Light Chestnut Research Articles

Impact of phosphorus fertilization on the yield and quality of various Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties in light chestnut soils

This study investigates the impact of phosphorus fertilization on the yield and quality of various alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties grown in light chestnut soils. Conducted over a three-year period from 2013 to 2015, the research was carried out in the Karasay district of the Almaty region under irrigated conditions. The experiment included six alfalfa varieties: NS Alfa, VS Banat, Mediana, Nera, Niagara, and Kokoray. Four phosphorus treatments were applied: control (no phosphorus), 60 kg/ha (P60), 90 kg/ha (P90), and 120 kg/ha (P120), using double superphosphate as the phosphorus source. The results demonstrated that phosphorus fertilization significantly enhanced both the yield and quality of alfalfa. Across all varieties, the highest yield was observed with the application of 120 kg/ha phosphorus. For instance, NS Alfa's yield increased from 283.3 c/ha in the control to 349.7 c/ha with P120, reflecting a 23% increase. Similarly, VS Banat and Mediana exhibited yield increases of 23% and 25%, respectively, at the highest phosphorus level. The study also revealed improvements in the nutritional quality of alfalfa hay. Crude protein content increased from 20.3% to 22.0% in NS Alfa, while digestible protein content rose from 11.20% to 12.40%. Other quality parameters, including fat and carotene content, also improved significantly with higher phosphorus levels. Moreover, the availability of nitrate nitrogen and mobile phosphorus in the soil increased progressively with higher phosphorus application rates, contributing to better nutrient uptake and overall plant health. This research underscores the importance of phosphorus fertilization in maximizing alfalfa yield and quality. The findings suggest that the optimal phosphorus application rate for enhancing alfalfa production in light chestnut soils is 120 kg/ha, providing valuable insights for sustainable agricultural practices in similar agro-ecological zones.

Effect of Variety on Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Removal by Cereals

The results of field experiments are presented, in which the influence of varietal characteristics of grain crops of different breeding periods on the effectiveness of using mineral fertilizers for them on various soils was studied. Special attention was paid to the specific removal of nutrients, which means the consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 1 ton of grain harvest with an appropriate amount of straw. The results of the experiments showed that the studied varieties responded differently to the application of fertilizers. Almost all modern varieties provided higher yields compared to previously zoned ones. The Mironovskaya 808 winter wheat variety on sod-podzolic soil was almost 2 times inferior to the Moskovskaya 39 variety and 1.7 times inferior to the Lgovskaya 4 variety on leached chernozems when applying the same dose of NPK. Similar data were also obtained for spring barley of the Moskovsky 121 variety and NUR and Elf varieties on sod-podzolic soils, where when N60P60K60 was applied, a yield of 2.7 t/ha was obtained in the first case and 4.9 and 4.7 in the second. Identical results were also observed on leached chernozems and light chestnut soils. In experiments with spring wheat, the result was the same, but the yield of this crop was lower compared to winter wheat and spring barley. The varieties of the studied cereals reacted to a lesser extent to changes in the specific removal of nutrients, and the data obtained did not show a sufficiently clear pattern, which necessitates continued research in this direction.

Адаптационный фактор выживаемости растений при применении сапропелевых отложений

This work presents the results of experimental tests of the presented samples and associated variable combinations of soil mixtures. The purpose of the study was to determine the possibility of using sapropel deposits of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain as an element that increases growth characteristics and affects plant immunity. We selected the soil environment of the dry-steppe zone of light chestnut soils, the fertile potential of which is at low levels, but have the ability to respond easily and qualitatively to the introduction of reclamation components when creating favorable conditions. The research is aimed at stabilizing soil components through the use of sapropel deposits of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain. According to the formation features, these deposits are distinguished from the entire zonality of the Lower Volga region, since The natural-territorial complex of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain is an independent object and has a distinctive agrocenosis from the belonging zonality. The experimental studies carried out revealed certain plant parameters that were affected by certain components of the prepared soil samples. The use of sapropel deposits of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain in combination with light chestnut type soil showed the best research results (factor 1 and factor 2). In conditions of habitat oppression due to artificial infection of Fusarium avenaceum Fa- 1, meadow Bluegrass plants, namely the option with the introduction of the proposed sapropel deposits (AED), shows the best result. The survival rate of plants in this variant was 99%, whereas in the control it was 37%. The conducted research is updated, as it contributes to the search for methods of combating pathogenic organisms at the expense of the natural resource potential of the planet.

Зависимость кормовой ценности эспарцета песчаного от листовых подкормок

In the feed production system of the Lower Volga region, more than 60% of forage crops are located on irrigated lands. Only these lands can be considered a guaranteed source of sustainable food supply. More than 80% of the feed from their gross production is harvested from irrigated lands, therefore, studies on the dependence of the feed value of sandy esparcet on leaf fertilizing are certainly relevant. The aim of the research was to increase the efficiency of esparcet cultivation in the conditions of the Lower Volga region by improving the use of mineral fertilizers. Experiments to study the dependence of the feed value of esparcet in the form of green mass on leaf fertilizing with water-soluble mineral fertilizers were conducted from 2017 to 2023 on irrigation in the zone of light chestnut soils in the Prigorodnoye SEC of the Svetloyarsky district of the Volgograd region. Mineral fertilizers were applied in the form of leaf fertilizing during the period of active growth of the esparcet according to the following schemes: 1. Control (without leaf dressing); 2. Monophosphate at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha per top dressing; 3. Monophosphate with adhesive at the rate of 0.5 kg/ha per top dressing. As a result of the experiments conducted, it was found that in the variant using potassium monophosphate, the yield of the green mass of the Rusich variety was 8.2 t/ha, or 18.8% more, and in the variant using potassium monophosphate with an adhesive by 11.7 t/ha, or 26.8% more compared to the control variant. The largest accumulation of feed units of 12.8 t/ha was found in the Rusich variety on the variant of leaf fertilizing with potassium monophosphate with an adhesive, which turned out to be 0.6 t/ha more than in the experiment from 2017 to 2019. The highest content of digestible protein of 2.21 t/ha was found in the Rusich variety on a variant of leaf fertilizing with potassium monophosphate with an adhesive. The largest amount of metabolic energy of 101.7 GJ was contained in the Rusich variety on a variant of leaf fertilizing with potassium monophosphate with an adhesive. The lowest amount of metabolic energy was contained in the Sandy 22 variety in the control variant without leaf fertilizing and averaged 70.3 GJ for 2021-2023.

Фотосинтетическая деятельность козлятника восточного при применении стимуляторов роста

In the feed production system of the Lower Volga region, more than 60% of forage crops are located on irrigated lands. Only these lands can be considered a guaranteed source of sustainable food supply. More than 80% of feed from their gross production is harvested from irrigated lands, therefore, studies on the dependence of the feed value of the eastern goat from leafy top dressing are certainly relevant. The aim of the research was to increase the efficiency of cultivation of the Eastern goat in the conditions of the Lower Volga region by improving the use of mineral fertilizers. Experiments to study the dependence of the productivity of goat husk in the form of green mass on treatments with growth stimulants were conducted from 2016 to 2023 on the irrigated site of the Prigorodnoye SEC of the Svetloyarsky district of the Volgograd region on light chestnut soils with irrigation regime 70...85...70 % NV sprinkler machine "Valey". The article presents research materials on the cultivation of Oriental goat on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. The largest area of the leaf surface of the eastern goat in the experiment, on average, over seven years of use, was established in the Jubilee variety on the variant of using the growth stimulator Mival-Agro and was equal to 49.3 thousand m2/ha. The maximum photosynthetic potential of the oriental goat was established in the Jubilee variety on the variant of using the growth stimulator Mival-Agro and was equal to 9.71 million m2 x day/ha. In the Kazbek variety, the net photosynthesis productivity (NPF) ranged from 1.79 g/m2 day in the Megamix-Pro growth stimulator variant to 1.88 g/m2 day in the control variant without the use of growth stimulants. The net photosynthesis productivity of the Krivich variety was 0.10-0.30 g/m2 day more than that of the Kazbek variety, the same, or 0.28 g/m2 day more than that of the Jubilee variety and ranged from 1.89 g/m2 day on the variant of the Megamix-Pro growth stimulator to 1.90 g/m2 a day on the option of using the growth stimulant Mival-Agro and on the option without the use of growth stimulants.

ВСХОЖЕСТЬ, ЭНЕРГИЯ ПРОРАСТАНИЯ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ РЫЖИКА ОЗИМОГО

The current structure of arable land in the Volgograd region leads to a number of problems in our agricultural complex, which must be solved through expanding the set of crops. In the current situation, winter ginger may turn out to be a real alternative to sunflower, partially replacing it in the group of oilseeds. In this regard, it is extremely important to improve the elements of the technology of growing winter ginger in relation to the conditions of light chestnut soils of the Volgograd region. The aim of the research was to study the effect of sowing dates and growth regulators on the productivity of winter ginger in the subzone of light chestnut soils of the Volgograd region. Field experiments were conducted in 2014-2017 in the conditions of the UNPC of the Volgograd State Agrarian University "Gornaya Polyana", Volgograd. Laboratory germination of winter ginger seeds of the Penzyak variety before sowing on average for 2014-2016 in the variant without treatment with growth stimulants was within 95.3%. On the Humat + KalMag variant, it was 1.8% more. In the variant with Humate, the laboratory germination was 2.7% higher compared to the control. In the variant treated with Zircon, laboratory germination was 3.0% higher compared to the control. And the highest laboratory germination was observed on the variant with the Epin-extra preparation and amounted to 99.4%, thereby exceeding the laboratory germination of the variant without growth stimulants by 5.1%. The field germination of winter ginger by sowing dates was not the same and on average over 3 years of research ranged from 62.0% at the first sowing period to 68.2% at the third term. The influence of growth regulators on field germination turned out to be more significant. Zircon increased field germination from 5 to 8.2%, and Epin-extra from 7.3 to 8.2%. Over the years of research, the winter hardiness of winter ginger varied from 66.1 to 77.4%. The maximum yield of winter ginger on average for 2015-2017 was formed on option 3 of the sowing period (September 17-20) and was equal to 2.26 t/ha. The minimum yield for an average of three years of research was formed on the control variant without seed treatment with growth regulators at the first sowing period and amounted to 1.57 t/ha.

ТРАВОСМЕСИ ДЛЯ СОЗДАНИЯ ВЫСОКОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ИНТЕНСИВНЫХ СЕНОКОСОВ В ПОЛУПУСТЫННОЙ ЗОНЕ РОССИИ

The purpose of the study is to improve the species composition of grass mixtures under irrigated conditions to increase their productivity, longevity and provide livestock with high-quality feed. The experiments were performed in 2019-2022 on old plowed lands located in the right-bank steppe of the north of Astrakhan region under irrigation. Irrigation method: sprinkling, 10 vegetation irrigations per season. The soil is light chestnut, medium loamy with a humus content of 0.90...1.00%. mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Machigin) – 69 and 361.5 mg/kg, respectively. We studied 6 variants of grass mixtures: control (creeping wheatgrass, angustifolia bluegrass, awnless brome, coastal sedge, swamp grass, California cocklebur); grass mixture 1 – 25:25:25:25% (blue hybrid alfalfa, meadow clover, meadow timothy, meadow fescue; grass mixture 2 – 30:40:30% (meadow clover, multi-cut ryegrass, meadow fescue; grass mixture 3 – 50:50% ; (meadow clover and reed grass); grass mixture 4 – 25:25:25:25% (eastern goat’s rue, meadow clover, multi-cut ryegrass, meadow fescue; grass mixture 5 – 25:25:25:25% (meadow clover, meadow timothy) , multi-cut ryegrass, common beckmania); grass mixture 6 – 50:25:25% (meadow clover, festulolium, intermediate wheatgrass. The most productive were grass mixtures No. 1 and No. 2 – 147.6 and 156.3 t/ha of green mass, which higher than the control by 134.3 and 143.0 t/ha, respectively. All studied options were distinguished by high nutritional value - the content of feed units per 1 kg of dry biomass varied from 0.75 kg per 1 kg of feed for grass mixture No. 2 to 0.85. kg per 1 kg of feed for grass mixture No. 5. When feeding all grass mixtures with hay, the animals had a higher average daily weight gain (1.2...1.7 higher) in terms of nutritional value, compared to feeding with hay from natural grass. The high productivity and price of hay of legume-grass grass mixtures determine the high profitability (177%) of its production, which is 3.3 times higher than natural haymaking.

Determination of macro‐ and microelements concentrations by wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry in the objects of the technogenic ecosystem

AbstractThe wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry was applied to determine Na, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb concentrations in the needles of dwarfish spruce Picea canadensis conica and the blue prickly spruce Picea pungens glauca, as well in technogenic soil of Irkutsk city, in which these spruce species grow. All measurements were performed in vacuum using WDXRF spectrometer S8 TIGER produced by Bruker AXS, Germany. The calculated values of instrumental limit of detection (ILD) ranged from 0.5 for Ni to 67 mg/kg for Al for soil certified reference materials (CRMs) such as OOKO151 (light chestnut soil) and from 0.2 for Cu and Ni to 18–24 mg/kg for Na for the plant CRMs such as LB‐1 (birch leaf) and EC‐1 (Canadian waterweed). The repeatability is satisfactory. The values of relative standard deviations (RSDs) do not exceed 15% for soils and available plant material. With calculated T‐statistics, it was found that the WDXRF data do not contain systematic errors. The values of relative discrepancy for WDXRF, total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry, and atomic emission spectrometry with arc discharge (d.c. arc‐AES) results do not exceed 30% for studied elements.

Assessment of Forest Suitability of Soils in the Dry Steppe Zone of the Volgograd Region

Background: Assessing the forest suitability of soils is one of the key areas of agroforestry science. Research in this direction makes it possible to characterize areas where tree and shrub vegetation does not grow under natural conditions. The research carried out makes it possible to assess the possibilities of afforestation in the area of interest; they contribute to the perception of landscape diversity in the context of the reclamation efficiency of the created systems of protective forest plantings, their productivity and durability. Identification of soil suitability for forests is closely related to the assessment of soil quality and fertility. The study of forest suitability of soils has a pronounced regional aspect. This article presents materials from cartographic studies of the dry steppe zone of the Volgograd region of the Russian Federation. The study region is characterized by a wide variety of soil cover. Dark chestnut, chestnut soils and light chestnut soils are common in this zone. The processes of erosion, salinizationand deflation make a great contribution to the diversity of soil complexes. Methods: In this work, the cartographic research method is the main one. Achieving the research goal, creating a cartographic model of the forest vegetation properties of the study area, was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the contours of the soil map at a scale of 1:400000 were classified into forest suitability groups. During the second stage, based on the functionality of the QGIS software package, new soil contours were created. At the third stage, area characteristics were taken, share parameters were calculated and an analysis of changes in soil cover was carried out in natural and economic areas. The research materials presented in this article were obtained during the implementation of the state task of the research work of the FSC of Agroecology RAS. The research period is from 2021-08 to 2023-11. Result: The result of the research is the creation of a cartographic model of the forest suitability of soils in the dry steppe zone of the Volgograd region. Based on measuring the areas of soil contours for each of the 17 administrative districts, the ratio of groups of forest suitability of soils was established. The revealed value of the share indicator for the study area as a whole is as follows: soils I, forest suitability groups occupy 10.4% of the territory; II -9.3%; III - 68.3%; IV - 12%. The data obtained are necessary for planning agroforestry work in the study area.

Эколого-биологические методы формирования устойчивых лесомелиоративных комплексов в степных и полупустынных ландшафтах европейской территории России

The arid region of the European territory of Russia includes a zone of dry steppe (dark chestnut soils) and a semi-desert zone (light chestnut and brown soils). There is practically no woody natural vegetation in the region on elevations and plains, and on the prevailing complexes of zonal soils, forest plantations are characterized by low durability. Materials and methods. The work used the results of field (expedition) and laboratory studies of the growth, condition, durability, productivity of protective forest plantations of tree and shrub species in various soil and hydrological conditions of the dry-steppe and semi desert zones. Results and discussion. The author’s developments made it possible to recommend a reliable range of trees and shrubs for the creation of forest-reclamation plantations in each agroforestry area and soil ecological niche. It was revealed that when selecting the assortment, a significant role should be given to selection and genetic methods of using seed and planting material well adapted to local conditions (drought-, salt- and frost-resistant and healthy genotypes). The main reason for the early drying of protective plantations on complex light chestnut soils of the dry-steppe and semi-desert zones has been established. Taking into account the extremely arid conditions and the main causes of their drying, the concept of increasing their stability and effectiveness in adverse growing conditions is given. Agroforestry zoning and groups of soil forest suitability by type and classification, as well as groups of longevity of the main tree species are given. Conclusion. The large diversity of soils contributes to the formation of a stepped profile in adult cereals. Woody species shrink when their root system comes into contact with salt horizons. Ecological techniques are reduced to the correct selection of tree species that correspond to a specific ecological background. The technological use of differentiated agricultural cultivation techniques involves the use of moisture-saving technologies. Biological measures include biological reclamation of unsuitable soils and methods of breeding and genetic improvement of the qualitative composition of forest reclamation plantations. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The results of the work can be used by managers and specialists of forestry enterprises, researchers, graduate students, students of educational institutions. The assortment of trees and shrubs can be used in the design of plantings of various types on different soils.

GRAIN YIELD AND SIDERAL MASS OF FIELD CROPS IN CROP ROTATIONS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION

Background. For the first time in the abiotic conditions of the Lower Volga region on light chestnut soils, new methods of biologization of soil fertility preservation and specialized field crop rotations based on the replacement of pure steam with sideral steam with little–studied crops for green fertilizer – biennial yellow clover, oats and phacelia were developed and studied; the structure of sown areas includes cultures of various biological groups, including cereals, legumes, oilseeds, rowed and perennial legumes; in addition to siderates, organic fertilizers are used in the form of straw and crop –root residues of cultivated crops. The purpose of the work is the influence of pure and sideral steam on the yield of field crops Materials and methods. The study of the influence of sideral masses on the yield of grain crops in field crop rotations in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. Results. According to the conducted research, it has been established that biologized crop rotations are the first major stage in the transition to organic farming in the Volgograd region. The best option for the soils of the dry-steppe zone of chestnut subzones of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region is a four-field biologized field crop rotation and a five-field crop rotation with sideral steam (donnik). Conclusion. Data analysis showed that the best indicators of winter wheat yield were obtained for pure and sideral (sweet clover) pairs - 1.8 t/ha, chickpeas for the predecessor winter wheat in the five–field crop rotation - 0.87 t/ha and spring barley for the predecessor chickpeas – 1.48 t/ha.

Water consumption of corn under different methods of primary tillage after row-crop predecessors on an energy-storage soil maintenance system

The object of research was the light chestnut soil of the Chokh Agrofirm of the Gunibsky district in the Kizilyurt transhumance zone of the Republic of Dagestan. The humus content in the arable layer is 2.77%, P2O5–2.21, K2O – 32.8 mg/100 g, the density of the arable soil layer is 1.24 g/cm3, the lowest moisture capacity (MC) is 29.2% (layer 0–0.6 m). The effectiveness of two row-crop predecessors was studied: sunflower for seeds and corn for grain, and the use of skimmers in the main tillage for corn. Soil moisture, watering and irrigation standards, incoming and outgoing items of the water balance and the coefficient of water consumption for corn were determined. In the second ten days of May, the plant remains of predecessors were crushed using double disking with heavy disc harrows BDT-3, plowing was carried out to a depth of 0.28–0.30 m with a PLN-4-35 plow with and without skimmers, the field was leveled with a small leveler MV – 6 and watered at the rate of moistening the soil layer of 0–0.6 m in strips with lateral release of water manually, vegetation irrigation was carried out in furrows. Sunflower sowing was carried out with seeds of the VNIIMK-8883 variety, corn – hybrid ROSS-299, the seeding rate for both crops was 72 thousand seeds/ha. Fertilizers for sunflower were applied at the rate of N90Р40К90, including N40Р24К74for plowing, N16Р16К16– when sowing with seeds, N34for fertilizing in the phase of 5–6 leaves when cutting furrows, for corn – N90Р40, of which N40Р24for plowing, N16Р16К16when sowing with seeds, N30in fertilizing in the phase of 3–5 leaves. It has been established that in the areas of irrigated agriculture of the Western Caspian region, when selecting row-crop predecessors for corn for grain, preference should be given to early-ripening varieties of sunflower for seeds, which are harvested in the third decade of July, and after harvesting it remains in the soil more than 15 t/ha of plant mass. At the same time, the maximum corn yield is achieved – 9.16 t/ha of grain, exceeding the control by 33.1%, due to which, with the same total water consumption as the control option, the water consumption coefficient is reduced by 23.7%.

Method of corn contamination decreasing after later harvesting predecessors under energy-storage soil maintenance system in irrigation landscapes

The research was carried out at Agrofirm Chokh of the Gunibsky district in the Kizilyurt transhumance zone of the Republic of Dagestan on light chestnut soil. The humus content in the arable layer is 2.77%, P2O5 – 2.21, K2O – 32.8 mg/100 g of soil, the density of the arable layer is 1.24 g/cm3, the lowest moisture capacity (MC) of the soil layer 0–0.6 m is 29.2%. We studied the influence of two corn predecessors: sunflower and corn itself during the main tillage for corn based on plowing to a depth of 28–30 cm without skimmers and with skimmers. During the autumn period, after harvesting the predecessors, the soil was not cultivated, and in the spring, upon the onset of its physical ripeness, two treatments were carried out in a layer of 0–15 cm with disk cultivators to crush the plant residues of the previous crop and plowing to 28–30 cm with a PLN-4-35 plow when physical ripeness of the soil in this layer. It has been established that a radical way to reduce the weediness of corn crops and increase its yield in the irrigated conditions of the Western Caspian region when placed after late-harvested predecessors, including repeated sowings in the same field, is to carry out basic tillage and moisture-recharging irrigation in the spring of the year of sowing. To chop the plant mass remaining after harvesting the predecessor, double processing with disc implements should be carried out before plowing. Plowing is carried out with skimmers, which ensure uniform distribution of weed seeds in the surface layer and their simultaneous germination at a later date than when plowing without skimmers. Subsequently, their life activity is limited to vegetative corn plants. The infestation of corn crops with such soil treatment is reduced three times, the corn yield for the predecessor corn increases by 1.12 t/ha of grain (16.3%), after sunflower – 1.32 t/ha (17.8%).

Maps of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Potential in the Russian Croplands

Adoption of the farming systems that aim to sequester carbon in agricultural soils is one of the ways to mitigate global climate change. This study focuses on the estimation of organic carbon sequestration potential of the Russian croplands in the upper (0–30 cm) soil layer by creating a set of maps using the data from global and national databases as the input data. The maps are generated within the FAO Global Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Potential Map (GSOCseq) project according to the unified methodology using the RothC model to predict the rate of carbon sequestration in 2020–2040 under a business as usual scenario (BAU), as well as under sustainable soil management scenarios with additional different C input (+5, +10, and +20%) resulting from the use of sustainable soil management (SSM) scenarios. The total potential sequestration rate by the croplands of the Russian Federation in the 0–30-cm layer under a BAU scenario is assessed at 8.5 Mt/year and the estimate under SSM scenarios, up to 25.5 Mt/year. The carbon sequestration by the cropland of each soil ecological zone (except for the light chestnut (Eutric Cambisols (Protocalcic)) and brown semidesert (Luvic Calcisols) soils, where it is around zero) and on a national scale is positive. The Altai krai, Omsk oblast, Novosibirsk oblast, and Krasnoyarsk krai have the greatest potential for sequestration. Several subjects of the Russian Federation—Krasnodar krai, Republic of Crimea, Rostov oblast, Primorskii krai, Republic of Adygea, and Kaliningrad oblast—demand the adoption of sustainable management of soil resources.

Effect of fertilizer treatments on sugar beet cultivars: A comprehensive study on crop yield and nutrient contents of soil and plant in chestnut soil of Kazakhstan

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of two sugar beet cultivars, Aksu (Kazakhstan) and Yampol (Poland), cultivated in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan. The experiment was conducted using a complete randomized block design with three replicates, comprising six treatments: control (without fertilizer), N120P120K90, and N130P130K130 for both cultivars. The soil's physical and chemical properties were analyzed, revealing a foothill light chestnut soil with favorable nutrient levels. Results indicated that the N130P130K130 treatment significantly increased soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, leading to enhanced sugar beet growth, nutrient uptake, and yield. Both cultivars responded positively to the increased nutrient levels, with the N130P130K130 treatment showing the highest yield of 785.6 tons/ha for Aksu and 802.5 tons/ha for Yampol. Furthermore, nutrient content in tubers and leaves was significantly higher in the N130P130K130 treatment compared to other treatments. These findings underscore the importance of balanced nutrient management tailored to specific cultivars for optimizing sugar beet productivity and soil fertility in diverse agro-climatic conditions. Adopting balanced mineral nutrient management approaches could offer promising solutions to enhance sugar beet productivity and sustainability. Future research should focus on exploring long-term effects and integrated nutrient management strategies for sustainable sugar beet cultivation.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND LIVING ORGANISMS

Phytotoxic properties of Absheron soils were studied when they were contaminated with oil and oil products. For this purpose, samples were taken from gray-brown semi-desert soil from Binagadi settlement of Absheron region and light chestnut soil from Saray settlement. Studies conducted with these soil types have shown that arid areas are not resistant to pollution by oil and oil products in terms of phytotoxicity. It was found that the soils of the Absheron peninsula contaminated with oil and oil products have a negative effect on the growth and development of test plants.

Assessment of Some Agrochemical Types on the Biochemical Composition of Tomato’s Cultivars (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.)

Enhancing fruit quality through the application of contemporary agrochemicals that regulate physiological and biochemical processes in plants is a pressing concern in present circumstances. The effect of foliar application of 04 agrochemicals (Agricola, Aminofol, Aminovit, Speefol) on the quality of 04 plum-shaped tomato varieties (Cobra26F<sub>1</sub>, Heinz3402F<sub>1</sub>, SisterF<sub>1</sub>, Rio Grande) cultivated on light chestnut soils under drip irrigation was carry out in the north of the Astrakhan region within a strongly continental climate zone from 2018 to 2020. The study revealed that varying agrochemicals have an impact on the quality parameters of tomato fruit. In the Cobra 26 F<sub>1</sub> hybrid, foliar treatments led to a rise in the fruit's dry matter content, from 0.24% in the aminofol variant to 0.49% in the Agricola variant. Additionally, sugar content increased by 0.20-0.23% in the Agricola treatments and by 0.06-0.33% in the Aminovit treatments, for both the Cobra 26 F<sub>1</sub> and Sister F<sub>1</sub> hybrids. Application of various agrochemicals on leaves resulted in an increased mass fraction of vitamin C in Heinz 3402 F<sub>1</sub> hybrids, specifically on variants treated with Aminovit and Agricola by 2.21 and 3.81 mg/100 g respectively. For hybrid Sister F<sub>1</sub>, only the variant treated with Agricola showed an increase of 1.79 mg/100g. In the case of variety Rio Grande, all variants showed an increase in vitamin C, ranging from 0.03 on the Aminovit-treated variant to 8.84 on the Aminofol-treated variant. The fruit of both the Heinz 3402 F<sub>1</sub> hybrid and the Rio Grande variety exhibited an increase in carotene content, from 0.10 to 0.24 mg% and 0.02 to 0.04 mg%, respectively. Additionally, fruit acidity was reduced. As a conclusion the applied agrochemicals have different effects on the content of dry matter.

СОРТОИЗУЧЕНИЕ ОБРАЗЦОВ КУНЖУТА В УСЛОВИЯХ АСТРАХАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The research was carried out in 2020–2022 in the south of Chernoyarsk district of Astrakhan region in order to identify promising and adaptive sesame breeding material to the conditions of the region for its further involvement in the creation of new varieties of this crop. The work was carried out on an irrigated plot, the soil of the experimental plot in terms of granulometric composition was heavy loamy, the soil type was light chestnut. The meteorological conditions that developed during the study period were typical for the cultivation zone. The material for the study was 70 collection samples of sesame from All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I.Vavilov (VIR). The Solnechny variety was chosen as the standard. During the work, the following samples were identified: K-188 (Turkey), K-1060 (India), K-239 (Greece), K-1506 (Venezuela), K-594 (Tajikistan). Their yield varied over the years as follows: in 2020 – 2.2…3.1 t/ha, while the value of this indicator for the standard was 1.7 t/ha; in 2021 – 1.3…2.5 t/ha and 2.7 t/ha; in 2022 – 1.3…2.8 t/ha and 2.4 t/ha, respectively. For these samples, environmental plasticity and stability were calculated according to Eberhart and Russell. The high-intensity group (bi>1, σ2d→0) includes samples K-239 (Greece, bi=2.05 and σ2d=0.08); K-1506 (Venezuela, bi=2.18 and σ2d=0.10); K-594 (Tajikistan, bi=1.91 and σ2d=0.09). The standard indicators of environmental adaptability were as follows: bi=-2.39 and σ2d=0.09. Considering that in addition to adaptability, the samples K-1506 (Venezuela) and K-594 (Tajikistan) had an average yield of 2.0 t/ha in the conditions of Astrakhan region for 2020-2022, and the sample K-188 (Turkey) for the study period exceeded the value of this indicator for the standard by an average of 0.53 t/ha, they can be recommended as a promising breeding material for creating sesame varieties.

Effectiveness of use of biological drugs and microelements in the cultivation of chickpeakes in light chestnut soils in the Volgograd region

Chickpeas are widespread in countries with arid climates, where they are sown annually on an area of 10–11 million hectares. The favorable combination of protein, fat, carbohydrates, macro- and microelements, vitamins, and biological active substances in grain make it a complete feed for farm animals and poultry. The purpose of the research was to study the eff ectiveness of the use of biological products and microelements when cultivating chickpeas under the conditions of light chestnut soils in the Volgograd region. In the process of work, two series of experiments were carried out: the fi rst – “Pre-sowing treatment of chickpea seeds with microfertilizers” and the second – “Combined use of growth stimulants and microfertilizers”. The most important conditions for the realization of chickpea productivity, taking into account the biological characteristics of the variety Privo 1 in the soil and climatic conditions of light chestnut soils of the Volgograd region have been identifi ed. In the second experiment, the average lowest economic yield of chickpea variety Privo 1 was formed in the control variant without seed treatment with microelements and growth stimulants and was equal to 1,92 t/ha. The highest economic yield of chickpeas, on average, according to experience, was established in combinations of the growth stimulator HB-101 with boric acid or ammonium molybdate during pre-sowing seed treatment and was equal to 2,59 t/ha, i.e. was 34,9 % higher than in the control variant. It was recommended that under the conditions of the Volgograd region on light chestnut soils when cultivating chickpea variety Privo 1, before sowing, treat chickpea seeds with growth stimulant HB-101 (50 ml/t) in combination with ammonium molybdate (NH4)2MoO4 – (250 g/t) or boric acid H3BO3, B(OH)3 (500 g/t). Sowing should be carried out as early as possible with a seeding rate of 500 thousand viable seeds on 1 ha.

Effect of bioecogum bioorganic fertilizer on the development of maize and soya bean in light chestnut soils

The article discusses the use of domestic liquid bio-organic fertilizer "BioEcoGum" in the cultivation of corn and soybeans in the south-east of Kazakhstan. The influence of seed treatment and foliar top dressing during the growing season on the growth, development and yield of corn (Porumben 458) and soybeans (Zhansaya, Victory) was studied. Pre-sowing treatment of corn and soybean seeds with a solution of liquid bioorganic fertilizer increases germination by 10-15 %. Two and three-fold foliar top dressing of corn and soybean plants enhances growth and development, increases the yield of soybean grain by 25-33 % and corn by 75 %, contributes to an increase in root biomass by 50 %, increases the economic efficiency of application. According to the results of production tests, the bio-organic liquid fertilizer "BioEcoGum" is recommended for widespread introduction in the south and south-east of Kazakhstan in the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops.