Light Color Change Research Articles

Comparison of light transmittance and color changes between polyurethane and copolyester retainer materials after staining and destaining

BackgroundRetainers are the only effective approach to prevent orthodontic relapse. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in color and light-transmittance of rough and smooth thermoformed polyurethane and copolymer retainer samples after staining in different solutions and destaining with different approaches.MethodsFour hundred copolyester (Essix® ACE) and 400 polyurethane (Zendura®) samples with different surface textures, smooth and rough, were stained in 4 different solutions (n = 100 per solution) over 28 days. Each of the four groups of 100 stained samples of each material was subdivided into 5 groups of 20 samples and subjected to different destaining solutions. Light transmittance and color changes were evaluated using a spectrometer and a spectrophotometer. Mean differences were compared using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc multiple comparison tests at P = 0.05.ResultsNo significant differences in light transmittance were found between both untreated materials. Both materials were stained in a similar fashion and showed no significant differences between two materials after staining. Coffee and tea stained both materials more significantly than wine, but there was a significant difference of changes of color and light transmittance between rough and smooth surfaces during the destaining in coffee- and tea-stained samples of copolyester material. All destaining solutions were effective at removing all stains on the samples. The surface roughness of the material plays a significant role in the ability of the materials to be destained, demonstrating a more significant greater effect on cleaning rough samples for improvements in light-transmittance and greater changes in color.ConclusionsThis study concluded that the surface of materials plays a significant role in the material destaining and staining. In addition, the different polymers used for retainer fabrication exhibited different responses during the destaining process depending on types of stains.

Electrospinning of photoluminescent-magnetic GdF3:Tb3+,Sm3+@SiO2 belt-in-belt structured nanoribbons with tunable fluorescence and energy transfer

A novel strategy has been devised to synthesize directly GdF3:Tb3+,Sm3+@SiO2 belt-in-belt structured nanoribbons by uniaxial electrospinning technique and subsequent fluorination approach. GdF3:Tb3+,Sm3+@SiO2 belt-in-belt structured nanoribbons with sheathed ribbon structure have large specific surface area and unique void space structure between the inner and outer ribbons, which enables materials possess extraordinary applications in cancer therapy, drug delivery, sensors, catalysis, etc. The average widths of the inner and outer layers of the GdF3:Tb3+,Sm3+@SiO2 belt-in-belt structured nanoribbons are 1.60 ± 0.03 μm and 1.87 ± 0.02 μm, respectively. Furthermore, GdF3:1%Tb3+,x%Sm3+@SiO2 and GdF3:y%Tb3+,2%Sm3+@SiO2 belt-in-belt structured nanoribbons (x = 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; y = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2) have also been successfully constructed to observe energy transfer phenomenon and tunable changes in light color. Energy transfer from Tb3+ ions to Sm3+ ions has been proved according to the measured luminescence spectra of the samples. More importantly, Tb3+, Sm3+ co-doped GdF3@SiO2 belt-in-belt structured nanoribbons simultaneously exhibit multicolor luminescent and paramagnetic dual functional performances owing to the natural magnetic moment of Gd3+ ions, making materials have potential applications in flat-panel displays, lasers, biomarkers, and magnetic resonance imaging. In this work, a novel and high-efficient approach is presented to construct photoluminescence-magnetism dual functional GdF3:Tb3+,Sm3+@SiO2 belt-in-belt structured nanoribbons, providing theoretical basis and technical guidance for the simple construction of other nanomaterials with special structures.

Monitoring the freshness of fish fillets by colorimetric gelatin composite film incorporated with curcumin extract

This study aimed to develop a colorimetric intelligent gelatin composite film incorporated with curcumin to monitor fish fillets' freshness. Chicken skin gelatin composite film's sensing ability in NH3 environments in light transmission and color changes was studied and compared to bovine gelatin composite films. A spoilage test was also performed to evaluate the practical application of colorimetric intelligent films in monitoring the real-time freshness of fish fillets within 4 days of storage time. The results showed that both films possessed low ultraviolet (0.41–1.00) and visible light transmission values (0.16–2.69) while exhibiting good response towards NH3 by changing their color from yellow to reddish-orange, with more obvious color changes at higher relative humidity and response time. The films also showed distinct color changes from yellow to reddish-orange, which were correlated with changes in pH levels of fish fillets within 4 days of storage time. Hence, this indicates that chicken skin gelatin-curcumin composite films could be utilized in colorimetric intelligent food packaging as a visual indicator to monitor the freshness of fish fillets.

Automatic Extraction of Discontinuity Traces from 3D Rock Mass Point Clouds Considering the Influence of Light Shadows and Color Change

The spatial characteristics of discontinuity traces play an important role in evaluations of the quality of rock masses. Most researchers have extracted discontinuity traces through the gray attributes of two-dimensional (2D) photo images or the geometric attributes of three-dimensional (3D) point clouds, while few researchers have paid attention to other important attributes of the original 3D point clouds, that is, the color attributes. By analyzing the color changes in a 3D point cloud, discontinuity traces in the smooth areas of a rock surface can be extracted, which cannot be obtained from the geometric attributes of the 3D point cloud. At the same time, a necessary filtering step has been designed to identify redundant shadow traces caused by sunlight on the rocks’ surface, and a multiscale spatial local binary pattern (MS-LBP) algorithm was proposed to eliminate the influence of shadows. Next, the geometric attributes of the 3D point cloud were fused to extract the potential discontinuity trace points on the rocks’ surface. For cases in which the potential discontinuity trace points are too scattered, a local line normalization thinning algorithm was proposed to refine the potential discontinuity trace points. Finally, an algorithm for establishing a two-way connection between a local vector buffer algorithm and a connectivity judgment algorithm was used to connect the discontinuity trace points to obtain the discontinuity traces of the rock mass’s surface. In addition, three datasets were used to compare the results extracted by existing methods. The results showed that the proposed method can extract the discontinuity traces of rock masses with higher accuracy, thereby providing data support for evaluations of the quality of rock masses and stability analyses.

The Effects of Staining and Cleaning on the Color and Light Transmittance Changes of a Copolyester Retainer Material with Different Surface Textures.

This study evaluated the efficacy of different cleaning methods with respect to changes in the color and light transmittance of both rough and smooth thermoformed, copolyester retainer specimens, after staining in different solutions. Four hundred copolyester sheets (Essix ACE) specimens were fabricated over molds with different surface textures, smooth and rough. The specimens were stained in four different solutions (n = 100 per solution) over 28 days; then, each of the four groups of 100 stained specimens was sub-divided into five groups of 20 specimens and subjected to a different destaining solution. The specimens were sub-divided with half subjected to an additional ultrasonic cleaning procedure. Light transmittance and color changes were analyzed using a spectrometer/integrating sphere assembly and a spectrophotometer. Mean difference comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical tests at p = 0.05. All five destaining solutions proved to be effective at removing coffee and tea stains. The surface roughness of the retainer material plays a significant role in the ability of cleaning solutions to remove stains, demonstrating a greater effect on cleaning rough specimens with respect to improvements in light transmittance and greater changes in color. Additionally, an ultrasonic cleaning unit generally enhanced the ability of all five solutions to clean the tea-stained specimens. However, the enhancements were only significant for light transmittance.

DCNet: DenseNet-77-based CornerNet model for the tomato plant leaf disease detection and classification.

Early recognition of tomato plant leaf diseases is mandatory to improve the food yield and save agriculturalists from costly spray procedures. The correct and timely identification of several tomato plant leaf diseases is a complicated task as the healthy and affected areas of plant leaves are highly similar. Moreover, the incidence of light variation, color, and brightness changes, and the occurrence of blurring and noise on the images further increase the complexity of the detection process. In this article, we have presented a robust approach for tackling the existing issues of tomato plant leaf disease detection and classification by using deep learning. We have proposed a novel approach, namely the DenseNet-77-based CornerNet model, for the localization and classification of the tomato plant leaf abnormalities. Specifically, we have used the DenseNet-77 as the backbone network of the CornerNet. This assists in the computing of the more nominative set of image features from the suspected samples that are later categorized into 10 classes by the one-stage detector of the CornerNet model. We have evaluated the proposed solution on a standard dataset, named PlantVillage, which is challenging in nature as it contains samples with immense brightness alterations, color variations, and leaf images with different dimensions and shapes. We have attained an average accuracy of 99.98% over the employed dataset. We have conducted several experiments to assure the effectiveness of our approach for the timely recognition of the tomato plant leaf diseases that can assist the agriculturalist to replace the manual systems.

The effects of blue and red light color combinations on the growth and immune performance of juvenile steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

To examine the growth and immune response of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under conditions of differing light color, we investigated the effects of different red and blue light color combinations on plasma non-specific immunity, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and GH/IGF-1 axis gene expression in juvenile steelhead trout (initial weight: 34.67 ± 2.69 g). The 16-week trial was set up with six treatments in which light color varied at a constant light intensity of 150 lx: 12 h white light + 12 h dark (12 W), 12 h blue light + 12 h dark (12B), 12 h red light + 12 h dark (12 R), 1.5 h blue light + 9 h red light + 1.5 h blue light + 12 h dark (3B9R), 3 h blue light + 6 h red light + 3 h blue light + 12 h dark (6B6R), total 12 h of blue and red light + 12 h dark (T12BR). The results revealed that the 12B and 3B9R light environments significantly enhanced plasma immunoglobulin M levels in steelhead trout, and that the 3B9R light environment also promoted significant increases in the gene expression of hepatic growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein. The 3B9R light environment was also found enhance the antioxidant capacity of trout by increasing hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities. In contrast, trout exposed to the 6B6R light environment showed significant reductions in growth and immune performance, and there were similar reductions in hepatic antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, fish exposed to the 12R light environment were found to be characterized by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde, which are indicative of hepatic stress. In addition, we observed that in response to light variation, there were elevations in the activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the plasma of steelhead trout, thereby indicating an inhibition of cardiomyocyte function. In summary, our findings indicate that a 3B9R light environment simulates the blue-red-blue daily rhythm of light color variation in natural underwater environments, which is beneficial with respect to enhancing the growth and immunity of steelhead trout, and could accordingly be used to provide suitable light conditions in commercial trout production. However, sudden changes in light color should be avoided in the aquaculture of trout.

Visually sensitive seizures: An updated review by the Epilepsy Foundation.

Light flashes, patterns, or color changes can provoke seizures in up to 1 in 4000 persons. Prevalence may be higher because of selection bias. The Epilepsy Foundation reviewed light-induced seizures in 2005. Since then, images on social media, virtual reality, three-dimensional (3D) movies, and the Internet have proliferated. Hundreds of studies have explored the mechanisms and presentations of photosensitive seizures, justifying an updated review. This literature summary derives from a nonsystematic literature review via PubMed using the terms "photosensitive" and "epilepsy." The photoparoxysmal response (PPR) is an electroencephalography (EEG) phenomenon, and photosensitive seizures (PS) are seizures provoked by visual stimulation. Photosensitivity is more common in the young and in specific forms of generalized epilepsy. PS can coexist with spontaneous seizures. PS are hereditable and linked to recently identified genes. Brain imaging usually is normal, but special studies imaging white matter tracts demonstrate abnormal connectivity. Occipital cortex and connected regions are hyperexcitable in subjects with light-provoked seizures. Mechanisms remain unclear. Video games, social media clips, occasional movies, and natural stimuli can provoke PS. Virtual reality and 3D images so far appear benign unless they contain specific provocative content, for example, flashes. Images with flashes brighter than 20 candelas/m2 at 3-60 (particularly 15-20) Hz occupying at least 10 to 25% of the visual field are a risk, as are red color flashes or oscillating stripes. Equipment to assay for these characteristics is probably underutilized. Prevention of seizures includes avoiding provocative stimuli, covering one eye, wearing dark glasses, sitting at least two meters from screens, reducing contrast, and taking certain antiseizure drugs. Measurement of PPR suppression in a photosensitivity model can screen putative antiseizure drugs. Some countries regulate media to reduce risk. Visually-induced seizures remain significant public health hazards so they warrant ongoing scientific and regulatory efforts and public education.

Experimental monochromatic light-emitting diode fixture impacts Pekin duck stress and eye development

Poultry color perception of artificial light-emitting diode (LED) lighting mediates bird physiology and behavior; however, very limited research has focused on how changes in LED light color affect these same parameters in Pekin ducks. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to determine how four LED bulbs emitting various portions of the visible light spectrum – monochromatic blue (BLUE), monochromatic green (GREEN), monochromatic red (RED), and white (WHITE) - impact the stress, fear responses, eye development, and growth of 768 straight run Pekin ducks. Elevated plasma corticosterone concentration and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was observed in BLUE and RED ducks compared to WHITE and GREEN ducks (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively), and asymmetry scores were highest in BLUE ducks (P < 0.001), indicating BLUE and RED lighting increase the stress susceptibility of Pekin ducks. Eye weight was lowest in BLUE and RED ducks compared to GREEN and WHITE ducks (P < 0.01). No differences were observed in d 35 body weight, FCR, gait score, or fear response parameters (P > 0.05). These results indicate BLUE and RED lighting may not be adequate for Pekin duck growout, and Pekin ducks may require artificial light sources containing a broad range of wavelengths, as seen with WHITE and GREEN lights, rather than lights containing more concentrated ranges such as in RED and BLUE lights, but further investigation is needed to understand how eye weight affects duck light perception and welfare. The current findings emphasize that although Pekin ducks and chickens are both sensitive to light color, species-specific nuances in light perception may cause distinct differences in Pekin duck versus broiler physiological responses and must be considered when selecting artificial light color in Pekin duck growout facilities.

Radical-Doped Crystalline Lanthanide-Based Photochromic Complexes: Self-Assembly Driven by Multiple Interactions and Photoswitchable Luminescence.

Stimuli-responsive functional materials, especially the light stimulation color change and tunable fluorescent materials, have received considerable attention because of their broad applications in smart materials. Herein, a series of lanthanide-based [Ln = Nd(III) (1), Sm(III) (2), Eu(III) (3), Gd(III) (4), Tb(III) (5), Yb(III) (6), and Lu(III) (7)] crystalline complexes were attained by simply adding the aqueous lanthanide nitrate solution to the water-soluble naphthalenediimide derivative. The obtained lanthanide-based crystalline materials not only show significant photochromism but also possess reactive organic radicals under ambient conditions. Intriguingly, photoswitchable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence was realized in the crystalline complex 1. The structures of these crystalline materials were systematically studied to clarify the weak interaction-assisted charge-transfer process. The underlying multiple-interaction-assisted supramolecular self-assembly, the radical-doped nature, and the corresponding photochromic mechanism were thoroughly unearthed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, in situ solid-state UV-vis diffuse reflectance, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometric analysis.

A phosphor converted RED light for automotive LED rear lamp and compliance with ECE light regulation

In conventional red color lighting LED lamp for vehicles are composed of red color lighting LED and additional transparent or red lenses. Generally red color lighting LED is based on the semiconductor materials as AlGaInP, AlGaAs or GaAsP. Such RED LEDs are mostly affected by temperature. As the temperature increases, the luminous flux droops sharply and lighting efficiency decreases accordingly. In addition, the light color changes due to the wavelength shift phenomenon. This makes the design for automotive ECE regulation for red light very demanding. In this study, it is intended to develop a high-efficiency RED LED light for automobile rear lamps with the phosphor-converted LEDs technology used the characteristics of blue light LED. The luminous flux droop affected by temperature change which is the most important parameter in vehicle lamp performance, is measured, and the compliance with the red light ECE regulation for automobiles is compared and evaluated. For measuring the optical properties, it was performed using the T3Ster TeraLED system. The PC RED LED chips for new development used blue LED based on InGaN (455 nm) and conventional RED LED chips are AllnGaP LEDs (614 nm, 620 nm). To optimize optical properties of PC RED LED, phosphor was applied in 5 grades according to concentration. The best optical properties of PC RED LED shows at the phosphor concentration of 40 %. The results have important implications for improving the performance of automotive red lamps.

Evaluation of Light Activation on In-office Dental Bleaching: A Systematic Review

This review was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of light activation on in-office dental bleaching in terms of color change and photosensitivity with available literature evidence. The articles were searched from MEDLINE/Pubmed and Journal of Web, which were published from 2001 to 2019. Out of the 124 references obtained, 13 articles in English language were read in full, which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Light activation of hydrogen peroxide on in-office dental bleaching does not affect effectiveness of bleach. Though claimed that in-office bleaching activated with light betters color change, the present review did not confirm this belief. How to cite this article: Alshammery S. Evaluation of Light Activation on In-office Dental Bleaching: A Systematic Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019;20(11):1355-1360.

Formaldehyde Release From Personal Care Products: Chromotropic Acid Method Analysis.

Preservatives such as formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers (F/FRs) are found in personal care products. Studies from Europe and Israel have indicated that products with undeclared F/FRs on product labels may have detectable levels of formaldehyde. The aim of the study was to determine the presence of formaldehyde in samples of US personal care products. Fifty-four baby and adult products were tested with the chromotropic acid method. A blinded investigator graded the color change as mild, moderate, or strong. All 8 products declaring F/FRs resulted in a deep purple color change, indicating a strong reaction. Of the 46 products with undeclared F/FRs, 4 (8.6%) were found to release formaldehyde. All 4 resulted in a light purple color change, indicating a mild reaction. Overall, 4 of 54 products (7.4%) had label information, which did not match chromotropic acid method testing results. Clinicians and formaldehyde-allergic individuals should be aware of the limitations of product ingredient labeling in managing allergic contact dermatitis to formaldehyde.

Psychological influence and change in the sensible temperature by the light color change of LED illumination

Psychological influence and change in the sensible temperature by the light color change of LED illumination

The Development of Indicator Cotton Swabs for the Detection of pH in Wounds.

Indicator cotton swabs have been developed in order to enable faster, less expensive, and simpler information gathering of a wound status. Swabs are normally used for cleaning the wound, but here, they were covalently functionalized with indicator chemistry. Thus, they in principle enable simultaneous wound cleaning and wound pH detection. Using an indicator dye with a color change from yellow to red, combined with an inert dye of blue color, a traffic light color change from green to red is induced when pH increases. The indicator cotton swabs (ICSs) show a color change from green (appropriate wound pH) to red (elevated wound pH). This color change can be interpreted by the naked eye as well as by an optical color measurement device in order to obtain quantitative data based on the CIE L*a*b* color space. Two types of swabs have been developed—indicator cotton swabs ICS1 with a sensitive range from pH 5 to 7 and swabs ICS2 with a sensitive range from 6.5 to 8.5. The swabs are gamma-sterilized and the effect of sterilization on performance was found to be negligible. Furthermore, cytotoxicity testing shows cell viability and endotoxin levels to be within the allowable range.

Influence of atmospheric plasma-induced graft polymerization of DADMAC into cotton on dyeing with acid dyes

The primary objective of this work was to generate dyes sites in cotton fiber for acid dyes via free radical graft polymerization of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC), to confer cationized cotton, and evaluate the dyeability of the cationized cotton toward acid dyes, which is unprecedented. Plasma-induced graft polymerization of DADMAC on cotton, using different plasma conditions, followed by dyeing with different acid dyes was studied. The color yield of dyed cotton was evaluated using K/S. Light fastness, color change, and staining following accelerated washing cycles were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of cotton cationization. Cross-section dyed cotton was studied using scanning electron microscopy and showed deep dyeing of acid dyes into cotton fibers. This approach resulted in significant dye uptake into the fibers and considerably reduced the need for effluent treatment.

Effects of light color change on carbohydrate-related enzymes in Litopenaeus vannamei

The purpose of this study was to investigate variations of glucose content, lactic acid and carbohydrate-related enzymes in Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to one changing color light treatment (blue to green, BG) and two constant color light treatments (green, G; blue, B). Sampling five inter-molt stage shrimps to assay the hemolymph glucose, the hexokinase (HK, EC 2.7.1.1) and pyruvate kinase (PK, EC 2.7.1.40) activities of hepatopancreas at 7 a.m., 9 a.m., 1 p.m., 2 p.m., 4 p.m. and 8 p.m. on the following days: day 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40 of the experiment. The hemolymph glucose content had a small increase after the light on, but the hemolymph lactic acid content did not. The HK activities of shrimps in B light treatment and G light treatment decreased after switching on the light, but those in BG light treatment increased. And the PK activities in all treatments did not have a significant change. A significant effect of rhythmic fluctuating light color on glucose, lactic acid, HK and PK activities was found in the beginning of the experiment, but this effect disappears gradually when the experiment went on. Compared with BG and G light treatment, the fluctuations of HK and PK activities of shrimps in B light treatment were more acute and it took longer time to be stable. From results, we knew that the anaerobic metabolism of shrimps under light color change condition was high and continued for a long time at the beginning of experiment, the carbohydrate utilization was high when shrimps get acclimatized to the light condition, and the high carbohydrate utilization might be beneficial to growth of shrimps.

Color stability of polycarbonate for optical applications

Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) or polycarbonate has excellent mechanical properties which, combined with its inherent transparency, makes it the material of choice for lighting applications such as lenses, light guides and bulbs but also for construction of roofing, greenhouses and verandas. With the advent of LED technology, the functional lifetime of lighting products has increased impressively and will further expand in the years to come. Also in construction applications, durability is key. Plastics will age though under the influence of heat, light and time, causing reduced light transmission and color changes. In this paper, we will indicate several key factors that determine the optical material performance and show how detrimental two specific monomer impurities are on the color performance of the resulting plastic over time.

A Novel Facile Room Temperature Chemical Lithiation for Reduction of Eu3+ in NASICON Crystal Structure

AbstractFacile and effective synthesis strategy is dramatically desirable for basic studies and practical applications of Eu2+ luminescent materials. In this work, facile chemical lithiation is used for reduction of trivalent Eu3+ ions into divalent Eu2+ ions in Eu1/3Zr2(PO4)3 crystal structure using nBu‐Li solution at room temperature. VUV/Vis luminescence properties, X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and magnetic properties were used to characterize the valence state of Eu ions in crystal structure of host lattice. The emission light color changes from orange‐red [Eu1/3Zr2(PO4)3] to blue‐green [LixEuIIxEuIII1/3–xZr2(PO4)3], and the samples are paramagnetic after this facile chemical lithiation. The ultra‐fast decay time (&lt;50 ns) of Li0.286EuII0.286EuIII0.047Zr2(PO4)3 is attributed to the luminescence quenching effects of Eu3+ and Eu2+ co‐existing in the crystal structure. All the results indicate that this chemical lithiation method is a facile and effective method for Eu2+ luminescent materials fabrication and LixEuIIxEuIII1/3–xZr2(PO4)3 is a potential luminescent material.

Identification of genes that may regulate the expression of the transcription factor production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1)/MYB75 involved in Arabidopsis anthocyanin biosynthesis.

A putative RNA-binding protein with a single RNA Recognition Motif (At3G63450) is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis via its ability to modulate the transcript level of a major positive regulator PAP1 in Arabidopsis. The R2R3 MYB-activator production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1)/MYB75 plays a major role in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis in combination with one of three bHLH activators including transparent test 8 (TT8), enhancer of glabra3 (EGL3), glabra3 (GL3), and the WD-repeat transcription factor transparent testa 1 (TTG1), forming ternary MYB-basic HLH-WD40 complexes. Transcriptional activation of PAP1 expression is largely triggered by changes in light color and intensity, temperature fluctuations, nutrient status, and sugar and hormone treatments. However, the immediate upstream and downstream regulatory factors for PAP1 transcription are largely unknown. In the present study, using a T-DNA insertional mutagenesis approach, we transformed pap1-Dominant (pap1D) plants to modulate the levels of endogenous PAP1 transcripts. We employed Restriction Site Extension (RSE)-PCR analysis of 247 homogenous T3 genetic mutant lines exhibiting variations in anthocyanin accumulation compared to pap1D and identified 92 lines with T-DNA integrated in either intra- or inter-genic locations. This analysis revealed 80 novel candidate proteins, including a putative RNA-binding protein with a single RNA Recognition Motif (At3G63450), which may directly or indirectly regulate PAP1 expression at the transcriptional level.