GPa and Modulus strength of 230 GPa. The total lightweight (4.1 kgs) structure was simulation tested on Ansys 2020 R2 Student version and is found to stop bullets up to 0.338 Lapua Magnum (Material -Copper, Velocity- 925 ms−1) .

Methodology for design decision support of cost-optimal zero-energy lightweight construction

The interest to find cost-optimal zero-energy solutions for building, using multi-objective optimization, has risen dramatically over the last decade. Accordingly, several studies have been carried out, proposing new methods and tools. None, however, has introduced a simplified approach that is viable by a broader range of users. This study addresses this lack, offering a methodology that supports the decision making process on cost-optimal zero energy building, using a novel approach, namely Multi-Objective Parametric Analysis (MOPA), rather than optimization algorithms. This study adds to the domain of roof stacking construction by setting the weight of construction as a third objective. The current methodology is applied to a newly developed theoretical Reference Building (RB) for a Belgian passive roof stacking house. Different options of the building’s superstructure components (walls, roof, and windows) have been examined. MOPA follows three consecutive steps: modeling setup, parametric simulation, and ends up with evaluation and selection. The results show cost-optimal zero-energy and lightweight packages of design variables for the building envelope.

A compact W‐band quasi‐optical detector packaged by meta‐surface reflector and 3D‐printed lens

AbstractThis article presents a compact W‐band quasi‐optical detector that can be easily extended into an array for focal plane imaging applications. The quasi‐optical detector consists of an antenna‐coupled detector packaged by a low‐profile meta‐surface reflector and a 3D‐printed lens. The antenna‐coupled detector with a GaAs Schottky diode is printed on a low‐cost and low‐loss laminate. To extract the detected low‐frequency signal within a small footprint, a pair of vertical metallic posts instead of conventional planar strips is designed and loaded at the ends of the antenna. For facilitating unidirectional radiation patterns, a low‐profile meta‐surface reflector with a thickness of λg/8 is placed under the antenna‐coupled detector. In addition, a 3D‐printed dielectric lens is loaded upon the antenna‐coupled detector, which can enhance the radiation gain by 6 dB. Both the meta‐surface reflector and the 3D‐printed lens are fixed by an asymmetric H‐shaped framework, forming a low‐cost and lightweight package for the detector. Based on the proposed detector, a W‐band 1 × 16 array is experimentally demonstrated, exhibiting a responsivity of 100 V/W~410 V/W from 92 to 110 GHz. The total size of the array is only 27 λ × 4 λ × 1.8 λ, where λ is the free space wavelength at the center frequency.

Design, Control, and Preliminary Assessment of a Multifunctional Semipowered Ankle Prosthesis

This paper describes the design, control, and preliminary assessment of a novel microprocessor-controlled multifunction ankle prosthesis that provides three microprocessor-controlled behaviors—a selectable stiffness equilibrium angle, lockable conformal damping, and swing-phase repositioning. Following a description of the motivation for providing these behaviors, the authors provide a detailed description of the device and walking controller design. This device utilizes a power-asymmetric linear actuator to provide the desired functionality in a compact and lightweight package through a combination of both hydraulic and electromechanical actuation approaches. The device is controlled for level ground walking via a finite-state machine. The functionality of the prosthesis is demonstrated by a set of benchtop experiments that characterize the ability of the prosthesis to provide the three desired behaviors and by an experiment in which the prosthesis was worn by a transtibial amputee during walking. Both sets of experiments indicate that the prosthesis provides the functionality for which it was designed.

Cu-based material shows promise for safer battery electrolytes

Lithium-ion batteries power many of today’s electric vehicles and nearly all portable electronics because they cram a lot of energy into small, lightweight packages. But they depend on flammable liquid organic electrolyte solutions to shuttle ions between the electrodes, and those liquids pose a small but potentially serious fire hazard. Scientists have been examining nonflammable solid electrolytes as alternatives. Most of the ones tested have ion conductivity values too low for practical use. Furthermore, the materials leave little room for improvement via chemical customization. To address these shortcomings, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Elise M. Miner, Sarah S. Park, and Mircea Dinca developed a method for loading lithium, magnesium, and aluminum halides into a copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF), which can be tuned by altering the organic linkers. The team found that the MOFs exhibit high ionic conductivity for Li+ and roughly record-tying values for Mg2+ (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019,

Fluoride-ion battery runs at room temperature

Batteries that outperform today’s lithium-ion variety, in terms of how much energy they can cram into a small lightweight package, could push electric vehicle usage into high gear. A new study detailing an electrochemistry advance may nudge one such high-energy-density type, the fluoride-ion battery (FIB), from the drawing board toward application. Rechargeable FIBs, which in theory can hold about eight times as much energy per volume as current lithium-ion batteries can, aren’t new, but they are uncommon. That’s because these devices generate electricity by shuttling fluoride ions from one electrode to the other through a fluoride-ion-conducting electrolyte. The electrolytes are solids, and to coax them to conduct substantial ion currents, they need to be heated above 150 °C, which severely limits applications. Now, a large team of researchers, including Simon C. Jones of the California Institute of Technology and Christopher J. Brooks of the Honda Research Institute, have come up

Rospix: modular software tool for automated data acquisitions of Timepix detectors on Robot Operating System

We present software for interfacing FITPix and USB Lite compatible readout electronics using Robot Operating System (ROS). ROS is widely adopted middleware for integration of sensors, processing algorithms and logic to autonomous systems such as robots, unmanned helicopters, and robotic payloads. Thanks to ROS, Timepix detectors can be deployed in automated experiments on platforms spanning from traditional desktop computers to small ARM devices such as Raspberry Pi and Odroid. Acquisition and detector settings can be controlled in Linux shell allowing deployment on headless devices. Using ROS networking capabilities, captured frames and detector control can be transmitted via a network, which allows building distributed processing pipelines. The proposed software is a lightweight package, easily connectable to existing visualization, logging, and processing software in ROS. It offers simple bindings to custom Python and C++ programs for real-time control of the acquisition or processing of the captured frames. Rospix was deployed on NASA suborbital rocket, which was successfully launched on April 4, 2018, from Kwajalein Atoll by Pennsylvania State University. Rospix provides reliable solution for mobile robots where the collected data are used in real time to guide the robot through an environment. We release Rospix using the GitHub platform and welcome the community to contribute on the first project connecting the fields of ionizing radiation imaging and mobile robotics.

Using Small Capacity Fuel Cells Onboard Drones for Battery Cooling: An Experimental Study

Recently, quadrotor-based drones have attracted a lot of attention because of their versatility, which makes them an ideal medium for a variety of applications, e.g., personal photography, surveillance, and the delivery of lightweight packages. The flight duration of a drone is limited by its battery capacity. Increasing the payload capacity of a drone requires more current to be supplied by the battery onboard a drone. Elevated currents through a Li-ion battery can increase the battery temperature, thus posing a significant risk of fire or explosion. Li-ion batteries are suited for drone applications, due to their high energy density. There have been attempts to use hydrogen fuel cells onboard drones. Fuel cell stacks and fuel tank assemblies can have a high energy to weight ratio. So, they may be able to power long duration drone flights, but such fuel cell stacks and associated systems, are usually extremely expensive. Hence, this work proposes the novel use of a less expensive, low capacity, metal hydride fuel stick-powered fuel cell stack as an auxiliary power supply onboard a drone. A primary advantage of this is that the fuel sticks can be used to cool the batteries, and a side effect is that this slightly reduces the burden on the onboard Li-ion battery and provides a small increment in flight time. This work presents the results of an experimental study which shows the primary effect (i.e., decrease in battery temperature) and the secondary side effect (i.e., a small increment in flight time) obtained by using a fuel cell stack. In this work, a metal hydride fuel stick powered hydrogen fuel cell is used along with a Li-ion battery onboard a drone.

Vibration Levels in Vans as a Function of Payload and Leaf Spring Sheet Number

Abstract Measuring the vehicle vibration environment is essential to understanding and simulating the adequacy of a packaged-product system and its ability to ensure protection from transportation hazards. In the transportation industry, various vehicles are used to perform shipping tasks, including light commercial vehicles that became the most popular vehicles in single unit and lightweight package transportation. In this study, the transport vibration levels in vans were measured as a function of payload and number of leaf spring sheets used. The vans consisted of one with a 20 % payload of total capacity and another with an 80 % payload. The vans were divided into two groups: those with a single leaf spring and those with a double leaf spring. The measurement conditions were the motorway and speed between 110 and 130 km/h. The results revealed that transport vibration levels are affected by payload and the number of spring sheets. A low payload and single leaf spring contributed to the highest transport vibration levels. The power density level peaks were between 1.5 and 3.5 Hz, then around 15 Hz.

Design of a power-asymmetric actuator for a transtibial prosthesis.

This paper presents the design and characterization of a power-asymmetric actuator for a transtibial prosthesis. The device is designed to provide the combination of: 1) joint locking, 2) high power dissipation, and 3) low power generation. This actuator functionality allows for a prosthesis to be designed with minimal mass and power consumption relative to a fully-powered robotic prosthesis while maintaining much of the functionality necessary for activities of daily living. The actuator achieves these design characteristics while maintaining a small form factor by leveraging a combination of electromechanical and hydraulic components. The design of the actuator is described herein, and results of an experimental characterization are provided that indicate that the actuator is capable of providing the functional capabilities required of an ankle prosthesis in a compact and lightweight package.

Biomimetic Optical-Filter Detection System for Discrimination of Infrared Chemical Signatures.

Optical-filter-based chemical sensors have the potential to dramatically alter the field of hazardous materials sensing. Such devices could be constructed using inexpensive components, in a small and lightweight package, for sensing hazardous chemicals in defense, industrial, and environmental applications. Filter-based sensors can be designed to mimic human color vision. Recent developments in this field have used this approach to discriminate between strongly overlapping chemical signatures in the mid-infrared. Reported work relied on using numerically filtered FTIR spectra to model the infrared biomimetic detection methodology. While these findings are encouraging, further advancement of this technique requires the collection and evaluation of directly filtered data, using an optical system without extensive numerical spectral analysis. The present work describes the design and testing of an infrared optical breadboard system that uses the biomimetic mammalian color-detection approach to chemical sensing. The set of chemicals tested includes one target chemical, fuel oil, along with two strongly overlapping interferents, acetone and hexane. The collected experimental results are compared with numerically filtered FTIR spectral data. The results show good agreement between the numerically filtered data model and the data collected using the optical breadboard system. It is shown that the optical breadboard system is operating as expected based on modeling and can be used for sensing and discriminating between chemicals with strongly overlapping absorption bands in the mid-infrared.