Receptor Ligand Binding Domain Research Articles

Patterns of corticosterone exposure affect the subcellular localisation of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor complexes and gene expression

Mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) act as transcription factors and major mediators of glucocorticoid signalling, with pivotal roles in regulating the stress response and hormonal signalling, mood, cognition and memory. The MR and GR and share many target genes, have a high degree of homology in their DNA binding (DBD) and ligand binding domain (LBD) but differ considerably in the N-terminal domain (NTD). Using Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) we quantitatively assessed MR-GR complex subcellular localisation and transcriptional regulation in murine neuroblastoma (N2A) cells stimulated by constant or pulsatile corticosterone (CORT) patterns. We observe that continuous receptor activation by CORT caused localisation at the periphery of the cell nucleus. Truncation of the receptor Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) led to a stronger localisation of MR-GR complexes at the periphery of the cell nuclei. This was also observed for GR immunofluorescence (IF), while in cells expressing only MR or GR the mRNA response to pulsatile hormone treatment was substantially attenuated. However, there was no clearcut correlation between the spatial distribution of MR-GR complexes and the mRNA levels of target genes. Overall, our findings suggest that longer presence in the cell nucleus favors more peripheral nuclear localisation.

Modification of Regulatory Tyrosine Residues Biases Human Hsp90α in its Interactions with Cochaperones and Clients

The highly conserved Hsp90 chaperones control stability and activity of many essential signaling and regulatory proteins including many protein kinases, E3 ligases and transcription factors. Thereby, Hsp90s couple cellular homeostasis of the proteome to cell fate decisions. High-throughput mass spectrometry revealed 178 and 169 posttranslational modifications (PTMs) for human cytosolic Hsp90α and Hsp90β, but for only a few of the modifications the physiological consequences are investigated in some detail. In this study, we explored the suitability of the yeast model system for the identification of key regulatory residues in human Hsp90α. Replacement of three tyrosine residues known to be phosphorylated by phosphomimetic glutamate and by non-phosphorylatable phenylalanine individually and in combination influenced yeast growth and the maturation of 7 different Hsp90 clients in distinct ways. Furthermore, wild-type and mutant Hsp90 differed in their ability to stabilize known clients when expressed in HepG2 HSP90AA1−/− cells. The purified mutant proteins differed in their interaction with the cochaperones Aha1, Cdc37, Hop and p23 and in their support of the maturation of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain in vitro. In vivo and in vitro data correspond well to each other confirming that the yeast system is suitable for the identification of key regulatory sites in human Hsp90s. Our findings indicate that even closely related clients are affected differently by the amino acid replacements in the investigated positions, suggesting that PTMs could bias Hsp90s client specificity.

UV filter benzophenone-2: Effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) cytochrome P450

Benzophenone-2 (2,2′, 4,4′- Tetrahydroxybenzophenone; BP-2) is widely used as a sunscreen in Personal and Care Products (PCPs) for protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The effects of BP-2 on random-sex adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) cytochrome P450 (CYP450) were studied. The main goal was to investigate the detoxification mechanisms underlying the adverse consequences of exposure to xenobiotic chemicals such as BP-2. Total protein content, CYP450 content, and erythromycin N-demethylase (ERND) activity were evaluated as indicators of protein CYP3A expression. Five sets of pooled random-sex adult zebrafish were exposed to 0.0, 0.1, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/L of BP-2 to evaluate their acute and chronic toxicity (4 and 15 days, respectively). ERND activity was significantly increased in the chronic toxicity group compared to that in the control group, whereas CYP450 remained unchanged. The results suggest a sufficiently fast catalytic process that does not alter the total CYP450 content. It implies a mediation of CYP450 3A induction by BP-2 and the pregnane X receptor ligand-binding domain (PXR LBD) interaction. Ligand-protein interactions were confirmed via in silico docking with AutoDock Vina. Further computational studies indicate BP-2 potential binding affinity for the Estrogen receptor alpha ligand binding domain (ERα LBD). These results suggest that CYPs effects may result in significant toxicity in the zebrafish. Our study highlights the importance of studying biomarkers in aquatic organisms to assess xenobiotic exposure and the potential toxicity of UV filters to humans.

Abstract PO3-26-06: A self-replicating RNA Precision Immunotherapeutic for Overcoming Resistance to Endocrine Therapy in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer (ER+BC)

Abstract Advanced or metastatic ER+HER2- breast cancer (ER+BC) is an incurable disease. Standard 1L therapy (SOC) utilizes endocrine blockade with a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (NSAI) combined with a CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i). While most patients respond and disease remains controlled for over 2 years (mPFS ~25-28 months), virtually all patients progress over time, requiring more toxic therapies with decreasing periods of disease control. Prolonging the time that the tumor remains under endocrine control is therefore of significant medical value. The most common molecular drivers of endocrine resistance are well characterized and include mutations in ESR1 and bypass mechanisms in select signaling pathways. RBI-1000 is a self-replicating RNA (srRNA) precision immunotherapeutic to generate robust immunity directed against acquired resistance mutations that develop in ER+ BC in response to endocrine blockade by NSAI. RBI-1000 includes 6 on-target mutations within the estrogen receptor ligand binding domain, and bypass mutations either in the form of activating mutations in PI3K kinase or amplifications of HER2/HER3. Precision immunotherapy (PIO), combined with SOC targeted therapy, educates the patient’s immune system to eliminate tumor cells that express acquired resistance mutations. Thus, the tumor is in a lose-lose situation where it is either eliminated by the targeted therapy, or if it develops acquired resistance mutations to the targeted therapy, it is killed by the PIO. Specifically for endocrine resistance, RBI-1000 PIO offers an attractive therapeutic approach to prevent/delay endocrine resistance specifically, by generating an effective immune response against those tumor cells that express the resistance-associated molecules that arise while on NSAI+CDK4/6i. The ability to encode multiple targets in a single therapeutic srRNA molecule, alongside the prolonged expression of srRNA in host cells (>49 days) creates a versatile and powerful cancer drug development platform. srRNA precision immunotherapeutics are delivered intramuscularly (i.e. a jab in the non-dominant deltoid) and generate an effective immune response via the same pathways and mechanisms as a traditional vaccine. We have demonstrated that this srRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle primes polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells and antibody responses, leading to tumor growth inhibition and improved survival in a mouse model expressing the targeted acquired resistance mutations. Priming of T cells against acquired mutations is also confirmed in human HLA-transgenic mice. The immune cell-mediated elimination of clones expressing the acquired resistance mutations is predicted to prolong endocrine control of ER+BC, in an analogous manner to small molecule or monoclonal antibody targeted therapies, but with a more favorable dosing and adverse event profile due to precise immunologic targeting and no DDI. RBI-1000 is anticipated to enter clinical studies in the first half of 2024. Citation Format: Zelanna Goldberg, Christian Maine, Gabrielle Dailey, Christine Domingo, Gaelle Picarda, Hunter Little, Annie Chou, Jessica Sparks, Darina Spasova, Shiegeki Miyake-Stoner, Zachary C Hartman, Christopher Rabiola, Erika Crosby, Herbert Lyerly, Nathaniel Wang, Parinaz Aliahmad. A self-replicating RNA Precision Immunotherapeutic for Overcoming Resistance to Endocrine Therapy in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer (ER+BC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-26-06.

Synthesis, in vitro and in silico anticancer evaluation of novel pyridin-2-yl estra-1,3,5(10)-triene derivatives.

Aim: The aim of this study was the synthesis of steroid compounds with heterocyclic rings and good anticancer properties. Materials & methods: The synthesis, in silico and in vitro anticancer testing of novel pyridin-2-yl estra-1,3,5(10)-triene derivatives was performed. Results: All synthesized compounds have shown promising results for, antiproliferative activity, relative binding affinities for the ligand binding domains of estrogen receptors α, β and androgen receptor, aromatase binding potential, and inhibition of AKR1C3 enzyme. Conclusion: 3-Benzyloxy (17E)-pycolinilidene derivative 9 showed the best antitumor potential against MDA-MB-231 cell line, an activity that can be explained by its moderate inhibition of AKR1C3. Molecular docking simulation indicates that it binds to AKR1C3 in a very similar orientation and geometry as steroidal inhibitor EM1404.

Intein-mediated thyroid hormone biosensors: towards controlled delivery of hormone therapy

Although blood sampling and medical imaging are well-established techniques in clinical diagnostics, they often require long post-processing procedures. Fast and simple quantification of signaling molecules can enable efficient health monitoring and improve diagnoses. Thyroid hormones (THs) treatment relies on trial-and-error dose adjustments, and requires constant tracking via blood tests. Thus, a fast and reliable method that can constantly track THs levels could substantially improve patient quality of life by reducing their visits to doctors. Synthetic biosensors have shown to be inexpensive and easy tools for sensing molecules, with their use in healthcare increasing over time. This study describes the construction of an engineered THs bacterial biosensor, consisting of a split-intein-based TH receptor ligand binding domain (LBD) biosensor that reconstitutes green fluorescence protein (GFP) after binding to TH. This biosensor could quantitatively measure THs concentrations by evaluating fluorescence intensity. In vitro sensing using Escherichia coli produced GFP over a wide dynamic range. The biosensor was further optimized by adding a double LBD, which enhanced its dynamic range until it reached healthy physiological conditions. Moreover, a mathematical model was developed to assess the dynamic properties of the biosensor and to provide a basis for the characterization of other intein-mediated biosensors. This type of biosensor can be used as the basis for novel treatments of thyroid diseases and can be adapted to measure the concentrations of other hormones, giving rise to a series of mathematically characterized modular biosensors.

Abstract 4626: A kit targeting detection of ESR1 mutations from circulating exosomal RNA and cell-free DNA supports longitudinal studies into endocrine therapy resistance in a broadly accessible RT-qPCR format

Abstract Introduction: The most prevalent subtype of breast cancer is HR+/HER2- (positive for hormone receptor, negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). For metastatic breast cancer (mBC), a frequent occurrence is resistance to the aromatase inhibitors used in endocrine therapy (ET). Resistance is mediated through mutations in the ligand binding domain of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). Approval of elacestrant, a second-line agent for HR+/HER2-/ESR1 mutated mBC , underscores the need for early detection of ESR1 resistance mutations. We have developed sensitive RT-qPCR reagents for targeted longitudinal studies into the emergence of ESR1 resistance mutations in plasma. This all-inclusive kit analyzes circulating exosomal RNA (exoRNA) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to accurately identify low copy number mutations with a rapid turnaround time. Methods: Challenge panels were constructed using blends of synthetic nucleic acids of known mutational status in a background of partially fragmented wild-type DNA from cell lines. Additionally, plasma samples collected from subjects with stage IV mBC (HR+/HER2-) on active aromatase inhibitor therapy, +/- CDK 4/6 inhibitor for a minimum of one year, were subjected to an in-house method optimized to co-enrich exoRNA and cfDNA. Multiplex RT-qPCR-based target enrichment performed on 11 ESR1 mutations and an internal control were evaluated on widely used thermal cycler and qPCR instruments. Results: We developed technology that interrogates 11 key ESR1 mutations associated with ET resistance in HR+/HER2- mBC cases. Earlier studies performed in simplex analyzed plasmid-based ESR1 mutations with detection of 10 or fewer mutant copies, estimating analytical sensitivity of at least 0.1% (5 mutant copies in a background of 5,000 WT copies). Herein, we describe the subsequent work to complete the methodology employed in the kit, including the incorporation of an endogenous control, external batch run control materials (positive, negative), deeply optimized reagents (RT, pre-amplification, qPCR), and automated analysis. We report on the results of studies into the kit’s performance characteristics against their targets: analytical sensitivity of the equivalent of 5 copies of mutation per mL plasma, high precision across replicates at 0.1% allele fraction, analytical specificity of ≥90% negative results in mutation-negative replicates, as well as workflow attributes (reduced pipetting steps and turnaround time). Conclusion: Our solution to detect ESR1 resistance mutations facilitates the generation of nucleic acid sample to results within one day using liquid biopsy samples and a multiplexed RT-qPCR. Enhancing mutation detection sensitivity by complementing cfDNA with exoRNA will facilitate future research into breast cancer treatment options. Citation Format: Justin T. Brown, Julie R. Thibert, Liangjing Chen, Melissa Church, Holli Dale, Jamie Myers, Elliot Hallmark, Megan Yociss, J Aquiles Sanchez, Kurt Franzen, Johan Skog, Gary Latham, Brian Haynes, Sarah Statt. A kit targeting detection of ESR1 mutations from circulating exosomal RNA and cell-free DNA supports longitudinal studies into endocrine therapy resistance in a broadly accessible RT-qPCR format [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4626.

Real-world outcomes of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and tumors harboring androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD) mutations.

77 Background: In mCRPC, AR T878 and/or H875 and L702H mutations have been associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. This study characterized real-world overall survival (rwOS), testing practices, mutation prevalence, and treatment patterns in patients with mCRPC with and without tumors with missense mutations in the AR LBD (amino acids 671–920). Methods: In this retrospective analysis of the Guardant Inform Database (Mar 11, 2014–Jun 30, 2022), men (aged ≥18 y) with mCRPC who were tested with Guardant360 (G360) next-generation sequencing and diagnosed/treated at a clinical site in the US with a first-line (1L) treatment were included. Matched rwOS was assessed in 2 subpopulations: patients with any missense mutation in AR LBD, excluding those with AR L702H alone ( AR LBD group), and patients with AR T878 and/or H875 without L702H ( AR 878/875 group) and compared with patients without any AR LBD missense mutations (control group). Patients were matched (1:5) on key prognostic variables, including age, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index weighted score, smoking status, prior novel hormonal agent (NHA) use, and 1L treatment year. Mutation prevalence, patient demographics, frequency and timing of G360 tests, and treatment patterns were assessed in patients treated from 2018 to 2022 to reflect more recent trends. Results: In the matched rwOS analysis, patients in the AR LBD group (n=275) had statistically significantly shorter 1L median rwOS compared with the control group (n=1375): 27.3 vs 47.8 months; P<0.0001. Similarly, patients in the AR 878/875 group (n=154) had shortened median rwOS compared with the control group (n=770): 28.9 vs 44.4 months; P=0.0004. Of 4833 patients treated for mCRPC from 2018 to 2022, 20% had AR LBD mutations, 4% had AR 878/875 with L702H, and 6% had AR 878/875 without L702H. Most patients (59%) were first tested at some point after 1L therapy, with only 15% of patients receiving >1 G360 test. Mutation prevalence was higher in patients tested in fourth-line (4L) compared with 1L, particularly for AR L702H mutations (17% vs 10%) and all AR LBD mutations (27% vs 20%). Use of NHAs was lower in 4L compared with 1L (20% vs 33%), whereas use of taxanes was higher (31% vs 22%). Conclusions: Patients with AR LBD–mutated mCRPC had notably shorter rwOS than those whose tumors did not harbor AR LBD mutations, indicating an unmet need for this population. The prevalence of AR LBD mutations was higher in later lines of therapy, but repeat testing rates were low, suggesting that AR LBD mutations may go undetected.

Acetylcholine receptor based chemogenetics engineered for neuronal inhibition and seizure control assessed in mice

Epilepsy is a prevalent disorder involving neuronal network hyperexcitability, yet existing therapeutic strategies often fail to provide optimal patient outcomes. Chemogenetic approaches, where exogenous receptors are expressed in defined brain areas and specifically activated by selective agonists, are appealing methods to constrain overactive neuronal activity. We developed BARNI (Bradanicline- and Acetylcholine-activated Receptor for Neuronal Inhibition), an engineered channel comprised of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligand-binding domain coupled to an α1 glycine receptor anion pore domain. Here we demonstrate that BARNI activation by the clinical stage α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective agonist bradanicline effectively suppressed targeted neuronal activity, and controlled both acute and chronic seizures in male mice. Our results provide evidence for the use of an inhibitory acetylcholine-based engineered channel activatable by both exogenous and endogenous agonists as a potential therapeutic approach to treating epilepsy.

Development of a Progesterone-Receptor-Based Pseudo-immunoassay for Multi-detection of Progestins in Milk and Studying Its Recognition Mechanism.

The residues of progestins in milk are dangerous to consumers, but an immunoassay capable of multi-determining progestins in milk has not been reported thus far. In this study, the ligand binding domain of the human progesterone receptor was expressed and its intermolecular interactions with the commonly used steroid hormones were studied. The docking results showed that the receptor fragment only recognized progestins and did not recognize other steroid hormones. Then, it was used as recognition material to develop a pseudo-direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for multi-determination of five progestins in milk. Because biotinylated horseradish peroxidase was combined with streptavidinated horseradish peroxidase to enhance the signal, the sensitivities for the five progestins (IC50 of 0.029-0.097 ng/mL) were improved 96-143-fold in comparison to the use of the conventional horseradish peroxidase signal system (IC50 of 3.0-12.5 ng/mL). This method showed negligible cross-reactivities to other steroid hormones, consistent with the docking results. This was the first paper developing a progesterone-receptor-based method for detection of progestins, and this method exhibited generally better performance than all of the previously reported immunoassays for progestins.

FRI387 Reproductive Capacity Of Znhit3 Knockout Mouse Model

Abstract Disclosure: D. Kira: None. Z.A. Hawkins: None. L.P. Chorich: None. S. Brakta: None. L. Gan: None. L.C. Layman: None. Introduction: Zinc finger, HIT domain containing 3 (ZNHIT3), also known as thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 3 (TRIP-3), is a 155 amino acid protein with an N-terminus Zinc finger HIT domain (11-42a.a) that is involved in pre-ribosomal RNA processing. It also has a C-terminus short conserved LxxLL binding motif that interacts with the ligand binding domain of the thyroid receptor in the presence of thyroid hormone as a co-activator associated with hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α). ZNHIT3 is localized to the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Biallelic ZNHIT3 pathogenic variants in the N-terminus have been identified in persons with Progressive encephalopathy with Edema, Hypsarrhythmia, and Optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome, a severe autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by extreme cerebellar atrophy due to almost total loss of granule neurons. Heterozygous pathogenic variants in ZNHIT3 affecting the C-terminus have been demonstrated in individuals with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH). MRKH consists of the congenital absence of the uterus and vagina, either as isolated Mullerian aplasia (type 1) or associated with renal, skeletal, cardiac, and auditory anomalies (type 2). Previous studies of animal models utilizing morpholino injection-induced knockdown and CRISPR editing of znhit3 in zebrafish both showed cerebellar defects and microcephaly. We are not aware of a mouse model of Znhit3.Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the Znhit3 knockout (KO) mouse will demonstrate reproductive abnormalities and an MRKH-related phenotype. Methods: Heterozygous Znhit3 (Znhit3+/-) KO mice were generated by CRISPR. A 1 base deletion was introduced in exon 2, creating a frameshift and a stop codon in exon 3, which leads to a truncated protein. We then crossed male and female Znhit3+/- mice and Znhit3+/- and wild-type Znhit3+/+ (WT) mice. Pups' genotypes were confirmed with DNA sequencing of tail samples. Pups were weighed weekly from age 3 weeks to 16 weeks. Results: Mating 17 pairs of Znhit3+/- mice resulted in a total of 73 pups born, of which 50 were Znhit3+/- and, 23 were WT with a ratio of almost 2:1. No homozygous Znhit3 (Znhit3-/-) KO pups were born. There was no significant difference in weights between Znhit3+/- and WT pups. Conclusion: Heterozygous Znhit3+/- animals appeared to be phenotypically normal with similar weights to WT. However, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (1 homozygous wild-type: 2 heterozygous: 1 homozygous variant) was disrupted, as no Znhit3−/− homozygotes were born, suggesting embryonic lethality. It is possible that central nervous system, cardiac, and/or renal defects could be responsible for this lethality, which will be studied in embryos at E18.5, 15.5, and 12.5. A detailed phenotypic characterization will be performed with regard to reproductive function and MRKH-related organ development. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

SAT023 The Role Of Cysteine Residues In The Binding Of Inhibitors Of The N-Terminal Domain Of The Androgen Receptor

Abstract Disclosure: L. Deneault: None. A. Tien: None. A. Banuelos: Stock Owner; Self; ESSA. T. Tam: None. R. Andersen: Stock Owner; Self; ESSA. M.D. Sadar: Stock Owner; Self; ESSA. Background: Therapies for prostate cancer (PC) involve pharmaceutical castration by targeting the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD). These therapies are not curative with the malignancy progressing to castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Most CRPC remains driven by AR through multiple resistances, e.g. constitutively active AR splice variants that lack LBD (AR-Vs), or gain-of-function mutations in LBD. This has led to clinical development of EPI analogues (“EPI”) which target the AR N-terminal domain (NTD) to block the transcriptional activities of, AR-Vs and mutated ARs. The EPI-binding pocket involves region 341-446 amino acid residues of the NTD. AR NTD is enriched in cysteine residues with C404 suggested to be important in the binding mechanism of EPI. Free cysteine residues are able interact forming disulfide bonds, which are important in intra- and intermolecular protein-protein interactions. Here we begin to elucidate the role of cysteines in the inhibition of AR activity by EPI. Methods: Binding assays assess the role of cysteines in the covalent binding mechanism used a fluorescein-labelled EPI with fragments of recombinant AR-NTD (rNTD) with or without the addition of iodoacetamide (caps cysteines). Protein-protein interactions requiring disulfide bonds with AR examined by non-reducing SDS-PAGE and diagonal SDS-PAGE of cells treated with inhibitors. A role of specific cysteines in the activity of EPI to block AR transcriptional activity was assessed by cysteine mutants using a reporter gene construct driven by AR. Results: Capping cysteine residues on rNTD with iodoacetamide reduced the amount of covalent binding of EPI. This data suggests that cysteines are essential for covalent binding of EPI to AR-NTD. EPI bound preferentially to the oxidized form of rNTD suggesting the importance of disulfide bridges. Diagonal SDS-PAGE revealed differential alterations in intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds in response to EPI compared to AR LBD inhibitors. These gels also revealed unique differences in protein-protein interactions with AR depending on the inhibitor. AR-driven reporter gene assays revealed mutations of cysteine residues in the AR- NTD did not adversely affect AR transcriptional activity in response to androgen. Conclusions: Although cysteines residing in the AR-NTD were required for covalent binding of EPI, mutation of C404 in the EPI-binding site was not essential for the efficacy of EPI to block AR transcriptional activity. There were differential patterns in protein-protein interactions with AR depending upon which domain the inhibitor targeted. Our future goal is to identify these unique proteins to provide insight into the mechanisms and develop more potent and more specific therapeutics for the treatment of CRPC. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Structure of the native chemotaxis core signaling unit from phage E-protein lysed E. coli cells.

Bacterial chemotaxis is a ubiquitous behavior that enables cell movement toward or away from specific chemicals. It serves as an important model for understanding cell sensory signal transduction and motility. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying chemotaxis is of fundamental interest and requires a high-resolution structural picture of the sensing machinery, the chemosensory array. In this study, we combine cryo-electron tomography and molecular simulation to present the complete structure of the core signaling unit, the basic building block of chemosensory arrays, from Escherichia coli. Our results provide new insight into previously poorly-resolved regions of the complex and offer a structural basis for designing new experiments to test mechanistic hypotheses.

Identification and characterization of two salmon louse heme peroxidases and their potential as vaccine antigens

Salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, represents major challenge for salmon farming. Current treatments impose welfare issues and are costly, whereas prophylactic measures are unavailable. Two salmon louse heme peroxidases (LsPxtl-1 and LsPxtl-2) were tested for their importance for parasite development and as potential vaccine candidates. LsPxtl-1 possesses two heme peroxidase domains and is expressed in ovaries and gut, whereas LsPxtl-2 encodes one domain and contains N-terminal signal peptide and an Eph receptor ligand-binding domain. LsPxtl-1, but not LsPxtl-2, knockdown in nauplius II stage caused poor swimming and death, indicating its importance for parasite development. Immunizations using single DNA plasmid injection encoding the peroxidases or heterologous prime (DNA) and boost (recombinant LsPxtl-2 protein) gave non-significant reduction in lice numbers. Single injection gave low specific antibody levels compared with the prime-boost. The findings suggest LsPxtl-1 is important for parasite development but formulations and vaccination modalities used did not significantly reduce lice infestation.

Trypanosoma brucei Invariant Surface gp65 Inhibits the Alternative Pathway of Complement by Accelerating C3b Degradation.

Trypanosomes are known to activate the complement system on their surface, but they control the cascade in a manner such that the cascade does not progress into the terminal pathway. It was recently reported that the invariant surface glycoprotein ISG65 from Trypanosoma brucei interacts reversibly with complement C3 and its degradation products, but the molecular mechanism by which ISG65 interferes with complement activation remains unknown. In this study, we show that ISG65 does not interfere directly with the assembly or activity of the two C3 convertases. However, ISG65 acts as a potent inhibitor of C3 deposition through the alternative pathway in human and murine serum. Degradation assays demonstrate that ISG65 stimulates the C3b to iC3b converting activity of complement factor I in the presence of the cofactors factor H or complement receptor 1. A structure-based model suggests that ISG65 promotes a C3b conformation susceptible to degradation or directly bridges factor I and C3b without contact with the cofactor. In addition, ISG65 is observed to form a stable ternary complex with the ligand binding domain of complement receptor 3 and iC3b. Our data suggest that ISG65 supports trypanosome complement evasion by accelerating the conversion of C3b to iC3b through a unique mechanism.

Structural insights into the ligand binding domain of GluD1 and GluD2 receptors.

GluD1 and GluD2 subunits (also known as delta 1 and 2) are the members of the delta family of ionotropic glutamate receptors. They are particularly puzzling, since they are unable to bind glutamate, but rather bind glycine and d-serine via their classical ligand binding domain (LBD). While GluD2 has been the subject of intensive research over the past decades, it is only recently that GluD1 received similar interest and very few studies compare the properties of these two membrane proteins. In their research article included in this issue, Masternak etal. resolved the 3D structure of the GluD1 LBD, compared its d-serine sensitivity with that of GluD2 and identified critical residues involved in the dynamics of the LBD.

Multi-input Drug-Controlled Switches of Mammalian Gene Expression Based on Engineered Nuclear Hormone Receptors.

Protein-based switches that respond to different inputs to regulate cellular outputs, such as gene expression, are central to synthetic biology. For increased controllability, multi-input switches that integrate several cooperating and competing signals for the regulation of a shared output are of particular interest. The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily offers promising starting points for engineering multi-input-controlled responses to clinically approved drugs. Starting from the VgEcR/RXR pair, we demonstrate that novel (multi)drug regulation can be achieved by exchange of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) ligand binding domain (LBD) for other human NHR-derived LBDs. For responses activated to saturation by an agonist for the first LBD, we show that outputs can be boosted by an agonist targeting the second LBD. In combination with an antagonist, output levels are tunable by up to three simultaneously present small-molecule drugs. Such high-level control validates NHRs as a versatile, engineerable platform for programming multidrug-controlled responses.

Study of NIT domain-containing chemoreceptors from two global phytopathogens and identification of NIT domains in eukaryotes.

Bacterial signal transduction systems are typically activated by the binding of signal molecules to receptor ligand binding domains (LBDs), such as the NIT LBD. We report here the identification of the NIT domain in more than 15,000 receptors that were present in 30 bacterial phyla, but also in 19 eukaryotic phyla, expanding its known phylogenetic distribution. The NIT domain formed part of seven receptor families that either control transcription, mediate chemotaxis or regulate second messenger levels. We have produced the NIT domains from chemoreceptors of the bacterial phytopathogens Pectobacterium atrosepticum (PacN) and Pseudomonas savastanoi (PscN) as individual purified proteins. High-throughput ligand screening using compound libraries revealed a specificity for nitrate and nitrite binding. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments showed that PacN-LBD bound preferentially nitrate ( K D = 1.9 μM), whereas the affinity of PscN-LBD for nitrite ( K D = 2.1 μM) was 22 times higher than that for nitrate. Analytical ultracentrifugation experiments indicated that PscN-LBD is monomeric in the presence and absence of ligands. The R182A mutant of PscN did not bind nitrate or nitrite. This residue is not conserved in the NIT domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chemoreceptor PA4520, which may be related to its failure to bind nitrate/nitrite. The magnitude of P. atrosepticum chemotaxis towards nitrate was significantly greater than that of nitrite and pacN deletion almost abolished responses to both compounds. This study highlights the important role of nitrate and nitrite as signal molecules in life and advances our knowledge on the NIT domain as universal nitrate/nitrite sensor module.

Abstract 4354: An exosome-based ESR1 monitoring RT-qPCR technology that rapidly and accurately detects circulating tumor acquired resistance variants at ≤0.1% frequency in liquid biopsy samples

Abstract Introduction: Hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer is the most common type of breast cancer. Patients with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (mBC) often become resistant to aromatase inhibitors commonly used in endocrine therapy (ET). Estrogen receptor (ESR1) ligand binding domain mutations are frequently detected in HR+ mBC and have been reported to be associated with ET resistance, noting up to 60% patients with mBC will develop resistance to treatment via acquired resistance in ESR1. Recent studies have shown that monitoring of ESR1 mutations in plasma may serve as a predictive biomarker of acquired resistance to ET, showcasing a strong need for sensitive nucleic acid-based assays. We describe a comprehensive methodology for targeted clinical RT-qPCR monitoring of ESR1 mutations in plasma that utilizes both exosomal nucleic acids and cfDNA to report multiple mutations, provide a streamlined workflow, and accommodate a range of inputs from clinically relevant samples. Methods: Exosomal nucleic acids (exosomal DNA and RNA) and circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were co-isolated using the ExoLution Plus Isolation Kit (Exosome Diagnostics). RT-qPCR-based target enrichment was performed using modified QuantideX reagents (Asuragen) and mutations were confirmed on the QuantStudio qPCR Platform (ThermoFisher). Bioinformatic analyses were conducted using custom software. Results: We developed novel technologies and tested greater than samples across key ET resistance mutations, utilizing contrived samples as needed due to availability. Preliminary studies demonstrated that ESR1 exosomal RNA + cfDNA ranged from approximately 9,500 copies to 64,000 copies in a set of 2mL female presumed normal plasma samples; these results suggest that even 2mL plasma could provide sufficient exosomal RNA/DNA + cfDNA for mutation detection at variant frequencies less than or equal to 0.01%. The ESR1 RT-qPCR showed greater than 90% analytical sensitivity (at less than or equal to 1% mutant allele frequency) and greater than90% analytical specificity. Further, the technology detected less than 10 mutant copies for most tested mutants, showing an LOD of at least 0.1% (5 mutant copies in a background of 5,000 WT copies). Conclusion: A fast, efficient, and sensitive ESR1 RT-qPCR panel approach was developed and evaluated, demonstrating the reliable and specific detection of rare variants in liquid biopsy specimens. Importantly, this prototype technology has potential to address several challenges associated with mutation monitoring in liquid biopsies by expanding detection of mutant analytes (exosomal RNA and DNA), improving analytical sensitivity (novel reagents and software), and increasing accessibility (qPCR instrument install base). Citation Format: Sarah Statt, Julie Thibert, Kurt Franzen, Aquiles Sanchez, Liangjing Chen, Megan Yociss, Elliot Hallmark, Melissa Church, Stela Filipovic-Sadic, Gary Latham, Johan Skog. An exosome-based ESR1 monitoring RT-qPCR technology that rapidly and accurately detects circulating tumor acquired resistance variants at ≤0.1% frequency in liquid biopsy samples. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4354.

Abstract 6403: A self-replicating RNA precision medicine approach to overcoming resistance to endocrine therapy in ER+BC

Abstract Drug resistance remains the major driving factor behind the clinical failure of targeted therapeutics. Current oncology precision medicine approaches rely on targeting known acquired resistance mutations, such as EGFR T790M or ALK/ROS mutations in NSCLC with 2nd and 3rd generation molecules designed to overcome or prevent resistance. These next generation targeted therapeutic approaches have increasingly long and complex drug development timelines and burdensome toxicities from off target effects (e.g. wild-type receptor targeting) or drug-drug interactions (DDI). The toxicities limit tolerability, compliance and combinability of different targeted therapeutics. RNA-based immunotherapy approaches offer an increasingly attractive alternative to next generation small molecule targeted therapeutics approaches: (1) RNA-based approaches only require a known acquired resistance sequence, (2) drug development timelines, cost and complexity can be meaningfully condensed, and (3) multiple acquired resistance mutations can be targeted with the same candidate. RBI-1000 is a candidate using a novel type of self-replicating RNA (srRNA) to generate robust immunity directed against acquired resistance mutations that develop in ER+ breast cancer (ER+ BC) in response to endocrine therapy. RBI-1000 includes on-target mutations within the estrogen receptor ligand binding domain, and bypass mutations either in the form of activating mutations in the PI3K kinase domain or amplifications of HER2/HER3. Here, we demonstrate that this srRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle primes polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells leading to tumor growth inhibition and improved survival in a mouse model expressing the targeted acquired resistance mutation. Priming of T cells against acquired mutations is also confirmed in human HLA-transgenic mice. The immune cell-mediated elimination of clones expressing the acquired resistance mutations is predicted to prolong endocrine control of ER+BC, in an analogous manner to small molecule or monoclonal antibody targeted therapies, but with a more favorable dosing and adverse event profile due to precise immunologic targeting and no DDI. Citation Format: Zelanna Goldberg, Christian Maine, Gabrielle P. Dailey, Christine Domingo, Gaelle Picarda, Hunter Little, Annie Chou, Jessica Sparks, Darina Spasova, Shigeki Miyake-Stoner, Zachary C. Hartman, Christopher A. Rabiola, Erika J. Crosby, Herbert K. Lyerly, Nathaniel Wang, Parinaz Aliahmad. A self-replicating RNA precision medicine approach to overcoming resistance to endocrine therapy in ER+BC. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6403.