Landfill Lifetime Research Articles

Application of system dynamics to evaluate reduction targets for the entry of solid waste into a landfill site

The waste produced around the world increases daily due to population increase and the fact that life expectancy is longer. Waste production is higher in urban environments; therefore, managing Urban Solid Waste must be more rigorous to avoid environmental problems and health effects. For this reason, standards are created to properly manage landfills so that each life cycle stage is managed responsibly. However, a solid commitment from the community and more management regulations from the government are needed to be focused on reducing, reusing, and recycling materials as much as possible. This commitment needs to be reinforced to the extent that regulatory policies are created at the household level as much as education and awareness programs are implemented. This study presents a method to evaluate how imposing waste management goals before they reach landfills can increase the lifetime of landfills and, consequently the suitableness of a treatment plant implementation.

Limit Equilibrium Analysis of Landfill Instability Based on Actual Failure Surface

Slope stability is one of the key engineering problems in the whole lifetime of landfills. In this paper, combined with the wedge limit equilibrium analysis, a landfill stability analysis method based on the actual failure surface is proposed, and the model is verified according to the data of centrifuge model tests. It is found that this method can more accurately calculate the factor of safety (FS) of the slope of the landfill and evaluate the stability of the slope. Finally, sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of the actual failure surface angle, water level, soil parameters, and the presence or absence of a dam on the factor of safety.

The Potential of Solid Waste and Greenhouse Gasses Reduction in Tambak Osowilangon Material Recovery Facility in Indonesia During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Solid waste generation can increase due to people's activities that increase compared to the early pandemic in 2020. The solid waste management paradigm is no longer focused on landfilling waste in landfills. Solid waste reduction activities can extend the landfill's lifetime, one of the reduction activity facilities is Material Recovery Facilities (MRF). Surabaya, the capital city of East Java Province in Indonesia, has several MRF. One of them is Tambak Osowilangon . This study aims to determine the solid waste reduction in ponds in Osowilangon Material Recovery Facility during the COVID-19 pandemic and to predict greenhouse gas reduction based on solid waste. The triangular method calculates the greenhouse gases (GHG) prediction of solid waste management in Osowilangon MRF. Solid waste generation in Tambak Osowilangon MRF was produced at 2704.946 kg/day. The highest composition of solid waste was achieved by food waste (63%), and the existing reduction of solid waste in Ponds Osowilangon MRF is 56.08%. The total volume of GHG produced without reduction scenario is 6.16 x 10 6 m 3 /year, while the GHG produced from an existing reduction in Tambakosowilangon MRF is 2.4 x 10 6 m 3/ year. Solid waste management in Tambakosowilangon MRF can reduce 61.04% of the total GHG volume

Effect of Plastic Waste on Volume Consumption of Landfill during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered all aspects of human life since its breakout in March 2020 in the USA and around the world. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of plastic products as most of the PPE (masks, gloves, and other medical equipment) are made from plastic. Therefore, the generation of plastic waste was expected to increase significantly, which was also reported by many news agencies and organizations. This study determines the increase in plastic waste in municipal solid waste (MSW) and investigates its effect on landfill volume consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. MSW samples were collected from the working face of Irving Hunter Ferrell landfill from May 2020 to December 2020. During every attempted sample collection, eight bags of MSW samples, each weighing 20–25 lbs., were collected. The MSW samples collected from the landfill were characterized and later the volume was estimated to evaluate the potential effects on landfill airspace. Based on the experimental investigations, it was found that plastic waste generation increased significantly during the pandemic (increasing from an 18.5% pre-pandemic level to 30% during the pandemic). Volumetric estimation suggests that the increased amount of plastic waste occupies 20% more volume in landfills. Quantification and estimation of the volume of the increased amount of plastic waste can be useful in predicting the impact of the pandemic on the lifetime of landfills.

Heat energy potential of municipal solid waste landfills: Review of heat generation and assessment of vertical extraction systems

Heat generation in municipal solid waste landfills is reviewed with a focus on extraction heat management strategy. Numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the feasibility of a vertical heat extraction system and effects of system configuration on overall performance. The modeling indicated that the influence of the extraction system on landfill temperatures is greatest near central depths of the landfill with less influence at the cover and liner locations. Temperature-depth profiles exhibited concave shapes demonstrating preferential heat extraction from central depths and return of the waste temperatures to reference conditions at great radial distance. For extraction system parameters, fluid velocity affected heat extraction more than pipe diameter; for landfill operational conditions, waste height affected heat extraction more than waste placement rate. For a fluid velocity of 0.3 m/s (threshold for turbulent flow), pipe diameter of 25.4 mm, waste height of 30 m, and waste placement rate of 20 m/year, the heat extraction rate was 59.5 MJ/m3 and the total amount of heat extracted was 561 GJ with 10 m radius of influence of the extraction well. Thermally coupled gas generation analysis indicated that regulating temperatures at 35 °C resulted in significant increases in landfill gas energy (on the order of twofold) and decreasing the time to reach biological stabilization by 70–77%. Due to the transition of operation to a geothermal system at the end of heat production lifetime of landfills, heat extraction systems provide long-term sustainable alternative energy sources with appreciable energy production in comparison to other renewable technologies.

APPLICATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY RESULTS, OBTAINED USING UAV DATA TO ESTIMATE THE RESIDUAL CAPACITY OF THE LANDFILL. PRACTICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Assessment of the current residual capacity is a fundamentally important task, the solution of which is demonstrated on a landfill located in the Republic of Tatarstan. To solve the task, the modern methods of high-precision three-dimensional reconstruction were used based on the survey from an unmanned aircraft DJI Phantom 4, equipped with a global satellite navigation system (GNSS) receiver. As a result of combining the project data and data from field surveys into one coordinate system and elevations and reconstruction of designed underground and ground parts of landfill calculation, the difference of models and the residual capacity of the landfill becomes possible. Based on the materials considered as of July 2020, the residual capacity of the studied landfill is 41.2 % of the project capacity, which allows us to continue to operate this landfill. The proposed approach allows for rapid and high-quality active monitoring of the engineered facility. Photogrammetric processing of the results of low-altitude aerial photography makes it possible to obtain objective data on the current actual state of the landfills, to carry out competent and valid management of the landfill functioning. Significant, this will extend the landfill's lifetime, minimize the adverse effects on the environment and predict the yield to the project capacity much more accurately.

Reduction of waste generation to extend the lifetime of landfill: review

The increasing number of people in Indonesia, one of which is the city of Semarang, has led to increased community activities. Increased community activities will affect the increase in the amount of waste production. It will also impact the service life of the landfill, so efforts need to be made to extend the service life of the landfill. Efforts can be made to reduce the amount of waste that goes to the landfill, usually by sorting organic and inorganic waste. Reducing the amount of waste can also be done by utilizing waste that has been buried in the landfill (TPA), then processed into alternative fuels or RDF (Refused Derived Fuel). Waste reduction by sorting organic and inorganic waste has been carried out in several places, namely Putri Cempo TPA, Milangsari, and Sukoharjo, with percentage reductions of 79.6%, 35%, and 58%. Meanwhile, the use of waste into fuel or RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) can also be used as an effort to extend the service life of the landfill because waste that has been buried for a long time has a high calorific value so that it meets the requirements as fuel for the pyrolysis process.

Landfill Gas Flow — Effects of Asymmetry

Waste disposal is the responsibility of cities throughout the world. The most common method in North America is to bury waste in landfills. Landfill operators comply with regulations to control hazardous emissions known as landfill gas (LFG). The gas is extracted via horizontal or vertical wells and removed from the site. This study examines arrays of horizontal wells placed side by side or stacked, and resultant landfill gas flux between adjacent cells. A landfill's lifetime often sees changes in the number, relative location and efficacy of wells. The ability to predict the response of an array of wells to variation in a single well's fu nctionality is an essential aspect of landfill design and operation. The integrated normal flux between cells is identified as a salient quantity required to construct such prediction models. Numerical solution of flow equations reveals a stunningly simple dependence of the flux on the relative suction strength of proximate cells in a wide range of operational conditions. The flux is one of scarcely few parameters accessible in the field with relative ease and certainty, and thus traceable over time. This property makes the proposed models easy to construct, implement and adjust in practice in custom configurations.

Strategy of landfilled waste reduction by a distributed materials recovery facility system in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Slow progress in municipal waste reduction and landfill space scarcity lead to numerous environmental problems in Indonesia and developing countries. Surabaya, the role model of an environmental management city in Indonesia and other countries, is no exception. Despite the situation, Surabaya's initiative of deploying a distributed materials recovery facility (MRF) and its performance in recovering recyclables show a potential to be developed for addressing the landfill waste reduction issues. This study proposes a new strategy with small-sized distributed MRFs to achieve 30% landfilled waste reduction and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, focusing on Surabaya as the case study. Scenario 1 merged three pairs of transfer stations which shows some indistinguishable optimizations and failed to meet the target. Both Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 added six years of landfill lifetime for reaching the target. However, the distributed MRF system and different transportation systems in Scenario 3 accomplished the goal with only 24 new MRFs, whereas Scenario 2 needs to upgrade 48 transfer stations into MRFs. Scenario 3 decreased the GHG emissions generation by 29%, possibly contributing to Indonesia's GHG emissions target of 0.2%.

A Historical Perspective of Municipal Solid Waste Management and Recycling System in Japan: Learning for Developing Countries

The need for infectious disease control resulted in the establishment of a waste administration system in Japan in the early twentieth century. The unresolved sanitation problems in major cities arose from the narrow range of action by municipalities that activated the collaboration of stakeholders in 1954. The emergence of pollution problems from factories resulted in the separate treatment of industrial waste laid the cornerstone for the modern municipal solid waste (MSW) management system in 1970. The advancements reached in waste collection and transportation increased collection coverage put the public health importance of waste under control. The development of low-pollution environmental facilities reduced the urgency of living environment protection. The priority factor was changed from waste volume reduction to air pollution control and then to the efficiency of energy recovery in setting up waste incineration plants. The waste generation reduction became the priority policy when the need for resource management emerged in the 1990s. Since then, both the MSW generation and the final disposal amount have been declining, increasing in the remaining landfill lifetime. The recycling and bulky waste reprocessing facilities have been scaled-up, increasing recycling and recovery rate. The system has been evolved towards waste prevention through the earlier identification, recognition, and timely response to the development needs. This paper presents both the physical components and governance aspects in the historical development of MSW management and recycling systems in Japan, which can be used to outline the current and future needs of waste management planning in developing countries.

The utilization of ceramic shard waste and landfill mining residue as a paving block material in the effort to extend landfill lifetime

This study aimed to determine the content of CaO and SiO2 in landfill mining residue and ceramic shard waste, the best composition variation in accordance with SNI 03-0691-1996 on Paving Block, and the best values in the selected composition variation as paving block material according to SNI 03-0691-1996 on Paving Block. The research consists of six test steps, namely visibility test, size test, compressive strength test, water absorption test, wear resistance test, and sodium sulfate resistance test. The X-Ray Fluorescence method was used to determine the value of Cao and SiO2 compounds in landfill mining residue and ceramic shard waste. The CaO and SiO2 content in landfill mining residues were 5.81% and 46.31%, while in ceramic shard waste the concentrations were 4.60% and 64.33%. The selected paving block composition variation which is in accordance with SNI 03-0691-1996 was variation 4 with a composition ratio of 10% ceramic shard waste:20% landfill mining residue:50% sand:20% cement, which has meet the classification of quality C. The best values in the selected variation were a compressive strength test value of 21.69 MPa, water absorption test value of 3.16%, wear resistance test value of 0.169 mm/min, and a sodium sulfate resistance test score of 1%.

Optimization of operational techniques in waste management case study: Lhokseumawe City

The high volume of waste that is not followed by properly waste management method, makes the waste management in Lhokseumawe not optimal. This problem is shown by the level of waste service is only about 38 %, while the waste that is not transported will be cumulative in any places. This is showed that the level of waste service is below of the minimum service standard that is 60 %–90 %. It is necessary to improve the waste management, especially in the utilization of waste to reduce the waste and landfill load. This research aims to evaluated and analysis of waste management in Lhokseumawe by two waste reduction scenarios, that are waste bank scenario and recycle scenario. The method that were used in this research are material balance analysis, lifetime of landfill, and cost analysis. The result showed that waste reduction by scenario 1 and scenario 2 can reduce of waste in landfill about 49.8 % and 51.02 %. The lifetime of landfill by the waste reduction can be used for 28 years from the lifetime 18 years. Investment cost estimated that required in scenario 1 and scenario 2 are smaller than the investment cost of existing, respectively IDR746,646,860, IDR755,530,822 and IDR1,202,644,444.

The Study of Solid Waste Management to Extend the Lifetime of Sukoharjo Landfill, Pati Regency

The waste generation increases along with the increase of population and then the percentage of waste services is increasing every year so the capacity of Sukoharjo landfill becomes decreasing. While to find a suitable location for new landfill sites that are completed requirements of regulation is difficult. It is needed some actions to extend the lifetime of Sukoharjo landfill, one of them is application 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) mechanism in waste management. This study aims to analyze the lifetime of Sukoharjo landfills with the mechanism of Reuse, Reduce and Recycle (3R). The method used in this research is quantitative and qualitative methods. Based on the calculation, the landfill only available until 2022. The existence of composting and recycling of anorganic waste, landfill lifetime will extend until 2025. Our results show that there is a significant comparison of the volume waste in landfills between untreated incoming trash with treated by Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) mechanism. By 2028, the waste generation in a landfill will be 24,821,724 kg. During composting (30%) and recycling of anorganic waste (15%), the volume of waste in landfill is reduced to 14,401,796 kg.

Prediction of heavy metals concentration in the leachate: a case study of Ukrainian waste

A lifetime of landfill with the waste composition and conditions specific to big and small towns of Ukraine is reproduced with landfill simulation reactors in 12-week period. The heavy metals concentrations (lead, nickel, chromium, cadmium) and physico-chemical parameters affecting (pH, reduction potential, conductivity, DOC, COD) are measured in the leachate formed during the reactors exploitation. The results show a quite high content of the heavy metals. Higher concentrations are found where more organic fraction is present in the waste. There are conditions inside the reactors, especially acidity, which are crucial at the early stages. Further, a significant impact can be caused by unequal distribution of heavy metals in the waste body. Also due to accelerated water regime in the reactors, the heavy metals concentrations in a landfill leachate are predicted up to 50–55 years. Forecast shows multiple (2–18 times) exceeding the allowable concentrations of all heavy metals.

Proposal to Evaluate the Potential of Biogas and Lifetime of Landfills for the Production of Electrical Energy

Proposal to Evaluate the Potential of Biogas and Lifetime of Landfills for the Production of Electrical Energy

SANITARY LANDFILL COSTS FROM DESIGN TO AFTERCARE: CRITERIA FOR DEFINING UNIT COST

Landfill costs have been estimated for an average case that represents a reference landfill model for Northern Italy. This case is based on the analysis of more than 15 landfill projects per the requirements of the Italian legislation. These projects were based on the suggestions of the national landfill guidelines and best practices. Costs have been analysed through the four phases of the landfill lifetime (i.e.: design and authorization, construction, operation, and aftercare) and expressed per unit of waste volume in order to define the “landfill gate fee” that represents a unit payment for the whole landfill life cycle service. The estimated value, equal to 86.04 €/m3, is in line with the analysed references and it is mainly attributed to the costs of leachate disposal, the staff, and raw materials for liner construction. However, other factors such as localization, climatic conditions, waste quality, landfill geometry, operative procedures, and financial and legal aspects can significantly influence the landfill gate fee. Finally, the results of this study, based on a large data analysis, represent a starting point for a comparative economic analysis to support political and technical decisions.

Current practices of construction waste reduction through 3R practice among contractors in malaysia: Case study in penang

The effectiveness of the implementation of construction waste reduction through 3R reflects the sustainability in construction waste management. Weak implementation of construction waste reduction through 3R among contractors will lead to unsustainable construction waste management. Increase in construction waste on landfills is critical especially on islands where land is very limited for solid waste disposal. This aim of this paper is to investigate current practice of construction waste reduction through 3R practice among contractors in Penang, Malaysia. The findings reported herein is based on feedbacks from 143 construction contractors of grade CIDB G7, G6 and G5 in Penang and experts from Penang Local Authority, CIDB in Penang and its Headquarters, National Solid Waste Management Department, and Headquarters of Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation. Interviews and questionnaire surveys have been found that 3R practice is not mandatory in construction waste management in Penang. Only 39.8% construction contractors practiced 3R in managing their waste. Therefore, 3R practices should be emphasized in construction industry. Reducing wastes through 3R practices in construction industry is a way forward towards sustainable construction waste management especially in expanding the lifetime of landfill.

Binderless Fiberboards Made from Unripe Coconut Husks

With the growing consumption of coconut water, high amounts of wastes that are hard to manage are produced. Such biomass should be recycled for reducing the accumulation of trash, adding value to the supply chain and generating profits, and increasing the useful lifetime of landfills. White coir contains high amounts of lignin, which can act as a natural binder under suitable conditions of pressure and temperature. Synthetic resins derived from petroleum are commonly used as fiberboard binders; however, they are potentially cancer promoters. Furniture, wallboard, floors, and coatings can be produced using coir-based fiberboards without needing to cut down trees. This study investigated the potential of coconut husks as a raw material for binderless fiberboards. The fiberboards were characterized by thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling, water uptake, and the mechanical properties of the fiberboards were also examined. The use of high temperatures results in the production of fiberboards exhibiting an enhanced water resistance, in accordance with the standard procedure ABNT NBR 15316-2:2015 for High-density fiberboards (HDF). HDF were successfully fabricated in the absence of additional binders. The pressing temperature plays an important role in determining the material characteristics.

Compression of tire aggregates in leachate collection systems

Tire-derived aggregates (TDA) have previously been applied in leachate collection and drainage systems (LCDSs). However, these systems are subjected to large overburden pressures, which may compress a tire medium and change its properties, thereby affecting its performance. In this study, properties of three types of commercially-available TDA sourced from processors in Alberta, Canada were investigated under conditions expected in a landfill, along with the implications of these properties on hydraulic performance of LCDSs. A large test apparatus was used to compress the materials by up to 330 kPa. Samples tested were highly compressible, with strains of about 50% under 150–240 kPa loads (corresponding to landfill heights of 12–18·5 m under typical compaction). Vertical hydraulic conductivity decreased with compression, but remained above the Alberta threshold of 10−4 m/s. No significant differences among media types were demonstrated. A criterion for determining the initial thickness of a drainage layer required to maintain a thickness of at least 300 mm over a landfill's lifetime. At least 600 mm of TDA would need to be placed to account for 50% compression.

A comparison of greenhouse gas emissions and potential electricity recovery from conventional and bioreactor landfills

As methane constitutes about 50% of landfill biogas, reduction of methane emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills results in climate change mitigation. As such, it is important for a landfill lifetime model to properly reflect the manner in which biogas is managed. The goal of this research is to compare landfill biogas management in a conventional landfill with a bioreactor landfill during a 100-year time horizon. This comparison concentrates on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions balances and electricity generation potential from recovered biogas using reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE), which leads to avoiding GHG emissions due to fossil fuel displacement. The results estimated that the total amount of GHG emissions released to atmosphere, including fugitive methane emissions and the avoided effect of electrical energy production, was 668 and 803 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents (CO2E) per metric ton (t) of landfilled MSW for the conventional and the bioreactor landfill, respectively. This study underscores the importance of installing an aggressive gas collection system early for bioreactor landfills, and for investigating methods of improving gas collection efficiency during active landfilling.