Light Steel Research Articles

Comparison of experimental and analytical studies in light gauge steel sections on CFST using SFRC in beams subjected to high temperatures

Comparison of experimental and analytical studies in light gauge steel sections on CFST using SFRC in beams subjected to high temperatures

Post-disaster investigations of damage feature of buildings and structures due to several local strong winds in China during 2021–2024

Local strong winds such as tornadoes and downbursts are rare in terms of measured wind speed data due to their rapid formation and strong destructive power. Post-disaster investigations have become an important approach for rating the strength of these two kind of winds and analyzing structural failure mechanism. From 2021 to 2024, several tornadoes and downbursts occurred in China. This study delineated changes in the intensity levels of wind disasters along their paths based on on-site disaster investigations and established standards for the level of structural damage based on the extent of functional loss and repair. This study focused on the damage feature to light steel structures, masonry structures, steel-concrete structures, and pole structures, and discussed the causes of the damage from the perspectives of construction and force transmission mechanisms. In addition, this study estimated the equivalent wind speeds based on the damage feature of pole structures and metal roof claddings. To reproduce the damage process for a group of high-rise buildings, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) technology is used to simulate the airflow distribution inside buildings under two conditions of open and closed interior doors. The investigation results can provide useful information for the wind intensity classification and rating standards in China. Meanwhile, compared with the interior doors being open or closed, closing indoor doors during strong winds can significantly reduce indoor wind speeds, which is beneficial for ensuring safety.

In-Plane Mechanical Properties Test of Prefabricated Composite Wall with Light Steel and Tailings Microcrystalline Foamed Plate

The tailings microcrystalline foamed plate (TMF plate), produced from industrial waste tailings, has limited research regarding its use in high-performance building walls. Its brittleness under stress poses challenges. To improve its mechanical properties, a prefabricated light steel-tailings microcrystalline foamed plate composite wall (LS-TMF composite wall) has been proposed. This LS-TMF composite wall system integrates assembly, sustainability, insulation, and decorative functions, making it a promising market option. To study the in-plane performance of the composite wall, compression and seismic performance tests were conducted. The findings indicate that the light steel keel, steel bar, and TMF plate in the composite wall demonstrated good working performance. Strengthening the TMF plate enhanced the restraint on the light steel keel and improved the composite wall’s compressive performance. Increasing the thickness of the light steel keel further improved the compressive stability. Under horizontal cyclic loading, failure occurred at the light steel keel embedding location. Increasing the strength of the TMF plate was beneficial for the seismic performance of the composite wall. This structural configuration—incorporating light steel keels, TMF plates, and fly ash blocks—enhanced thermal insulation and significantly improved in-plane stress performance. However, the splicing plate structure adversely affected the seismic performance of the composite wall.

The Outcome of Microscopic with Bipolar Cautery Assisted and Head Light and Cold Steel Assisted Tonsillectomy: A Comparative Retrospective Study on 276 Patients

The Outcome of Microscopic with Bipolar Cautery Assisted and Head Light and Cold Steel Assisted Tonsillectomy: A Comparative Retrospective Study on 276 Patients

Hybrid lattice structure with micro graphite filler manufactured via additive manufacturing and growth foam polyurethane

The utilisation of lightweight structures is a common practice across a range of disciplines, including the construction of light steel frames, sandwich panels, and transportation infrastructure, among others. The advantages of lightweight structures include design flexibility, weight reduction, and the sustainability of materials that can be easily recycled. However, these advantages also present significant weaknesses. Compared to solid materials with compact weight, lightweight structures do not have the same characteristics. With the reduction in material weight, the strength of the lightweight structure decreases significantly compared to solid materials. In this study, the lightweight structure was made using additive manufacturing and reinforced with solid Composite Polyurethane Foam reinforced with graphite filler expanded into the lightweight structure. The results showed that in the compression test, the mixture with 2 % graphite filler had the highest value of 2.5 kN. The highest hardness test on the specimen with a 2 % graphite mixture was 19.8 HA. FT-IR testing showed that the carbon bonds from graphite in the 2 % specimen had the highest intensity. The test results showed that the addition of Polyurethane Foam into the structure could enhance material strength effectively without adding significant material weight.

Lifecycle Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Construction Materials: A Review

Abstract: This approach presumes that practices like using locally sourced materials or products containing recycled content are environmentally beneficial, irrespective of the product’s manufacturing process or disposal methods. The choice and application of sustainable building materials are crucial in the design and construction of green buildings. This chapter aims to provide an overview of sustainable materials and their environmental impacts. Additionally, it explores life cycle assessment (LCA) as a methodological framework for evaluating these materials and examines the limitations of LCA in analyzing the sustainability of building materials. the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was utilized to evaluate the environmental impacts of building materials in different construction systems. The study compared three types of construction systems: reinforced concrete, hotrolled steel, and light steel. Among these, the light steel system had the lowest embodied energy and global warming potential, followed by reinforced concrete and hot-rolled steel. Additionally, the constructions were assessed using the LEED certification system

Hybrid modular construction system “INNO3DJOINTS”: Experimental behaviour and numerical modelling of isolated sub-frames

With the growing demand for sustainable, cost-effective and overall-efficient building solutions, the need for dependable modular construction systems is steadily on the rise. In the present paper a novel hybrid modular construction system named INNO3DJOINTS is introduced, employing cold-formed welded steel tubular columns, fabricated according to EN 10219, and cold-formed steel thin-wall section based truss-girders, joined by the innovative plug-and-play (P&P) connector, designed to provide ease-of-assembly and -disassembly. The experimental investigation conducted on isolated sub-frame configurations of the novel system is presented, where 6 full-scale specimens were subjected to horizontal and vertical loading. The test configurations differed in the P&P joint socket thickness and the absence/presence of the light steel framing (LSF) wall, encased with oriented strand board (OSB). In addition, a numerical model for predicting the system's global behaviour is proposed, developed in SAP2000. Initially, the behaviour of the employed P&P joint configurations, categorized as partial-strength, is characterized using experimental and validated ABAQUS finite element model (FEM) data, resulting in a spring model implemented into the global FEM. Finally, the numerical and experimental results are compared and discussed, leading to conclusions regarding the system's 2D structural performance, identified behaviour governing phenomena, P&P joint influence, LSF wall and OSB contribution, as well as the capabilities of the developed FEM.

Practical experience in the implementation of innovative building materials and products

The improvement and creation of new production technologies is largely determined by the level of innovation in the field of materials science. In this paper, the experience of practical implementation of innovative building materials and products made of light steel thin-walled structures in the real sector of the economy is considered. Suggestions are given for possible use in state programs for the restoration and development of new territories of Russia. The problem of economic recovery, creation of new jobs, implementation of development programs for specific subjects of new territories can be solved by consolidating the subjects of the Russian Federation and forming professional construction teams on the basis of specialized enterprises of the subject of the Russian Federation for the implementation of state programs. The authors, if necessary, offer services for training and transfer of scientific and technical knowledge to Customer specialists at the place of construction of prefabricated facilities.

Training on Making Street Light Poles Using Light Steel for the Community of Griya Permata Housing Complex, Handil Bakti Village, Alalak District, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province

Training on making street lighting poles using light steel can be an effective solution in improving the quality of lighting in public areas. Light steel has several advantages, such as lighter weight, resistance to corrosion, and ease of installation compared to conventional materials such as concrete or wood. The implementation of training activities on making street lighting poles using light steel was carried out on Saturday, May 25, 2024 at the Welding and Plumbing Workshop, Banjarmasin State Polytechnic. It is hoped that this training can contribute to community empowerment, where participants can apply the skills they have acquired to open small businesses in the manufacture and installation of lighting poles

Characterization of tornado-induced wind pressures on a multi-span light steel industrial building

This study presents the characteristics of external wind pressures of a multi-span light steel industrial building through wind pressure measurements conducted in a tornado simulator. The test model is designed as a three-span low-rise building with gable roofs according to the practical measured sizes and shapes of the light steel industrial building destroyed in the Shengze tornado, China (2021). The distance from the tornado-like vortex center to the building, building orientation, roof angle, and swirl ratio are considered as experimental parameters. The effects of the parameters on the most unfavorable peak and mean pressure coefficients of each surface are analyzed. The roof zoning specified in ASCE 7–16 was re-analyzed based on the characteristics of wind pressure coefficients, and the tornado design pressure coefficients were calculated. The results of the analysis illustrate that the wind-ward roof surface at a distance of around one vortex core radius from the center experience the most severe pressure coefficient under tornado, the most unfavorable zone of the pressure coefficients on the building roof changes with the building orientation, the model with a smaller roof angle has smoother pressure coefficient contours than that with a larger roof angle because of the cutting effect of the ridge, and the simulated tornado with the lower swirl ratio generate higher external pressure coefficients on the building model. Moreover, the roof zoning in ASCE 7–16 for the boundary layer wind is not precise for tornado, thus an updated roof zoning for the tornado design pressure coefficients is defined.

Experimental investigation on the compressive behaviour of foam concrete light steel keel composite wall

ABSTRACT This study aims to explore a new load-bearing structure of foam concrete-light steel keel (FCLS) composite wall. Compared with the traditional beam-column frame structure, this structure has the characteristics of lightweight, thermal insulation, sound insulation, fire resistance, etc. and has better Carrying capacity. The compression performance of 10 FCLS composite walls was studied in depth by conducting axial and eccentric compression tests. The effect of the spacing of foam concrete, middle horizontal steel and self-tapping screws on the compressive bearing capacity of the middle column of FCLS composite wall under compressive load was investigated. The results showed that the bearing capacity of the composite wall filled with foam concrete increased by 70%-80%, while reducing the spacing of self-tapping screws could increase the bearing capacity by 5%-6%. In addition, the tie bar settings have little impact on the bearing capacity. Based on these influencing factors and through the analysis of test data, the calculation formula for the bearing capacity of the composite wall was obtained, and the effectiveness of the method was verified.

Pengembangan Varian Produksi dan Pelatihan Keselamatan Kerja pada Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah Bengkel Las

Welding workshop MSMEs are businesses that make doors, light steel roofs, canopies and other materials made from aluminium and iron. Dewi Jaya Welding Workshop MSME is one of the MSMEs in the Tabanan Regency - Bali area, established in 1997. The obstacle faced by this MSME is limited production variants due to limited production equipment, which is still conventional and manual. Besides, several work safety procedures have yet to be carried out optimally. So, in the service activities, activities are proposed to provide production equipment and work safety training to improve, develop production variants, and create a safe environment for working at the Dewi Jaya Welding Workshop UMKM. The method of service activities carried out is mentoring and training. The activity results showed an increase of 2-5 product variants and succeeded in increasing 21% income. The results of the activity showed that there was an increase of 2-5 product variants and succeeded in increasing 18.28% revenue from March to Mei 2024. The new variants produced are a prayer place made of light iron and aluminum, and a kitchen set made of light iron. Income increases based on the number of orders for the new variant product types. This increase is expected to improve the welfare of the Dewi Jaya Welding Workshop MSMEs. The results of training activities show that workers and owners during production have used work safety standards. This was proven during the activity evaluation, workers used safety equipment such as gloves and welding glasses when welding.

Sustainable Structural System Selection Using Hybrid Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model Based on Seismic Performance

In the rapidly evolving field of sustainable construction, this study aims to address the critical need for advancement in the building industry, focusing on vital indicators like energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness, as well as improving occupant comfort. This research introduces a novel approach to support the choice of suitable structural systems for mass housing projects, with a case study on Iran’s national housing scheme. This methodology involves a four-phase process, beginning with compiling a database from existing studies to outline primary and secondary indicators affecting structural system selection. It utilizes the fuzzy AHP method for criteria prioritization and the fuzzy TOPSIS technique for alternatives (LSF, 3DP, ICF, TRC, and RCCF). The study identified the light steel framing (LSF) system as the optimal choice for Iran’s housing needs based on various criteria. Then, in the final phase, the study evaluates the seismic performance of cold-formed steel (CFS) frames with various sheathing panel types (OSB, DFP, CSP, and GWB) under monotonic loads, examining key seismic parameters across 38 frame setups. The findings reveal that LSF structures can effectively withstand seismic events within the elastic behavior range, suggesting that this construction approach is viable for enhancing mass housing production in Iran’s construction sector.

Pengaruh Angin Terhadap Tata Letak dan Jumlah Sekrup Konstruksi Baja Ringan Berdasarkan SNI-7971- 2013

Light weight steel material has experienced rapid development in the construction. However, there are still many costruction failures on light weight steel, resulting in cost loss. The failure of light steel structures often occurs at the connections. The connection tool on milld steel is usually using a self-drilling screw. The research location is at Aceh One Stop Integrated Service and Investment Service Building (DPMPTSP) Aceh. The problem in this study is the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure in the field which is carried out for each member according to the code, and the effect of wind load on the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure. This study aims to determine the effect of the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure. The scope of this research of problems including the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure. The standars used in the design of light steel structures in this study is SNI 7971 2013 and the loading planning standars using SNI 03 1727 1989. Calculation steps using the LRFD method for steel structure design regulated in SNI 03 1729 2002. Based on the results, it is obtained that the number and placement of the screws in the field are different from those obtained in the calculation. From the calculations, it is obtained from the recapitulation, dead loads with a maximum value of 123.07 kg, live loads with a maximum load of 30.1 6 kg, and for compressed air and suction loads with a maximum load of 180 kg. the maximum design force value is 1241.33 kg and the screws bearing resistance value is 256.752 kg. the number of screws is obtained where the the value of the design force is divided by the value of the bearing resistance, on each member obtained 1screw, 2 screws, 3 screws, 4 screws, and 5 screws. Whilst it is found for each member in the field using 3 screws.

Pengaruh Angin Terhadap Tata Letak dan Jumlah Sekrup Konstruksi Baja Ringan Berdasarkan SNI-7971- 2013

Light weight steel material has experienced rapid development in the construction. However, there are still many costruction failures on light weight steel, resulting in cost loss. The failure of light steel structures often occurs at the connections. The connection tool on milld steel is usually using a self-drilling screw. The research location is at Aceh One Stop Integrated Service and Investment Service Building (DPMPTSP) Aceh. The problem in this study is the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure in the field which is carried out for each member according to the code, and the effect of wind load on the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure. This study aims to determine the effect of the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure. The scope of this research of problems including the placement and number of screws on the lightweight steel roof structure. The standars used in the design of light steel structures in this study is SNI 7971 2013 and the loading planning standars using SNI 03 1727 1989. Calculation steps using the LRFD method for steel structure design regulated in SNI 03 1729 2002. Based on the results, it is obtained that the number and placement of the screws in the field are different from those obtained in the calculation. From the calculations, it is obtained from the recapitulation, dead loads with a maximum value of 123.07 kg, live loads with a maximum load of 30.1 6 kg, and for compressed air and suction loads with a maximum load of 180 kg. the maximum design force value is 1241.33 kg and the screws bearing resistance value is 256.752 kg. the number of screws is obtained where the the value of the design force is divided by the value of the bearing resistance, on each member obtained 1screw, 2 screws, 3 screws, 4 screws, and 5 screws. Whilst it is found for each member in the field using 3 screws.

Analysis of Out-of-Plane Displacements of a Light Steel Keel Fireproof Exterior Wall and Its Connection with the Steel Frame

Light steel keel fireproof exterior walls are one of the new composite walls that have been widely used in recent years. This paper analyzes the factors affecting the displacements of the connectors and wall panels and modifies the corresponding displacement model. ABAQUS was used to establish the simulation analysis of the L-shaped and special-shaped steel angle component, and the results were compared with the experimental model to verify the rationality. The effect of vertical keel spacing and layout, the number of special-shaped steel angles, the L-shaped steel angle thickness, and the number of self-tapping screws for L-shaped steel angles to steel beams were explored based on the validated finite element model. The calculation model was modified based on the results of the simulation. The results showed that the simulation results fit well with the experimental results, which verified the reliability of the finite element model. The number of connectors and the number of self-tapping screws are the main factors affecting the special-shaped and L-shaped steel angle components, respectively. By modifying the rotation constraint factor of the L-shaped steel angle and adding a discount factor for the wall panel, the accuracy of the associated displacement calculation model could be improved.

Implementasi Sistem Hidrolik Pada Mesin Spandek Produksi di PT Primaland

The purpose of this journal article is to provide research findings regarding the application of automated production control system theory to the construction industry. from expediting work processes. The method used in this research is to observe the production process of a Primalland light steel construction company in real time. Please note, raw materials can be obtained from literature studies, with a focus on their implementation in industrial processes. There are many challenges in the development sector in Indonesia, both in terms of quality and quantity, PT. PrimaLand Light Steel Frame was founded on December 25 2008 in Pandeglang. Based on the research that has been carried out, the data obtained from this research is then analyzed in detail to determine whether there is a significant difference between price changes that affect sales volume and price changes that affect sales volume. Research on sales volume at PT PrimaLand Pandeglang between 2014 - 2016. PrimaLand light steel tries as best as possible to maintain the quality of the roof truss profile produced by using high quality steel coils, or what can be called High Tension, namely with a yield strength range of Mega Pascal 400 Mpa – 500 Mpa and generally standard G550, or reaching 2x the strength from conventional melted steel which is more than 240 Mpa.

Thermal insulation performance of non-load-bearing light gauge slotted steel stud walls

Light gauge steel stud walls have been widely used in buildings as load-bearing members. But if used as non-load-bearing walls, more rows of perforations can be placed on stud webs and then the thermal bridge effect can be reduced. Experiments on six non-load-bearing light gauge slotted steel stud walls were conducted using a calibrated hot box. The temperatures of the steel studs and gypsum plasterboard were monitored for subsequent analysis of thermal bridging. The effects of parameters (number of rows of perforations, stud web height, and the ratio of window area to wall area) on the insulating capacity of the wall were identified and analyzed. Thermal transmittance decreases by 18.5% and 29.6% for specimens with 3 and 7 rows of perforations in comparison with the specimen without perforations, while it decreases by 29.8% and 42.7% respectively for 150 mm and 200 mm thick walls compared with that of the 100 mm thick wall. However, thermal transmittance increases obviously for the wall with a window opening relative to the wall without a window opening, reaching 14.7% in this test since more studs are placed around the window opening. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of the wall was developed and validated against experimental results, and then was used for parametric studies. A general method of calculating the thermal transmittance of the light gauge slotted steel stud wall was suggested based on the experiment and the FE model results, which can consider influences of wall thickness, web perforations, window openings, and thermal properties of materials.

Impact of heating strategies towards energy-efficient buildings

Mitigating climate change and its impact requires intensive efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, transition to renewable energy sources, and implement sustainable practices. Intermittent heating is considered a sustainable and effective way to achieve energy savings compared with continuous heating mode. However, recent studies have found that energy savings from intermittent heating depend on several factors, namely the building envelope solution. Therefore, this work intends to fill the research gap by comparing the energy efficiency and thermal performance of different construction systems, using two real-scale test cells, one built with a Light Steel Framing (LSF) solution and the other with concrete and Hollow Brick Masonry (HBM) solution. An experimental monitoring campaign was performed during the heating season, aimed at analysing the energy consumption, the responsiveness of the test cells to the heating system, and the influence of the outdoor climate on energy consumption, considering different heating strategies (intermittent patterns and continuous). In general, the LSF test cell registered lower energy consumption when compared to the HBM test cell. However, the LSF test cell presented significant fluctuations of the indoor temperature, confirming that it is more susceptible to the outdoor climate conditions. This research concluded that a system with lower thermal inertia has superior energy saving potential.

Damage Assessment Method for Light Steel Roof Frames: Case Study of Government Buildings

The tornado disaster in Ciamis Regency damaged 55 buildings, including the Panawangan District Office. The aim of this research was to identify the condition and level of damage to the Light Steel Roof Frame Structures that were damaged and determine the ranking or percentage of damage. By making direct observations at the location of the incident. The result is that: The roof covering element uses zincalum metal with the batten frame partially damaged on the left side of the building above the hall and the right corner of the front of the building. The battom chord, top chord and web elements are partially detached. The trim element made of GRC material is damaged. came loose, and the Gypsum ceiling elements with hollow frames fell on the outside and inside the hall. The percentage of damage obtained is 14.50% and the damage level ≤ 30% is categorized as Light Damage.