Lifespan Of Wireless Sensor Networks Research Articles

Machine learning‐based data fusion method for wireless sensor networks

AbstractFor wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensor nodes lose a certain amount of energy during the information collection and transmission process, and sensor nodes powered by non‐replaceable batteries have limited energy and need to be controlled for energy consumption. In the face of the energy consumption issue in WSN data transmission, research has been conducted to analyze data fusion methods in order to reduce energy consumption. Based on machine learning techniques, a Deep Stacked Auto‐Encoder (DSAE) model is constructed and trained using a layer‐wise greedy approach. By combining this model with WSN, an algorithm based on the DSAE model, called Deep Stacked Auto‐Encoder Data Fusion Algorithm (DSAEDFA), is obtained to do data fusion. The results show that compared to other algorithms, the proposed fusion algorithm has better fusion performance. When the number of iterations is set to 500, the DSAEDFA has 281 surviving nodes, which is 10 more than the Back‐Propagation Data Fusion Algorithm (BPDFA) and 144 more than the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm. When the number of failed nodes is 40, the DSAEDFA has a network survival time of 2562 rounds, which is 746 rounds longer than the LEACH algorithm. The research method effectively extends the lifespan of wireless sensor networks and reduces data transmission energy consumption. Compared to previous methods, the proposed method consider the factors of node residual energy and distance on the basis of traditional routing protocols, making the selection of cluster heads more reasonable. The proposed method can organically combine the DSAE model with the clustering model, optimize the data fusion method, and improve the performance of the algorithm. In addition, by combining the DSAE model, a machine learning technique with clustering models has been expanded in terms of the application scope.

Using a Fuzzy Approach as an Assessment Method to Extend the Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks using the LEACH Protocol

Wireless sensor network is the term used to describe a network where network nodes are wirelessly configured to collect data from the real world. Node sensors depend on finite energy sources, such as batteries, because of the wireless configuration they have. If the battery-operated sensor of the node is not charged, it will be unable to carry out its intended function. If a specific amount of nodes fail, the network will cease to function. Several energy-efficient protocols were developed for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), including the LEACH Protocol. The LEACH protocol demonstrates a single cluster-based protocol by dividing available sensor nodes into sets and interacting with each set individually. The shape of an energy can be altered by compressing or expanding it, based on the cluster's configuration. We are comparing the network lifespans of three distinct versions of the LEACH protocol that utilize fuzzy techniques for cluster selection with the lifespan of WSNs generated by a previous version of the protocol.

Design and optimization of broadband CPW rectenna for RF energy harvesting

ABSTRACT Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in a variety of sectors, including the surveillance, healthcare, and military, and so on. The high cost and short lifespan of wireless sensor networks prohibit emerging and low-income nations for using their benefits. This article proposes a compact, low cost, and broadband coplanar waveguide rectenna with a simple novel ground plane operate in band range of 4.8–5.5 GHz (700 MHz) for an effective solution to radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting applications in WSNs. A parametric study of distinct antennas is also conducted to strengthen the attributes of the proposed antenna. The defected ground structure created on the co-plane offers 105° measured half power beamwidth (HPBW) in the H-plane for wide angular coverage. As a result, design alignment does not need to be extremely perfect in order to make conversion efficiency constant. The rectifying circuit is made compact by using a two-stub impedance matching network. At load resistance of 1k Ω, the power conversion efficiency of the proposed rectenna for a low input power level of −10 dBm is 27.2% (simulated) and 20.1% (measured) while its maximum value is 52.5% (simulated) and 50.1% (measured) for input power level of 10 dBm.

Enhancing network lifespan in wireless sensor networks using deep learning based Graph Neural Network

Inadequate energy of sensors is one of the most significant challenges in the development of a reliable wireless sensor network (WSN) that can withstand the demands of growing WSN applications. Implementing a sleep-wake scheduling scheme while assigning data collection and sensing chores to a dominant group of awake sensors while all other nodes are in a sleep state seems to be a potential way for preserving the energy of these sensor nodes. When the starting energy of the nodes changes from one node to another, this issue becomes more difficult to solve. The notion of a dominant set-in graph has been used in a variety of situations. The search for the smallest dominant set in a big graph might be time-consuming. Specifically, we address two issues: first, identifying the smallest possible dominant set, and second, extending the network lifespan by saving the energy of the sensors. To overcome the first problem, we design and develop a deep learning-based Graph Neural Network (DL-GNN). The GNN training method and back-propagation approach were used to train a GNN consisting of three networks such as transition network, bias network, and output network, to determine the minimal dominant set in the created graph. As a second step, we proposed a hybrid fixed-variant search (HFVS) method that considers minimal dominant sets as input and improves overall network lifespan by swapping nodes of minimal dominating sets. We prepared simulated networks with various network configurations and modeled different WSNs as undirected graphs. To get better convergence, the different values of state vector dimensions of the input vectors are investigated. When the state vector dimension is 3 or 4, minimum dominant set is recognized with high accuracy. The paper also presents comparative analyses between the proposed HFVS algorithm and other existing algorithms for extending network lifespan and discusses the trade-offs that exist between them. Lifespan of wireless sensor network, which is based on the dominant set method, is greatly increased by the techniques we have proposed.

Optimization Network Lifetime Through Residual Energy-Based Cluster Head Selection in IoT-Enabled WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained an emerging importance in different application domains especially in event tracking and monitoring. The sensor nodes in WSNs are observed to have shorter lifetime due to the continuous sensing and processing operations that result in quicker energy depletion. Small, inexpensive, low-power, multipurpose nodes that are connected to one another form the basis of WSNs. Efficiently gather & communicate data to a washbasin. Cluster Heads (CHs) are used in cluster-based approaches to effectively arrange WSNs for data collection and energy conservation. A CH collects data from cluster nodes and aggregates/compresses it before sending it to a sink. The node's greater responsibility does, however, result in a higher energy drain, which leads to uneven network deterioration. This is made up for by LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), which probabilistically alternates CH roles among nodes with energy over a set threshold. CH selection in WSN is NP-Hard because optimal data aggregation with effective energy savings cannot be done in polynomial time. To improve system performance, the synchronous firefly approach, a modified firefly heuristic, is introduced in this paper. A thorough simulation shows that the suggested method performs better than LEACH and energy-efficient hierarchical clustering. In today's world of intelligent networks, the internet of things (IoT) and industrial IoT (IIoT) are extremely important, and they fundamentally use a wireless sensor network (WSN) as a perception layer to collect the necessary data. The difficulty here is the usage of minimal energy for processing and communication. This data is processed as information and sent to cloud servers through a base station. The lifespan of WSNs is increased by the dynamic generation of cluster heads and energy-conscious clustering strategies.

Data accumulation in WSNs using a mobile sink: A linear programming approach

Sensor Nodes (SNs) in Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continuously monitor the environment and accumulate data. But due to the limited memory and processing capabilities of the sensor nodes, the data must be transmitted to the central server for further analysis. To do this, routing via multi-hop channel is used which consumes a lot of particular SN's energy and also utilizes the resources, including the battery and memory of all the SN's involved in routing. This process drains the SN's energy rapidly and further leading to disconnection from the central server. To address this issue, mobile sink concept is introduced. The mobile sink collects the data from the SN's and hands it over to the central server which reduces the SN's involvement in data transmitting, but this process involves computationally complex tasks. In this context, we use linear programming to find the best visiting order to collect the information from a set of prioritized SN's, where other nodes transmit their data to them. We confirm that this process is computationally lightweight. In addition, this approach meat the performance criteria such as the lifespan of WSNs, the usage of buffer, throughput, and delay. We simulate the proposed model using Python, and they show improvement in efficiency when tested with different metrics of WSNs.

Energy-Efficient EEG-Based Scheme for Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection Using Wearable Sensors.

The deployment of wearable wireless systems that collect physiological indicators to aid in diagnosing neurological disorders represents a potential solution for the new generation of e-health systems. Electroencephalography (EEG), a recording of the brain's electrical activity, is a promising physiological test for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. It can identify the abnormalities of the neural system that are associated with autism spectrum disorders. However, streaming EEG samples remotely for classification can reduce the wireless sensor's lifespan and creates doubt regarding the application's feasibility. Therefore, decreasing data transmission may conserve sensor energy and extend the lifespan of wireless sensor networks. This paper suggests the development of a sensor-based scheme for early age autism detection. The proposed scheme implements an energy-efficient method for signal transformation allowing relevant feature extraction for accurate classification using machine learning algorithms. The experimental results indicate an accuracy of 96%, a sensitivity of 100%, and around 95% of F1 score for all used machine learning models. The results also show that our scheme energy consumption is 97% lower than streaming the raw EEG samples.

A novel method for optimizing energy consumption in wireless sensor network using genetic algorithm

Advancements in information technology and wireless sensors networks (WSN) create new possibilities in a variety of industries, including environmental testing, healthcare, and industrial control. The sensor has become more intelligent, has begun to go wireless, and has become smaller. WSN is used in various industries thanks to its benefits such low cost, simple installation, consistent transmission, and excellent anti-interference ability. Although wireless network sensors have numerous benefits, they also have certain drawbacks. The main obstacle limiting the lifespan of wireless sensor networks is energy, and it might be difficult or even impossible to charge or replace the power sources on wireless network nodes. The battery puts limits on the network nodes responsible for data processing and information transfer. The key to network optimization is thus to increase the network's overall life. WSN have a wide range of recognized uses, and this diversity necessitates improvements to the existing protocols and their particular properties. The lifespan of the network and energy usage for routing are two important criteria that are important in every application. In order to create the perfect set of parameters for routing and application-based WSNs, the study discussed here improved network coverage, clustering, node placement, and data aggregation. A unique fitness function was created, enhanced, and customised for usage in all stages of WSN operation based on the outcomes of evolutionary algorithms and NS simulations. The results of the comparison indicated that, while to varied degrees, these logarithms and methods might reduce that energy. It has been determined that the suggested methodology could lead to a 50% reduction in energy consumption.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Novel Schemes for Performance Evaluation

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a comparatively new revolutionary technology that has the potential to revolutionize how we live together with the present system. To enhance data archiving, WSNs are frequently used in scientific studies. Many applications have proved the value of wired sensors; however, they are prone to wire cutting or damage. While preventing wire tangles and damage, wireless sensor networks provide autonomous monitoring. The WS network suffers from a number of fundamental restrictions, including insufficient processing power, storage space, available bandwidth, and information exchange. Consequently, energy-efficient strategies are necessary for maximizing the performance and lifespan of WSNs. As a result, the special cluster head relay node and energy balancing techniques will be applied to deal with WSN energy consumptions. This extends the life of the network. In wireless sensor networks, clustering is a smart approach to reduce energy consumption. Energy scarcity and consumption are serious issues that must be addressed with effective and dependable solutions. The proposed MGSA considers the distance between each node and its corresponding CHs, as well as the residual energy and delay, as important factors in the relay node selection. The proposed approach outperforms the current methods, such as low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, LEACH (in terms of data delivery rate), energy efficiency, and network longevity. The next level, which will boost the efficiency of wireless sensor networks, with two fitness functions, is proposed. The cluster head (CH) is in charge of collecting and transmitting data from all other cluster nodes. The flow of the consistency of the cluster head selection process will beat the improved data delivery rate, energy efficiency, recommended fuzzy clustering performance experiments, and assessments. As a result, energy-efficient operations are necessary to maximize the WSN performance and lifespan.

Thermal resistances model for a soil-to-air thermoelectric generator device

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used more and more often as a result of the Internet of Things' quick growth. The largest constraint on the lifespan of WSNs is the issue with power supply. The thermal resistance model of thermoelectric devices and the thermoelectric conversion model are developed in this paper to solve this problem. The impact of environment on the thermal resistance of the system is examined based on this model, and the voltage and power that the system can produce in various conditions is determined using the thermoelectric conversion model. The system can generate a maximum voltage of 0.52 V and power of 2.24 mW, according to field trial results, which offers a workable solution to the energy constraint issue faced by wireless sensor nodes.

Optimal Relay Angle-Based Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a novel optimal relay angle-based clustering routing protocol called RACR is proposed to balance nodes’ energy consumption and prolong the network lifespan of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In RACR, each node considers the parameters residual energy, number of neighbors, and average distance with neighbors as a criteria to determine whether to become a cluster head (CH) which cooperates with its neighbors to form a cluster. Afterward, the optimal relay angle is calculated for each CH to find its best relay node according to a target function considering the least energy consumption, which is applied to reduce the search range for finding routing paths. Consequently, all the CHs can find their best next-hop nodes within the determined field according to their residual energy, distance to the next-hop CH, and loads. Iteratively, the CHs obtain their best routing paths to the BS in the end. Simulation results demonstrate its effectiveness of RACR in terms of energy consumption, standard deviation of residual energy, data communication delay, network throughput, and lifespan.

An optimized joint medium access control and routing protocol with iterative contention window adjustment mechanism for a guaranteed lifetime in Internet of Things‐based wireless sensor networks

SummaryThe problem of extending the lifespan of wireless sensor networks (WSN) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely investigated over the last 20 years. This paper proposes an Optimized J‐RMAC (optimized joint routing and media access control protocol) to guarantee the network lifetime in IoT‐based WSN. Initially, all sensor nodes report their position and coverage information to the sink, which uses this information to pick a list of active nodes based on energy usage and active time. Then, the k‐covered network is formed to execute the routing task by selecting the active nodes with the largest sensing areas. A multi‐objective seagull optimization algorithm (MO‐SOA) represents routing paths between the source and destination by considering two objective functions: energy consumption cost and end‐to‐end delay of a routing path. After that, the contention window of the nodes in the routing path is adjusted using a new iterative adaptive adjustment process of the contention window with adjustment parameters (IAACW‐AP) to avoid message conflicts. The proposed protocol is simulated in the NS2 simulator. The performance of the proposed protocol will be compared with existing strategies in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, communication overhead, energy consumption, and delay.

A hybrid approach to enhance the lifespan of WSNs in nuclear power plant monitoring system

In recent years, the nuclear power plant has received huge attention as it generates vast amounts of power at a lower cost. However, its creation of radioactive wastes is a major environmental concern. Therefore, the nuclear power plant requires a reliable and uninterrupted monitoring system as an essential part of it. Monitoring a nuclear power plant using wireless sensor networks is a convenient and popular practice now. This paper proposes a hybrid approach for monitoring wireless sensor networks in the context of a nuclear power plant in Bangladesh. Our hybrid approach enhances the lifespan of wireless sensor networks reducing power consumption and offering better connectivity of sensors. To do so, it uses both the topology maintenance and topology construction algorithms. We found that the HGETRecRot topology maintenance algorithm enhances the network lifetime compared to other algorithms. This algorithm increases the communication and sensing coverage area but decreases the network performance. We also propose a prediction model, based on linear regression algorithm, that predicts the best combination of topology maintenance and topology construction algorithms.

Affinity Propagation and Chaotic Lion Swarm Optimization Based Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks

By grouping nodes with similar attributes into clusters, the energy efficiency and lifespan of wireless sensor networks(WSNs) can be improved effectively. However, the number of clusters needs to be set in advance, and the optimal cluster heads (CHs) are difficult to determine, which will undoubtedly reduce the network’s overall performance. Therefore, a new clustering method using Affinity Propagation and Chaotic Lion swarm Optimization is proposed in this paper to form optimal clusters, which is called APCLO. In APCLO, Affinity Propagation (AP) is used to construct a cluster topology, forming the initial clustering according to the remaining energies of the nodes and the similarity of the distances between nodes. Moreover, the initial CHs are also determined simultaneously by AP. In order to eliminate the outliers from the initial CHs, Chaotic Lion Optimization(CLO) is presented to find the best CHs, in which a fitness function is set according to residual energy and distance to the BS, and chaotic map is used to speed up the convergence of CLO. Simulation results show that the APCLO protocol is superior to the comparison protocols in terms of energy consumption, network throughput, convergence speed, and lifetime. For network lifespan, it increases by 20.1%, 11.2%, and 13.5% respectively.

Metaheuristics Enabled Clustering with Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a vital element in Internet of Things (IoT) as the former enables the collection of huge quantities of data in energy-constrained environment. WSN offers independent access to the target region and performs data collection in an effective manner. But energy constraints remain a challenging issue in WSN since it operates on in-built battery. The studies conducted earlier recommended that the energy spent on communication process must be considerably reduced to improve the efficiency of WSN. Cluster organization and optimal selection of the routes are considered as NP hard optimization problems which can be resolved with the help of metaheuristic algorithms. Clustering and routing are considered as effective approaches in enhancing the energy effectiveness and lifespan of WSN. In this background, the current study develops an Improved Duck and Traveller Optimization (IDTO)-enabled cluster-based Multi-Hop Routing (IDTOMHR) technique for WSN. Primarily, IDTO algorithm is exploited for the selection of Cluster Head (CH) and construction of clusters. Besides, Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimization (ATGO) technique is also used to derive an optimal set of routes to the destination. Both clustering and routing approaches derive a fitness function with the inclusion of multiple input parameters. The proposed IDTOMHR model was experimentally validated for its performance under different aspects. The extensive experimental results confirmed the better performance of IDTOMHR model over other recent approaches.

Enhanced Auxiliary Cluster Head Selection Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

Background & Objective: Wireless sensor networks are made up of a huge amount of less powered small sensor nodes that can audit the surroundings, collect meaningful data, and send it to the base station. Various energy management plans that pursue to lengthen the endurance of overall network have been proposed over the years, but energy conservation remains the major challenge as the sensor nodes have finite battery and low computational capabilities. Cluster based routing is the most fitting system to help in burden adjusting, adaptation to internal failure, and solid correspondence to draw out execution parameters of wireless sensor network. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy is an efficient clustering based hierarchical protocol that is used to enhance the lifetime of sensor nodes in wireless sensor network. It has some basic flaws that need to be overwhelmed in order to reduce the energy utilization and inflating the nodes lifetime. Methods: In this paper, an effective auxiliary cluster head selection is used to propose a new enhanced GC-LEACH algorithm in order to minimize the energy utilization and prolong the lifespan of wireless sensor network. Results & Conclusion: Simulation is performed in NS-2 and the outcomes show that the GCLEACH outperforms conventional LEACH and its existing versions in the context of frequent cluster head rotation in various rounds, number of data packets collected at base station, as well as reduces the energy consumption 14% - 19% and prolongs the system lifetime 8% - 15%.

Evaluation and Analysis for Maximum Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks by Energy-Efficient Design

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have used worldwide in the past few years and are now being used in health monitoring ,disaster management, defense, telecommunications, etc. Such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications such as industrial process and environment monitoring, among others. A WSN network is a collection of specialized transducers known as sensor nodes with a communication link distributed randomly in any locations to monitor environmental parameters such as water level, and temperature. Each sensor node is equipped with a transducer, a signal processor, a power unit, and a transceiver. WSNs are now being widely used to monitor environmental parameters, including the amount of gas, water, temperature, humidity, oxygen level, dust, etc. The WSN for environment monitoring can be equivalently replaced by a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay network. Multi-hop relay networks have attracted significant research interest in recent years for their capability in increasing the coverage range. The network communication link from a source to a destination is implemented using the amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and-forward (DF) schemes. The AF relay receives information from the previous relay and simply amplifies the received signal and then forwards it to the next relay. On the other hand, the DF relay first decodes the received signal and then forwards it to the next relay in the second stage if it can perfectly decode the incoming signal. For analytical simplicity, in this thesis, we consider the AF relaying scheme and the results of this work can also be developed for the DF relay.

A new data aggregation approach for WSNs based on open pits mining

Wireless sensor networks consist of a large number of sensor nodes with limited energy, which is widely used in various Internet of things scenarios in recent years. Regarding the vast use of smart objects and applications, one of the big challenges is to collect and analyse the data. Sensor energy limitations and data redundancy are the primary challenges in these networks and reduce network lifetime as well. Therefore, the nodes try to eliminate redundant data, before transferring it to the central station. Data aggregation in IoT such as wireless sensor network plays an important role because in IoT there are heterogeneous data collected from different sources which need more energy to send data. One of the solutions to reduce energy, in this case, is to process and aggregate data prior to sending it. Data aggregation is an effective technique in reducing the data redundancy as well as improving energy efficiency; It also increases the lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks. Integrating and combining relevant and identical data prevents sending additional packets, and minimizes the redundancy, saves energy, and increases network lifetime. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a new data aggregation method based on the open-pit mining idea efficiently. In this approach, the wireless sensor network is divided into several clusters, and in each cluster, a central node is specified, around which some hypothetical pits are considered to aggregate and send data.

Fuzzy based multi-level multi-constraint multi-path reliable routing in wireless sensor network

In the direction of keeping up longer life time of network, there is a limitation on the life-span of Wireless Sensor Network. In numerous applications, data to be sensed should be transmitted commencing from sources towards a sink in a timely way. The low effectiveness of data transmission is capable of routing with low quality of service and needed to guarantee network transmission. The proposed scheme Fuzzy Based Multi-level Multi-constraint Multi-path Reliable Routing contains the energy, delay and transmission reliability. Clustering is utilized for efficient aggregation of residual energy. Super Cluster Head (SCH) selection algorithm among the CHs based fuzzy concept is proposed. The parameters are Attempt Rate (AR), Residual Energy of Sensor Nodes, and distance to the base station) (Dist). Further cost function (CF) for the average residual energy and average end-to-end (ENE) delay, average transmission reliability (AR) for multipath routing network is proposed. The sensed data from SCH to a sink by assures minimum end-to-end delay and maximum transmission reliability and maximum residual energy with assuring reliable routing. Also it is utilized an optimization technique to adjust the parameters used in fuzzy clustering levels to optimize the performance. The work also includes performance comparisons with some selected algorithms. The results of a simulation are shown in NS2 tool and reflect that proposed work performs better than other existing protocols considering different metric used for comparing delay, throughput, PDR, Packet Drop and control overhead.

Extending the Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey of LEACH and Non-LEACH Routing Protocols

Extending the Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey of LEACH and Non-LEACH Routing Protocols