Hue Lightness Research Articles

Enhancing the dyeability of polyurethane fibers by introducing protonated tertiary amine groups

Traditional polyurethane fibers (CPUF) are widely used in the preparation of blend clothing in order to improve the elasticity and comfort of fabrics. However, there has been a problem of low acid dye adsorption for CPUF, resulting in light hue of dyed CPUF. In this work, a poly (HMDI-BHOPA) was prepared with dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate (HMDI) and 1,4-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine (BHOPA), and then added into the CPUF spinning solution for the preparation of modified polyurethane fibers (BPUFs) through dry-spinning technology. Tertiary amine groups were introduced after the addition of poly (HMDI-BHOPA), which could be protonated at acidic conditions to form binding sites for acid dyes, further enhancing the adsorption capacity of the fibers. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) was used to confirm the structure of poly (HMDI-BHOPA). The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) demonstrated that the addition of poly (HMDI-BHOPA) had little effect on the glass transition temperature and thermal stability of BPUFs. The addition of poly (HMDI-BHOPA) affected the ordered arrangement of hard segments and reduced crystallization enthalpy of hard and soft segments in polyurethane. Hence, the elastic recovery of BPUFs showed little change, and the elongation at break and break strength decreased compared to CPUF. Zeta potential testing results showed that BPUFs was protonated under acidic conditions. Dyeing results proved the enhancement of dyeability of BPUFs. The dyeing kinetics and thermodynamics of acid dyes on BPUFs were studied to investigate the dyeing mechanism. From the dyeing kinetics results, both CPUF and BPUFs fitted Elovich model. From dyeing thermodynamics results, Langmuir model showed a better applicability for BPUFs at a low pH and temperature condition, while Freundlich model fitted better for CPUF.

FSNet: Enhancing Forest-Fire and Smoke Detection with an Advanced UAV-Based Network

Forest fires represent a significant menace to both the ecological equilibrium of forests and the safety of human life and property. Upon ignition, fires frequently generate billowing smoke. The prompt identification and management of fire sources and smoke can efficiently avert the occurrence of extensive forest fires, thereby safeguarding both forest resources and human well-being. Although drone patrols have emerged as a primary method for forest-fire prevention, the unique characteristics of forest-fire images captured from high altitudes present challenges. These include remote distances, small fire points, smoke targets with light hues, and complex, ever-changing background environments. Consequently, traditional target-detection networks frequently exhibit diminished accuracy when handling such images. In this study, we introduce a cutting-edge drone-based network designed for the detection of forest fires and smoke, named FSNet. To begin, FSNet employs the YOCO data-augmentation method to enhance image processing, thereby augmenting both local and overall diversity within forest-fire images. Next, building upon the transformer framework, we introduce the EBblock attention module. Within this module, we introduce the notion of “groups”, maximizing the utilization of the interplay between patch tokens and groups to compute the attention map. This approach facilitates the extraction of correlations among patch tokens, between patch tokens and groups, and among groups. This approach enables the comprehensive feature extraction of fire points and smoke within the image, minimizing background interference. Across the four stages of the EBblock, we leverage a feature pyramid to integrate the outputs from each stage, thereby mitigating the loss of small target features. Simultaneously, we introduce a tailored loss function, denoted as Lforest, specifically designed for FSNet. This ensures the model’s ability to learn effectively and produce high-quality prediction boxes. We assess the performance of the FSNet model across three publicly available forest-fire datasets, utilizing mAP, Recall, and FPS as evaluation metrics. The outcomes reveal that FSNet achieves remarkable results: on the Flame, Corsican, and D-Fire datasets, it attains mAP scores of 97.2%, 87.5%, and 94.3%, respectively, with Recall rates of 93.9%, 87.3%, and 90.8%, respectively, and FPS values of 91.2, 90.7, and 92.6, respectively. Furthermore, extensive comparative and ablation experiments validate the superior performance of the FSNet model.

Sequential inoculation of Torulaspora delbrueckii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in rosé wines enhances malolactic fermentation and potentially improves colour stability

In rosé wines, colour influences consumer preferences and oenological trends. In this study, we propose an alternative approach employing Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td) as a biotechnological tool for colour modulation, coupled with its potential to enhance malolactic fermentation (MLF), necessary in certain rosé wines. Sequential alcoholic fermentations (AF) were conducted using Cabernet Sauvignon grape must, with inoculations of Torulaspora delbrueckii (Td) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc). Subsequently, different strains of Oenococcus oeni were employed to carry out MLF on the resulting rosé wines, allowing us to assess the impact of Td strains under these conditions. The formation of anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins depended on the specific strains of Td used, resulting in wines with varying hues, ranging from a more yellowish tone (Td + ScQ) to a bluish tone (Td + ScK1). Additionally, the performance of MLF displayed a positive synergy between Td and O. oeni, with outcomes varying depending on the strain combinations employed. In conclusion, this research highlights the potential of reducing total anthocyanins while maintaining a higher proportion of pyranoanthocyanins, offering an interesting technique for rosé wines with a lighter hue. This approach aligns well with evolving oenological trends, as certain regions prefer such rosé wine type

Quality, composition and health effects of natural honey: a review

One of the most important foods produced and consumed worldwide is natural honey. This substance features nice sensory qualities such as a light hue as well as a familiar scent and flavor. It also contains organic acids, sugars, minerals, enzymes, phenolic and volatile chemicals, methylglyoxal, amino acids, vitamins etcetera which have been linked to potential biological activities. All of these features make this viscous substance extremely desirable by consumers thus raising its market value. Natural honey is however prone to contamination upon improper storage so that its natural quality and authenticity can be jeopardized. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to provide updates to the literature available on the physicochemical, sensory features, content, economic value, medicinal benefits, contamination, originality, and adulteration of natural honey. With this context, we hope to provide data that can help guide future honey study.

A computer vision-based lane detection technique using gradient threshold and hue-lightness-saturation value for an autonomous vehicle

<span lang="EN-US">Automatic lane detection for driver assistance is a significant component in developing advanced driver assistance systems and high-level application frameworks since it contributes to driver and pedestrian safety on roads and highways. However, due to several limitations that lane detection systems must rectify, such as the uncertainties of lane patterns, perspective consequences, limited visibility of lane lines, dark spots, complex background, illuminance, and light reflections, it remains a challenging task. The proposed method employs vision-based technologies to determine the lane boundary lines. We devised a system for correctly identifying lane lines on a homogeneous road surface. Lane line detection relies heavily on the gradient and hue lightness saturation (HLS) thresholding which detects the lane line in binary images. The lanes are shown, and a sliding window searching method is used to estimate the color lane. The proposed system achieved 96% accuracy in detecting lane lines on the different roads, and its performance was assessed using data from several road image databases under various illumination circumstances.</span>

Acceptor-phenyl-donor mechanochromic dyes based on 9-Bromoanthracene

Considering the simple peripheral methoxy or/and tert‑butyl substitution at 3,6-position of carbazole and the phenyl ring as a bridge to increase the electron-donor property, emission colors of acceptor-phenyl-donor type (A-Ph-D) of dyes were designed. In this study, two dyes based on groups comprising [1-(9-bromoanthracene)-4-(3‑methoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl]phenyl and [1-(9-bromoanthracene)-4-(3,6-di‑tert‑butyl‑9H-carba-zole-9-yl]phenyl were synthesized. The density functional theory (DFT) was evaluated and the separate distribution of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was observed. Besides, the photophysical properties of dyes showed the maximum absorption spectra (ABS) at 295 and 299 nm for the spin-coated dyes on the solid film. The photoluminescence spectra (PL) for the emitters revealed the blue and cyan light hues. Additionally, the mechanochromic characteristics, aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE), and thermal stability were also investigated. Our approach resulted in coated dyes on the films with suitable values of ionization potential -5.31 and -5.45 eV in tandem. Moreover, the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of the two spin-coated dyes are above 24 and 33%.

19세기 조선 양반계층의 복식에 나타난 색의 특성과 조화

To examine the use and characteristics of traditional colors in Joseon Dynasty costumes, this study focuses on domestic and overseas artifacts related to traditional 19SUPth/SUP-Century costumes form inherited artifacts. Photographic data of these artifacts with high-quality preservation of clear colors were saved as JPEG files. Using Adobe Photoshop’s eyedropper tool (Version CC 2019), 1,385 colors were extracted. A reference range for analyzing the color characteristics was applied featuring the 10 color groups of the Munsell color system based on the results’ color values. For color classification purposes, the hue characteristics were determined using the PCCS color system and further analyzing the color values for 12 hues. The analysis results are as follows. First, various dark, highly saturated colors are distributed in the male costumes, which is characteristic of the colors used in Poje. Second, for the Hyungbae of civilian and military officials, the primary color R was avoided while the secondary color YR and other various colors were used. The hue features low and medium saturation. Third, the colors of female costumes are bright with high saturation; for these, light hues as well as dark and vivid hues were preferred. Fourth, the female Maedeub costumes feature colors with high brightness and high saturation, along with accents in dark colors such as red, orange, indigo, and purple to emphasize the costumes’ beauty. These results reveal that costumes used varied colors and that color hues were differentiated based on male and female costumes as well as the usage of Hyungbae and Maedeub.

Melanated Millennials and the Politics of Black Hair

ObjectiveThis research employs the phenotypic prototypicality framework to makes a connection between African‐American voters' perceptions of African‐American women candidates' appearances and candidate evaluations in contests with limited information. The primary focus is on the candidates' skin tone and hair texture.MethodsThe data consist of a convenience sample of 672 African‐American students from a Historically Black University in the Deep South. An experimental research design was employed to test whether African‐American candidates who possessed phenotypes that mirrored the prototypical African American were perceived differently when compared to those with more Eurocentric features. Each subject was randomly exposed to a stimulus that consisted of a brief campaign platform and an image of a light or dark woman donning either straight hair, twist outs or dreadlocks. Those subjects in the control group were exposed to an image of a dark male with short hair.ResultsAfrican‐American students found the dark candidates to be more attractive when compared to their lighter counterparts, regardless of hairstyles. Candidates who possessed the prototypical Afrocentric appearance (i.e., dark skin and/or textured hair) were found to be more supportive of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, progressive policies and were perceived to be more hardworking, when compared to their lighter counterparts. Light‐skinned women, regardless of hairstyles, were perceived to be less supportive of Black Nationalist views.ConclusionThe findings here run counter to the conventional wisdom associated with colorism, whereby African Americans have been deemed to possess self‐hatred by possessing a more positive bias toward women with a lighter hue and straight hair. In recent years, due to such events as police shootings of unarmed African‐Americans and the Black Lives Matter movement, Black Millennials have become more aware of the oppression and discrimination faced by many African Americans. This heightened level of consciousness, in tandem with the fact that they were born during an era when natural hairstyles were being popularized, has led them to embrace the aesthetic revolution that includes appreciating their melanated skin and kinky hair.

Optimizing Tactical Medical Performance: The Effect of Light Hue on Vision Testing.

Red and blue are the historical tactical lighting hues of choice to ensure light discipline and to preserve dark adaptation. As yet, no scientifically ideal hue for use in Special Operations medicine has been identified. We propose red/green polychromatic light as a superior choice that preserves visual function for tactical medical tasks in austere settings. Thirty participants were enrolled in this institutional review board-approved study. Participants completed four vision tasks in low-light settings under various lighting conditions. The Pelli-Robson Near Contrast Sensitivity test (PR), tumbling E visual acuity test, Farnsworth D-15 color-vision test (FD15), and pseudoisochromatic plate (PiP) testing was performed under white, green, or red light illumination and also red/green and red/green/yellow lights. PR and tumbling E tests were performed using blue and blue/red lights. The test results for each light were compared against a white-light standard. Contrast sensitivity as measured by PR testing showed no statistical difference when white light was used compared with red/green or red/green/yellow light, and the differences between red, green, blue, and blue/red all were statistically different from when white light was used. When measuring visual acuity, blue light was the only color for which there was a statistically significant decrease in visual acuity in comparison with white. There was no reduction in visual acuity with any other lights compared with white. Performance on FD15 testing with all single-hue and multihue lights was significantly worse than with white light for measuring color-vision perception. Color discrimination as measured by PiP testing showed red and green light was significantly worse than with white light, whereas test results when green/red and green/red/yellow lights were used were not statistically different from white. Red/Green/yellow and red/green were superior light sources and performance results only were worse than white light on FD15 testing.

Application of Image Analysis Combined with Computational Expert Approaches for Shrimp Freshness Evaluation

This study was aimed to evaluate the freshness and quality of cultured shrimp (litopenaeus vannamei) during 9 days of storage on ice (i.e., at a temperature of 0°C) using image processing technique. A lighting chamber was used to provide uniform conditions for illumination. The shrimp freshness was evaluated using computer vision technique through color changes of head, legs and tail of the harvested shrimps. Thirty-six color parameters of the images such as mean and variance of red (r), green (g), blue (b), lightness hue (h), saturation (s), value (v), luma information (i and y), the luma component (y), chroma component (cr), lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (c), and hue (h) were analyzed. Some parameters, such as b*, from side pictures and r mean, b variance, v mean, y mean, b* mean and (L*) mean from top pictures changed with a rather similar trend during the storage period. Different computational expert approaches such as linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, K nearest neighbors, and discriminant partial least squares regression were examined for shrimp freshness classification. For this, all the variables and the subsets of variables were selected by means of stepwise linear discriminant analysis, stepwise orthogonalization, classification and regression trees. The shrimp freshness was characterized with a high classification accuracy of 90%. Freshness evaluation using image processing is proposed as a potential technique to the food industry.

Hearing the music in the spectrum of hydrogen

Throughout a general education course on sound and light aimed at music and art students, analogies between subjective perceptions of objective properties of sound and light waves are a recurring theme. Demonstrating that the pitch and loudness of musical sounds are related to the frequency and intensity of a sound wave is simple and students are easily able to draw the analogies with the color and brightness of light. When considering an entire spectrum, the presence of multiple frequencies and wavelengths of different intensities is perceived by the ear as sound quality, or musical timbre, while the perception of the eye is the tone or hue of a color. What follows is a description of a demonstration that draws the analogy between musical sound quality and the tone or hue of light in which the emission spectrum of hydrogen is considered and actually played as a musical chord.

Use of Silver Nitrate for the Assessment of Sperm Measurements in Selected Farm and Free-Living Animal Species

Abstract The study was conducted on spermatozoa of selected farm and free-living animal species, isolated post mortem from the tail of the epididymis, and stained with silver nitrate - AgNO3. The material was collected from pigs, goats, wild boar, and European roe deer. Twenty morphologically normal spermatozoa randomly selected from each animal and well visible under the microscope, were analysed. The following measurements were considered: head length, width, perimeter and area, acrosome area, mid-piece length, tail length, and overall sperm length. AgNO3 staining differentiated the acrosomal (light hue) and distal (dark hue) part of the sperm head, and a light-hued mid-piece was visible within the sperm tail. Silver nitrate staining revealed species and variety-related differences, particularly in reference to the sperm head. Clear-cut differentiation within the head and tail area made it possible to perform detailed morphometric measurements of the spermatozoa.

Fixation light hue bias revisited: Implications for using adaptive optics to study color vision

Current vision science adaptive optics systems use near infrared wavefront sensor ‘beacons’ that appear as red spots in the visual field. Colored fixation targets are known to influence the perceived color of macroscopic visual stimuli (Jameson, D., & Hurvich, L. M. (1967). Fixation-light bias: An unwanted by-product of fixation control. Vision Research, 7, 805–809.), suggesting that the wavefront sensor beacon may also influence perceived color for stimuli displayed with adaptive optics. Despite its importance for proper interpretation of adaptive optics experiments on the fine scale interaction of the retinal mosaic and spatial and color vision, this potential bias has not yet been quantified or addressed. Here we measure the impact of the wavefront sensor beacon on color appearance for dim, monochromatic point sources in five subjects. The presence of the beacon altered color reports both when used as a fixation target as well as when displaced in the visual field with a chromatically neutral fixation target. This influence must be taken into account when interpreting previous experiments and new methods of adaptive correction should be used in future experiments using adaptive optics to study color.

The Efect of the Momentary Change of Light Color in Rating of Brightness and Impression

The impression for room and color appearance of objects are different with more colorful light that have recently been released. When light appropriate to each residential room are used, residents are exposed to change when they move from a room to another of different light colors. Residents' impressions due to change in light have to be considered. In this study, paying attention to light and color adaptation, and influence of them on impressions is grasped. The consideration compared difference in chroma and hue of light for each impression. In transitional process of impression, there are different impressions from those of static conditions, and processes are classified into some patterns. In transitional process condition includes a transition of color light from daylight and daylight from color light. The consideration compared combination of these conditions. As a result, the light colors and the change in light colors influenced impressions.

Sedimentary pellets as an ice-cover proxy in a High Arctic ice-covered lake

Sediment aggregates (“sedimentary pellets”) within the sedimentary record of Lake A (83°00′ N, 75°30′ W), Ellesmere Island, Canada, are used to construct a 1000 year proxy record of ice-cover extent and dynamics on this perennially ice-covered, High Arctic lake. These pellets are interpreted to form during fall or early winter when littoral sediment adheres to ice forming around the lake’s periphery or during summer through the development of anchor ice. The sediment likely collects in ice interstices and is concentrated in the upper ice layers through summer surface ice melt and winter basal ice growth. The pellets remain frozen in the ice until a summer or series of summers with reduced ice cover allows for their deposition across the lake basin. Sedimentary pellet frequency within multiple sediment cores is used to develop a chronology of ice-cover fluctuations. This proxy ice-cover record is largely corroborated by a record of unusual sedimentation in Lake A involving iron-rich, dark-orange to red laminae overlying more diffuse laminae with a lighter hue. This sediment sequence is hypothesized to represent years with reduced ice cover through increased chemocline ventilation and iron deposition. During the past millennium, the most notable period of inferred reduced ice cover is ca. 1891 AD to present. Another period of ice cover mobility is suggested ca. 1582–1774 AD, while persistent ice cover is inferred during the 1800s and prior to 1582 AD. The proxy ice-cover record corresponds well with most regional melt-season proxy temperature and paleoecological records, especially during the 1800s and 1900s.

Kansei Estimation on Luminescence of Aurora

The beautiful and magnificent light of aurora is one of the most wonderful phenomena among natural resources that we can, observe. In this study, from the viewpoints of Kansei engineering, we focused on the hue of light of aurora, and we examined whether it causes the human spirit any effects or not by using various statistical analysis and Kansei analysis. It was revealed that there is a high possibility that the sufficient cure effect exists in the light of aurora. This research is the first basic trial turned to the creation of cure spaces for hospice and welfare facility. We also aim at developing a cure equipment by applying the light of aurora to hospice and medical facilities in future.

In situ optical sensing of diesel exhaust particulates using a polychromaticLED source

A novel optical probe for in situ monitoring of diesel exhaust particulates hasbeen developed and is demonstrated. The probe uses a transmissive configurationto interrogate a particulate stream using polychromatic (white) light froman electroluminescent LED, the probe being mounted transversely tothe exhaust flow in the tailpipe. Consequently the effects of scatteringand absorption are measured on the transmission spectrum. The opticalsignal is relayed via an optical fibre bundle to a remote detection and datalogging unit. Photodetector signals representing red, green and blue spectralinformation are monitored using detectors having overlapping spectralresponsivities. Data collection is by red–green–blue (RGB) tristimulusdetection and spectral analysis uses the hue–lightness–saturation (HLS)algorithms. It is shown that changes in spectral width may be used torepresent particulate bursts (scattering) via the saturation parameterwith a compensation algorithm being used to compensate for shifts in theoperating point due to contamination of the optics. As polychromatic light isused it is demonstrated that variation in the mean particle size may berepresented in terms of the ratios of polydisperse extinction for adjacentspectral bands. The potential advantages of chromatic sensing for signalprocessing in terms of reduced susceptibility to vapour content and opticalcontamination is demonstrated by comparison with an intensity based sensor.

Mineral identification using artificial neural networks and the rotating polarizer stage

An artificial neural network is used for the classification of minerals. Optical data using thin sections is acquired using the rotating polarizing microscope stage, which extracts a basic set of seven primary images during each sampling. A selected set of parameters based on hue, saturation, intensity and texture measurements are extracted from the segmented minerals within each data set. Parameters such as pleochroism, plane light hue, and gradient homogeneity were a few that proved to yield class-discriminating properties. Texture parameters are shown to have the ability to classify colourless minerals. The neural network is trained on manually classified mineral samples. The most successful artificial network to date is a three-layer feed forward network using generalized delta error correction. The network uses 27 distinct input parameters to classify 10 different minerals. Testing the network on previously unseen mineral samples yielded successful results as high as 93%.

Visual artifacts in chromatically subsampled images

Colors sampled in an array of pixels were converted into various luminance-chrominance representations, and the chrominance values were spatially subsampled to achieve a compression of the data. For viewing, the chrominance values were reinterpolated and then transformed back to RGB. For each of a range of image types and color spaces, we varied the chromatic sample spacing to determine how much compression would be possible before perceptual artifacts appeared, as determined by a panel of individual viewers. The spacing at which an image was mistaken half the time for a remembered original depended on image content and also on the color representation. Some color spaces, such as hue-lightness-saturation, a polar-coordinate color space, are inherently ill suited for chrominance averaging and produce noticeable artifacts on almost any image. Likewise, some images cannot be subsampled satisfactorily, regardless of the color space used. In general, however, images with 16-fold reduction in the amount of chrominance information (that is, a factor of 4 in each spatial direction) are still satisfactory in appearance.

Color Display and Interactive Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Data

Three-dimensional results from engineering and scientific computations often involve the display and interpretation of a large volume of complex data. A method is developed for color display of 3D data with several interactive options to facilitate interpretation. The method is based on representing points whose values fall within a specified range as a single hue. An image is formed by overlaying successive 2D frames with increasing hue lightness towards the front. Interactive options to aid interpretations are viewpoint, contour lines, multiple range display, slicing, veiled surfaces, and stereo image pairs. The display method is successfully applied to several types of data. The overall structure and variations of the 3D data are observable, as well as transients which may be overlooked in a large input data set.