Light Petroleum Fractions Research Articles

Extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from light petroleum fractions with lactam solvent

Extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from light petroleum fractions with lactam solvent

Prospect of Controlled Autoxidation to Produce High-Value Products from the Low-Value Petroleum Fractions.

Substantial amounts of low-value light petroleum fractions and low-value heavy petroleum fractions, such as light naphtha, HVGO, and vacuum residue, are generated during the upgrading and refining of conventional and unconventional petroleum resources. The oil industry emphasizes economic diversification, aiming to produce high-value products from these low petroleum fractions through cost-effective and sustainable methods. Controlled autoxidation (oxidation with air) has the potential to produce industrially important oxygenates, including alcohols, and ketones, from the low-value light petroleum fractions. The produced alcohols can also be converted to olefin through catalytic dehydration. Following controlled autoxidation, the low-value heavy petroleum fractions can be utilized to produce value-added products, including carbon fiber precursors. It would reduce the production cost of a highly demandable product, carbon fiber. This review highlights the prospect of developing an alternative, sustainable, and economic method to produce value-added products from the low-value petroleum fractions following a controlled autoxidation approach.

PROSPECTS OF USING THE CAVITATION PHENOMENON IN OIL REFINING

Over the past decades, the balance of hydrocarbon production shows a rising trend of production heavy, high-viscosity oil. Their transportation and refining involves higher energy costs, which can be reduced by using the innovative oil treatment method based on the creation of the cavitation phenomenon. It should be noted that the information about the change in oil characteristics as a result of cavitation treatment is contradictory. This also applies to the nature of the change in the properties and the stability of these changes over time. In some cases, the different nature of the changes is associated with the group composition of the samples. This paper is devoted to the study of the influence of cavitation oil treatment of different nature on their fractional composition and characteristics of individual fractions. Here was an attempt to determine the optimal time of fractionation of oil (after processing) in order to obtain the greatest output of light fractions. Heavy and light oil from the Ilsk field (Krasnodar Krai) were selected as the research subjects. The study of the influence of the treatment conditions on the viscosity of oil products was carried out on the sample of straight-run fuel oil (SRFO) provided by AO «Gazpromneft - MNPZ», obtained at the ELOU-AVT-6 unit. Cavitation processing of samples was carried out in the apparatus of HPH «Donor-2». The density of the samples and their fractions were determined according to GOST 3900-85 «Oil and petroleum products. Methods for the determination of the density». Fractional composition of petroleum in accordance with GOST 2177-99 «Petroleum products. Methods of determination of fractional composition». Vacuum distillation was used to determine the fractional composition of dark petroleum products. Kinematic viscosity was determined by GOST 33-2016. The conducted researches have shown the prospect of using the cavitation phenomenon in oil refining processes. It is possible to change (reduce) the viscosity of the oil product, to increase the yield of fractions with lower boiling points by using this phenomenon. The efficiency of the treatment increases with the increase in the density of the oil product. The results do not confirm information about the post-effect of cavitation treatment of petroleum products, when changes in the characteristics of the sample continue for some time after refining. By measuring the viscosity of the fuel oil sample, it is shown that the relaxation of the characteristics begins after treatment and it is most noticeable during the first 5 days after treatment. This allows us to recommend to treatment the sample immediately prior to fractionation. It should also be noted that as a result of cavitation treatment, not only dark but also light petroleum fractions are affected, and in all of these fractions along destruction and isomerization reactions, there are also processes of compaction.

A catalytic cracking process on atmospheric residue from the Al-Diwaneyah petroleum refinery

The Reduced Crude Residue R.C.R it’s a product of atmosphere distillation from crude oil in the Al-Diwaneyah refinery, where the product from the lower distillation tower at 300 °C thein the atmospheric distillation unit. For Production of Light Petroleum fractions from Reduced Crude Residue R.C.R by Cracking Reaction. Catalytic cracking of reduced crude residue (R.C.R) was joined with a riser pressure continuous reactor was completed in an autoclave with different process selection, temperature about 350–450 °C, catalytic cracking time (60–120) minute, the dosage of catalyst (0.1-0.5) gm and pressure 1–5 bar in the existence of Nitrogen. Statistical program design of testing (RSM) by Box-Behnken (BB) was employed to predict the selection of necessary changes in the cracking by the catalyst of reduced crude residue (R.C.R), and to gain better process conditions. Depended on the (3) plane for the design of the factorial, the cubist system was progressing between the cracking by catalyst conditions to overall production, and the more influential operator for all testing system responses was selected. The prophecy yields and conversion of all upgrade liquid phase, gas phase, coke, and residue were found to agree satisfactory with the testing grade. At a temperature of 400 °C, a pressure of 1 bar, a dosage of 0.3 gm, and a longer residence time (2 h) the best experiment is to get the maximum yield of the liquid phase product. The better run for quality when temperature 400 °C, pressure 5 bar, dosage 0.5 gm and 90 minutes as running time depended on API, sp. gr, density, viscosity, and flash point.

Molecular Kinetic Modeling of Catalytic Naphtha Reforming: A Review of Complexities and Solutions

ABSTRACT Kinetic modeling is receiving more attention in recent years due to the availability of advanced computational tools and enhancement in the accuracy of analytical techniques. These advances facilitate investigation of the chemical transformations on a molecular level rather than on the bulk properties, such as density, distillation cuts, or octane number. Molecular kinetic modeling of catalytic naphtha reforming is of particular interest as it processes light petroleum fraction that enable full molecular-level analysis. Moreover, the process is an important source of valuable chemicals, hydrogen, and high-octane transportation fuel. Over the years, the goal of the kinetic modeling has evolved from predicting the octane number or other properties of reformate to tracking a particular molecule, such as benzene. Several kinetic models are published in the last decade – each of them strived to adopt somewhat different approach either in the complexity of proposed reaction network or in the methodology of estimating the kinetic parameters. The approaches that have been considered in formulating the rate expressions include: (i) classical power-law model; (ii) models based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson kinetics; (iii) structure-oriented kinetics approach; and (iv) single-event fundamental model. The review presents a systematic comparison of these kinetic models in depth as well as their limitations. An appraisal of the mathematical methods for estimation of kinetic parameters and the computational tools employed for determination of the numerical values of these parameters is made. Finally, the current trends and outlook of this field is presented.

ASTM D86 distillation curve: Experimental analysis and premises for literature modeling

The D86 distillation curve is a basic test for the characterization of light petroleum fractions, and its qualitative and quantitative importance is fundamental to distillation projects. In the literature, some studies highlight many of the test flaws, emphasizing experimental and theoretical problems that directly influence the obtained curve. The present work carried out scanning of some modifications proposed in the literature and individually evaluated the effect of each of them on the experimental distillation curves of mixtures in naphtha-like distillation temperature ranges. Besides, the changes were also mathematically tested using the more comprehensive modeling proposed in the literature. The results showed that some experimental modifications are significant, as the position of the thermometer and some issues are not yet adequately addressed in the modeling, as the calculation of the heat transfer with the external environment and the evaluation of the initial and final boiling points. In contrast, the experimental use of thermal insulation did not lead to a significant difference in the obtained curves, so some modifications did not show substantial impacts in the ASTM D86 test.

Chemical Constituents of Egyptian Withania Somnifera Leaves and Fruits and their Anticholinesterase Activity

Seven compounds were isolated from the leaves and fruits of Egyptian Withania somnifera dunal, (Family: Solanaceae). The identity of the compounds based on their spectroscopic data were as follows: two withanolides; withaperuvin C (1), phyperunolideF (2) and four lipids;1,2-di-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6´´´-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyranosyl)-glycerol (3), vaccenic acid (5), 1,3 dicaproyl,2-vaccenoyl-glycerol (6), vaccenolymonoglyceride (7) and β-sitosterol glucoside (4). All the isolated metabolites except (4) were reported for the first time from this plant. Besides, this is the first report for isolation of compounds (6, 7) in a pure form from a natural source. Different fractions of the fruits of the Egyptian plant were investigated for their anticholinesterase activities where the most potent ones found to be the aqueous, the light petroleum fraction in addition to a mixture of lipids.

Desulfurization of Light Distillates by Oxidation and Rectification of Gas Condensate

The possibility that a process comprising the oxidation of sulfur compounds present in gas condensate and its subsequent rectification can be used to desulfurize light petroleum fractions has been explored. Oxidation of gas condensate with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of transition metal salts followed by its rectification makes it possible to decrease the sulfur content in the gasoline and diesel fractions by 95 and 75%, respectively in the fraction, with the sulfur content of -the residual fraction (350°C–FBP) remaining almost unchanged.

Ignition Study of an Oxygenated and High-Alkene Light Petroleum Fraction Produced from Automotive Shredder Residues

Waste to energy is a key driver to achieve a clean and virtuous renewable cycle. Among others, the processes to convert organic matter in wastes from automotive residues, mainly composed of rubbers...

Chemical constituents, Antibacterial and Acetylcholine esterase inhibitory activity of Cupressus macrocarpa leaves

The chemical constituents of Cupressus macrocarpa were investigated. A new neolignan glycoside (1) in addition to nine known compounds were isolated. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of different fractions and isolates of C. macrocarpa were evaluated. The light petroleum fraction showed the highest activity in both assays with IC50 value of 88.79 µg/ml and 152.58 µg/ml for the AChE inhibitory activity and MRSA antibacterial activities, respectively. Weak to moderate activity were detected for the isolated compounds.

Process Intensification of Upgradation of Crude Oil and Vacuum Residue by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Microwave Irradiation

The crude oil and vacuum residue (VR), when subjected to the hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) or microwave irradiation, showed cracking of larger molecular weight compounds into smaller molecules. The productivity of light and intermediate petroleum fractions of the crude after the HC treatment increased in the range of 3–7%, while the microwave treatment with activated carbon as an efficient microwave absorber showed 12% conversion of VR into distillate products. The HC altered the density, viscosity, iodine values and % of distillate fractions marginally, but significantly changed the light and middle distillates recovery, and the carbon number profiles of the crude.

Comparative Study of the Characterization Factors for Hydrocarbon Types of Petroleum Fluids Fractions

The qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemical nature of the oil fractions is a very complex operation. For this reason, one often searches for empirical correlations, based on the introduction of different characterization factors. Considering the diversity of these factors, our study aims to establish a new criterion specific to the various factors. The application of three criteria (the separation order, the power separation and relative variation) has enabled us to determine the efficiency of each factor with respect to chemical nature of a petroleum fraction and to choose a certain number of factors, which can be used for the establishment of the various correlations. Thanks to these correlations we can determine the chemical composition, in paraffins, naphtenes and aromatics of petroleum fractions. The results obtained show that the characterization factors : CH (carbon to hydrogen weight ratio), (n/d) (refractive index to density ratio), Watson characterization factor (K) and that of El Hadi (F) can be applied to the characterization of light and heavy petroleum fractions.

Chemical composition and biological activities of Gerbera anandria.

Gerbera anandria (Compositae) was extracted with 75% ethanol and the residue was fractionated using light petroleum, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The constituents of the extracts were separated by column chromatography employing solvents of different polarity. Column chromatography of the light petroleum fraction resulted in the isolation of methyl hexadecanoate, while the chloroform fraction afforded xanthotoxin, 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, 7-hydroxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and 8-methoxysmyrindiol and the ethyl acetate fraction gave gerberinside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and quercetin. A new coumarin, 8-methoxysmyrindiol, was found. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established by MS and NMR (HSQC, HMBC). Free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities of crude extracts and 8-methoxysmyrindiol were further investigated. The ethyl acetate phase exerted the strongest DPPH free radical scavenging activity in comparison to the other fractions. The coumarin 8-methoxysmyrindiol demonstrated cytotoxicity against multiple human cancer cell lines, with the highest potency in HepG2 cells.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Galinsoga parvifl ora Cav. (Asteraceae) from Egypt

The phytochemical investigation of an aqueous ethanolic extract of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Asteraceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of eleven compounds namely: triacontanol, phytol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, 7-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol, 7-hydroxystigmasterol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, fumaric acid, and uracil. Furthermore, 48 volatile constituents were identified in the hydrodistilled oil of the aerial parts. The ethanolic extract at a content of 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) exerted 87% reduction in the alanine aminotransferase enzyme level in cirrhotic rats compared with the standard silymarin (150 mg/kg BW) and also exerted a reduction in the blood glucose level equivalent to that of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg BW) in diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract, light petroleum and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The ethyl acetate fraction showed strong antioxidant activity at a concentration of 150 mg/mL as compared with 0.1 M ascorbic acid. The cytotoxic effect against the MCF-7 cell line was found to be weak.

Phytochemical and biological study of Malva parviflora L. grown in Egypt

Column chromatography of the light petroleum fraction of Malva parviflora L. yielded B-amyrin, a-amyrine, mixture of s-sitosterol and stigmasterol, cholesterol, campasterol, ergosterol and s -sitosterol-O-glucoside. GLC of the methylated fatty acids revealed the presence of 14 fatty acids. Linolenic, palmitic and linoleic acids were the more prominent and accounting 28.25, 26.5 and 24.73%, respectively. Ethyl vanillin and chlorophyll A and B were isolated from chloroform fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction afforded kampeferol-3-(6''-p-coumaroyl-O-s-D-glucoside (tribuloside). The structure of these compounds was determined by spectral data (IR, UV, EIMS, 1H and 13CNMR). The crude ethanol extract as well as its fractions were examined for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities to indicate promising activity.

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Asteraceae) from Egypt

The phytochemical investigation of an aqueous ethanolic extract of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Asteraceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of eleven compounds namely: triacontanol, phytol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, 7-hydroxy-beta-sitosterol, 7-hydroxystigmasterol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, fumaric acid, and uracil. Furthermore, 48 volatile constituents were identified in the hydrodistilled oil of the aerial parts. The ethanolic extract at a content of 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) exerted 87% reduction in the alanine aminotransferase enzyme level in cirrhotic rats compared with the standard silymarin (150 mg/kg BW) and also exerted a reduction in the blood glucose level equivalent to that of glibenclamide (5 mg/kg BW) in diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract, light petroleum and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. The ethyl acetate fraction showed strong antioxidant activity at a concentration of 150 mg/mL as compared with 0.1 M ascorbic acid. The cytotoxic effect against the MCF-7 cell line was found to be weak.

Department of Pharmaceutical Care, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China

Column chromatography of the light petroleum fraction from the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Salix tetrasperma Roxb. (Salicaceae) resulted in the isolation of β-sitosterol acetate, friedelin, 3β-friedelinol, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-O-glucoside in addition to palmitic acid. From the dichloromethane fraction of the leaves, catechol and tremulacin were isolated. Salicin and its derivatives tremuloidin and 2’-O-p-(E)-coumaroyl salicin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves. The isolated compounds were identified by MS, and 1D NMR (1H and 13C) and 2D NMR (H-H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) spectral analyses. The total methanolic extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity (rat hind paw oedema). The extract with a content of 120 mg/kg body weight produced 52% inhibition equivalent to the standard diclofenac sodium (54% inhibition). The antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging) and analgesic activities, respectively, were also evaluated.

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

Column chromatography of the light petroleum fraction from the methanolic extract of the stem bark of Salix tetrasperma Roxb. (Salicaceae) resulted in the isolation of beta-sitosterol acetate, friedelin, 3beta-friedelinol, beta-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-O-glucoside in addition to palmitic acid. From the dichloromethane fraction of the leaves, catechol and tremulacin were isolated. Salicin and its derivatives tremuloidin and 2'-O-p-(E)-coumaroyl salicin were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves. The isolated compounds were identified by MS, and 1D NMR (1H and 13C) and 2D NMR (H-H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) spectral analyses. The total methanolic extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity (rat hind paw oedema). The extract with a content of 120 mg/kg body weight produced 52% inhibition equivalent to the standard diclofenac sodium (54% inhibition). The antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging) and analgesic activities, respectively, were also evaluated.

Essential Oil Composition, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Two Endemic Stachys Cretica Subspecies (Lamiaceae) from Turkey

The chemical compositions of the water-distilled essential oil of Stachys cretica ssp. lesbiaca Rech. fil. and S. cretica ssp. trapezuntica Rech. fil. were determined by GC and GC-MS. Altogether 63 compounds were identified. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, germacrene D (20.3% and 12.9% respectively) was the main component identified in both oils. Furthermore, ethanol, light petroleum, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts prepared from the aerial parts of the plants were tested for their antimicrobial activities against six bacterial strains and the yeast Candida albicans. The extracts exhibited no antibacterial activity, but the light petroleum and n-butanolic fractions showed low antifungal activities. Crude ethanolic extracts of the two subspecies were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of HL-60 and Ishikawa human tumor cell lines. The IC50 values were 100 microg/mL for the HL-60 cell line and 200 microg/mL for the Ishikawa cell line.

Molecular components-based representation of petroleum fractions

Characterisation of petroleum fractions is the systematic analysis and representation of composition and properties of petroleum fractions. Characterisation methods play an important role in understanding of the physical and chemical behaviour of a petroleum fraction, its individual constituents, and are essential for modelling of refinery processes. In order to comply with the current and future product specifications for cleaner fuels, refineries are employing new processing technologies and more severe operating conditions in existing operating units. Consequently refinery process models are required to capture the chemistry of conversion processes employing characterisation of petroleum fractions at molecular level. In this paper a review of the conventional characterisation methods used for modelling of refinery processes is presented. The molecular type and homologous series (MTHS) matrix representation of petroleum fractions is discussed in detail. The previous work on MTHS matrix representation approach is limited to light petroleum fractions such as gasoline, and takes into account only hydrocarbon molecules. These shortcomings of MTHS matrix representation approach are addressed in this work through the development of a new strategy for estimation of composition and properties of petroleum fractions.