Lifetime Of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Research Articles

Fuzzified swarm intelligence framework using FPSOR algorithm for high-speed MANET- Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of things (IoT) is an inventive technology which permit the association of physical things by means of the digital world throughout the use of heterogeneous networks and communication technologies. Ad-hoc routing protocols may be dispersed and involve every node in route discovery process by making routing data more reliable. Mobile-Adhoc-Networks (MANETs) consist of many portable nodes that can commune directly with each other or through intermediate nodes. Repeatedly, nodes in a MANETs operate with batteries and can roam freely, and thus, a node may exhaust its energy or move away without providing any notice to its cooperative nodes. IoT system using a combination of MANET, a route consists of numerous links in sequence, and so, its lifetime is based on the lifetime of every node and also the wireless links among adjacent nodes. In this research work Fuzzified Particle Swarm Optimization oriented Routing (FPSOR) algorithm is planned to minimize data loss and computational overhead, which in turn maximizes the lifetime of MANETs. Particle Swarm Optimization oriented Routing protocol (PSOR) have taken energy competence as significant criterion for processing routing and driving optimized path for the data accelerating and processing to the source node. The PSOR produces a fresh route for routing by considering fitness value of energy to evaluate diverse path and to choose best-optimized path whose energy consumption is less as compared to ant colony optimization routing paths. This algorithm utilizes a good approach focusing energy levels/status of the nodes through fuzzification and the lengths of the routed ways. NS2 simulator is casted for performance evaluation.

Energy Factor Based Routing Algorithm for Lifetime Enhancement in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Energy consumption and dissipation of mobile nodes is considered as one of the significant aspect affecting the entire lifetime of Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), as the nodes depends on limited battery power. In addition, spatial and temporal characteristics of mobile nodes also make energy imbalance in the network. Towards this, there are several studies that emphasis on improving the network lifetime and reliability by altering the existing MANET routing protocols. In this paper, an Energy Factor based Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector routing algorithm (EF-AODV) is proposed in MANETs for lifetime enhancement. The proposed technique includes two algorithms by leveraging the cross layer paradigm. Firstly, proposed EF-AODV dynamically chooses intermediate nodes based on battery power, and mobility of the nodes in the direction of destination. Secondly, for uniform energy consumption, we calculate the energy factor at each intermediate mobile node by considering the sleep and ideal states of the nodes along with mobility. Further, the energy factor is considered as a key metric to obtain the optimal path from the source to the destination to balance the energy disparity in the network, leading to reduced delay in packet transmission. The path with highest energy factor value is selected for networking of data packets. Upon extensive simulation using Network Simulator (NS-2.34), we illustrate that the proposed EF-AODV outperforms over existing ad-hoc routing approaches under the various performance metrics.

Multicast routing strategy for SDN-cluster based MANET

The energy limitation and frequent movement of the mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) nodes (i.e., devices) make the routing process very difficult. The multicast routing problem is one of the NP-complete problems. Therefore, the need for a new power-aware approach to select an optimum multicast path with minimum power consumption that can enhance the performance and increase the lifetime of MANET has become urgent. Software defined network (SDN) is a new technique that can solve many problems of the traditional networks by dividing the architecture into data part and control part. This paper presents three power-aware multicast routing strategies for MANET. First one called a Reactive Multicast routing strategy for cluster based MANET by using SDN (RMCMS), second one called proactive multicast routing strategy for cluster based MANET by using SDN (PMCMS) and third one represents modification of PMCMS called M-PMCMS. Moreover, it produces a new mathematical model to build a multicast tree with minimum power consumption and takes into account the remaining power in each node. All proposed multicast strategies operate based on this mathematical model and aim to maximize the MANET lifetime by exploiting the advantages of SDN and clustering concepts. They consider the multicast tree with minimum power consumption as an optimal one. The simulation results illustrated that RMCMS is better than PMCMS, M-PMCMS, and MAODV in terms of power consumption and network overhead while M-PMCMS is the best one in terms of dropped packets ratio (DPR) and average end to end (E2E) delay.

A New Technique for Multiple-Path Creation in AODV Protocol Based on Composite Criterion Consisting of the Factors of Energy, Traffic Load and Stability of Nodes

Not long ago mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) became one of the most recent and famous trends in the field of wireless communications. This is because, it permits the mobile appliances for communication with each other at any instant anyplace without the need of pre-defined infrastructure or centralized management. As the absence of centralized administration, the free movement of appliances and the limited resources of MANET, the designing of routing protocols have been becoming the main fundamental challenge that meet MANET till now. Furthermore, nodes with heavily traffic load may exhaust their energy in routing others packets resulting in unstable network and hence performance deterioration. In this essay we present a new version of one of the well prominent reactive routing protocols named Ad Hoc On Demand distance Vector (AODV). The suggested version aims to make the original AODV more efficient in terms of the energy consumption of nodes, traffic load distribution among nodes and routes stabilization. The suggested scheme is called, Energy efficient, Load balanced and Stabilized Multi routes- AODV (ELSM-AODV), where the paths selection is based on a composite criterion, named Node Efficiency Factor (NEF) which contain all factors that have direct impact on the performance level and life time of MANET (e.g. energy, speed, distance and traffic load of nodes). Performance assessment and comparison between suggested schema (ELSM-AODV) and standard AODV has been performed using network emulator NS2. Simulation results evidenced that performance of the suggested protocol outperform standard AODV from point of view: correct packets delivery ratio, end to end delay time, normalized routing load and nodes energy consumption.

An Energy Efficient Clustering based Distributed Load Balancing Technique for Mobile Adhoc Networks

In a mobile adhoc network (MANET), energy efficiency and mobility prediction are the two main challenging design issues due to the mobile nature of the nodes in any direction with limited battery lifetime, thus leads to adequate topology modifications. These two issues are mainly considered to maximize the lifetime of MANET. Load-balancing and reliable data transmission among the mobile nodes is mandatory to increase the network lifetime. To achieve this, clustering techniques can be employed to minimize the topology size and to aggregate the details related to the topology. In this paper, we introduce a new clustering based distributed load balancing (D-CALB) algorithm to maximize energy efficiency and network lifetime. Furthermore, a fault tolerant feature is included in the D-CALB algorithm, which maintains a secondary CH as a backup node in case of the failure of the present CH. The presented ZXCD- CALB algorithm has undergone an extensive set of experimentation under a varying number of nodes and speed. The detailed investigation of the experimental results verified the superior nature of the presented D-CALB algorithm over compared ones under several measures.

A Network Lifetime Extension-Aware Cooperative MAC Protocol for MANETs With Optimized Power Control

In this paper, a cooperative medium access control (CMAC) protocol, termed network lifetime extension-aware CMAC (LEA-CMAC) for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is proposed. The main feature of the LEA-CMAC protocol is to enhance the network performance through the cooperative transmission to achieve a multi-objective target orientation. The unpredictable nature of wireless communication links results in the degradation of network performance in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, energy efficiency, and network lifetime of MANETs. Through cooperative transmission, the network performance of MANETs can be improved, provided a beneficial cooperation is satisfied and design parameters are carefully selected at the MAC layer. To achieve a multi-objective target-oriented CMAC protocol, we formulated an optimization problem to extend the network lifetime of MANETs. The optimization solution led to the investigation of symmetric and asymmetric transmit power policies. We then proposed a distributed relay selection process to select the best retransmitting node among the qualified relays, with consideration on a transmit power, a sufficient residual energy after cooperation, and a high cooperative gain. The simulation results show that the LEA-CMAC protocol can achieve a multi-objective target orientation by exploiting an asymmetric transmit power policy to improve the network performance.

An Energy Entropy-Based Minimum Power Cost Multipath Routing in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are non-infrastructure networks consisting of mobile nodes. Since the mobile nodes have limited battery power, they are very important to using energy efficiently in MANETs. In order to maximize the lifetime of MANET, traffic should be sent via a route that can avoid nodes with low energy while minimizing the total transmission power. This paper proposes an Energy Entropy-based minimum Power cost Multipath routing algorithm in MANET (EEPMM). It is typically proposed to increase the reliability of data transmission or to provide load balancing. In simulation experiments, we compare EEPMM routing protocol with SHM and MEA-DSR routing protocol, in terms of the network lifetime, and the energy consumption when a packet is transmitted. The performance results indicate that the proposed scheme is quite adaptive for energy-efficient communication in MANETs.

A Topology Control Method with Prediction of Lossy Links in Cluster Based Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Many effects have been applied to maintain the stable topology and increase the stability of the Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET). Traditional Topology control mechanisms fail to consider lossy links which provide only probabilistic connectivity. The existing methods such as cooperative communication, Distributed Topology Control method, and Joint authentication control method have not ensured the survivability of a node. The high possibility of a link breakdown due to low energy in ad-hoc networks causes the cluster head selection issues with regard to achieving the best possible service reliability. We propose Cluster Dependent Topology Control (CDTC) Framework, which provides the ability to elect a cluster head by taking few metrics such as the residual energy of the cluster head, the lifetime of a cluster head within a cluster and network reachability. We attempt to find the minimal survivability of nodes under the conditions of the dynamic movement of individual nodes which will ensure that a set of mobile nodes form a connected network. Our proposed method is on-demand, which balances link failure, improves the network connectivity, and prolongs the lifetime of MANETs.

Improved Route Discovery Based on Constructing Connected Dominating Set in MANET

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is widely applied in various urgent scenarios, benefiting from its feature that the hosts can communicate with each other without any physical infrastructure. An efficient routing function plays a critical role in MANET, and routing based on CDS is a promising approach. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to obtain a stable routing path and prolong lifetime of MANET, by integrating three factors such as energy, mobility, and degree for the status of node minimum connected dominating set (SoN-MCDS). Extensive simulations show that the proposed protocol is superior to other classical ones in terms of lifetime and low energy consumption.

A New Routing Protocol with High Energy Efficiency and Reliability for Data Delivery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

The proliferation of mobile devices has changed the trends by which people access and share contents in the communication world, leading to migration from the wired to wireless networks with high expectations of ubiquitous connectivity. These trends have motivated researchers to have interests in the future advanced mobile communications. In this paper, we concentrate on one of the most promising types of network, that is, mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Due to the highly dynamic network topology and resource shortage of MANET and the limited energy of communicating nodes, the communication route among nodes may fail frequently. To increase the applicability and sustainability of MANET in the future communication environment, we propose here a new routing protocol that constructs a stable, a reliable, and the shortest route having nodes with the minimum level of remaining energy to increase the operational lifetime of MANET. It also introduces a recovery scheme that reduces the network control overhead significantly to increase the reliability of the network. The effectiveness and robustness of our protocol and the corresponding data delivery mechanism make an ideal solution that can go a long way toward effective data dissemination in the future network.

Improving the Network Lifetime of MANETs through Cooperative MAC Protocol Design

Cooperative communication, which utilizes nearby terminals to relay the overhearing information to achieve the diversity gains, has a great potential to improve the transmitting efficiency in wireless networks. To deal with the complicated medium access interactions induced by relaying and leverage the benefits of such cooperation, an efficient Cooperative Medium Access Control (CMAC) protocol is needed. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-layer distributed energy-adaptive location-based CMAC protocol, namely DEL-CMAC, for Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs). The design objective of DEL-CMAC is to improve the performance of the MANETs in terms of network lifetime and energy efficiency. A practical energy consumption model is utilized in this paper, which takes the energy consumption on both transceiver circuitry and transmit amplifier into account. A distributed utility-based best relay selection strategy is incorporated, which selects the best relay based on location information and residual energy. Furthermore, with the purpose of enhancing the spatial reuse, an innovative network allocation vector setting is provided to deal with the varying transmitting power of the source and relay terminals. We show that the proposed DEL-CMAC significantly prolongs the network lifetime under various circumstances even for high circuitry energy consumption cases by comprehensive simulation study.

Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles: Designing Energy Routing Protocol With Power Consumption Optimization in MANET

Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles Designing Energy Routing Protocol with Power Consumption Optimization in by Shivashankar, H.N. Suresh, G. Varaprasad, and G. Jayanthi, in the IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, Vol.2, No.2, June 2014, pp.192-197 After careful and considered review, it has been determined that the above paper is in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles. One of the authors, Golla Varaprasad, falsified reviewer names and provided them as recommended reviewers for the manuscript. As technology rapidly increases, diverse sensing and mobility capabilities have become readily available to devices and, consequently, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are being deployed to perform a number of important tasks. In MANET, power aware is important challenge issue to improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes. We propose efficient power aware routing (EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the network lifetime of MANET. In contrast to conventional power aware algorithms, EPAR identifies the capacity of a node not just by its residual battery power, but also by the expected energy spent in reliably forwarding data packets over a specific link. Using a mini-max formulation, EPAR selects the path that has the largest packet capacity at the smallest residual packet transmission capacity. This protocol must be able to handle high mobility of the nodes that often cause changes in the network topology. This paper evaluates three ad hoc network routing protocols (EPAR, MTPR, and DSR) in different network scales, taking into consideration the power consumption. Indeed, our proposed scheme reduces for more than 20% the total energy consumption and decreases the mean delay, especially for high load networks, while achieving a good packet delivery ratio.

Lifetime elongation of ad hoc networks under flooding attack using power-saving technique

Without the management of centralized unit, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are vulnerable to security threats from flooding attacks launched through compromised nodes or intruders. When a source node needs a data session with a destination node, it disseminates a route request (RREQ) message to its neighbors in a hop-by-hop manner. One crucial type of flooding attacks called RREQ flooding appears to be inevitably proliferated in wireless networks. In the RREQ flooding attack, attackers would launch massive RREQ packets with out-of-domain IP address as its destination node. The forwarding services conducted by all intermediate nodes exhaust their energy and processing resources. The proposed approach can suppress redundant RREQ packets using the co-operation of destination node and neighbor nodes within one-hop range of the attacking node. A Petri Net design was developed to model the proposed approach and configure all relevant system aspects in a concise fashion for qualitative analysis. From quantitative viewpoint, relevant network simulations were conducted to validate the proposed scheme using a NS2 network simulator. The experimental result reveals that the proposed power-saving technique can be applied to economically and effectively elongate the operational lifetime of MANETs under flooding attack.

Error‐aware and energy‐efficient routing approach in MANETs

AbstractThe lifetime of a network is the key design factor of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). To prolong the lifetime of MANETs, one is forced to attain a tradeoff of minimizing the energy consumption and load balancing. In MANETs, energy waste resulting from retransmission due to high bit error rate (BER) and high frame error rate (FER) of wireless channel is significant. In this paper, we propose two novel protocols termed multi‐threshold routing protocol (MTRP) and enhanced multi‐threshold routing protocol (EMTRP). MTRP divides the total energy of a wireless node into multiple ranges. The lower bound of each range corresponds to a threshold. The protocol iterates from the highest threshold to the lowest one and chooses those routes with bottleneck energy being larger than the current threshold during each iteration. This approach thus avoids overusing certain routes and achieves load balancing. If multiple routes satisfy the threshold constraint, MTRP selects a route with the smallest hop count to further attain energy efficiency. Based on MTRP, EMTRP further takes channel condition into consideration and selects routes with better channel condition and consequently reduces the number of retransmissions and saves energy. We analyze the average loss probability (ALP) of the uniform error model and Gilbert error model and give a distributed algorithm to obtain the maximal ALP along a route. Descriptions of MTRP and EMTRP are given in pseudocode form. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed EMTRP outperforms the representative protocol CMMBCR in terms of total energy consumption and load balancing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.