Life Of Poverty Research Articles

A Case Study on Micro Financial Institutions – Effective Tool for Alleviating Rural Poverty in India

Micro financial (MFI’s) are extremely important in helping the underprivileged and low-income people in a nation like India, where 70% of people reside in rural areas and 60% of people are employed in agriculture according to the data of World Bank. The case study aims to highlights significance of microfinance in developing nations like India, where a sizable portion of the populace lives in poverty and lacks access to regular banking services. The Self Help Groups (SHGs)-Bank Linkage Program and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are the two main techniques that define the microfinance sector in India. The Self Help Groups (SHGs)-Bank linkage initiative, which aims to give the unreached poor a cost-effective way to receive financial services, is the main player in microfinance in India. The purpose of this case study is to assess the current state and contribution of microfinance to India's growth by elevating the economic conditions of rural population. Keywords: MFI’s, SHGs (Self Help Groups), Poverty Alleviation.

Impacts of a Poverty Simulation Experience on Student Empathy Levels Toward People Living in Poverty

Many people hold negative opinions about individuals living in poverty without direct experience with poverty. Educating college students on the realities of life in poverty is critical to prepare them to serve in human-service careers. One way to educate about poverty is through an experiential education tool called a “simulation.” Poverty simulations are powerful tools that give participants embodied role-play experiences to promote social empathy and combat negative or singular perceptions of poverty. We explore the impact of the Missouri Community Action Network poverty simulation (CAPS) on student empathy for people experiencing poverty. We used the Undergraduate Perspectives of Poverty Tracking Survey (UPPTS) implemented as a retrospective pretest. While the impacts of CAPS have been studied, our unique contribution is the focus on empathy and use of the UPPTS. We found that student empathy for people living in poverty increased after the simulation with the greatest change occurring around four UTTPS factors: welfare attitudes, do more, lack of resources, and equal opportunity. Gender and financial status were the two demographics that had statistically significant difference of impact between categories with women and those who were “very financially secure” experiencing a greater change in empathy between pre and post scores.

Access to the Healthcare in Remote Areas is Support for Poverty Reduction

In India, around 14.96% of the population lives in poverty despite implementation of a number of programmes to combat poverty. Most of the people who live in poverty have experienced some form of deprivation at some point of time in life although most of the poverty alleviation programmes to combat poverty aim to lessen the distress. A majority of the poor do not have access to poverty alleviation programmes for reasons ranging from backwardness, social deprivation, residing in remote areas, illiteracy, inaccessible healthcare etc. There is a lack of convergence between various programmes which is making it difficult to identify and meet the needs of targeted poor. If the poor have affordable or gratis access to healthcare, education and other services, they will be empowered to come out from the clutches of poverty and prevent it passing to the next generation. The contributions made by Akha Boat Clinics and Jan Swasthya Sahyog (JSS) are one such successful illustration that are supporting the poor to come out of poverty with access to reachable and affordable healthcare at doorstep. The health provisions made available to the poor by these two models of healthcare also in partnership with the governments on PPP model have improved the quality of life for those living in poverty in rural and remote areas.

“Paputian ng Laba”: Journey through the complex challenges faced by Filipino families in daily life [“Paputian ng Laba”:Paglalakbay sa suli-suliraning hamon na kinaharap ng pamilyang Pilipino sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay

The short story entitled “Paputian ng Laba '' by Allan Derain is about a little girl named Lailani who lives in poverty but continues to work hard by washing other people's clothes so that she and her family can get out of poverty. The researchers researched the challenges and difficulties that a Filipino household faces in sustaining their daily needs. The research found out the difficulties that Filipinos experience in their everyday lives and the effects of their problems, just like the circumstances Lailani experienced in the short story. The researchers used a qualitative research design in doing the research; they listed the important details that happened in the short story, and they also used an appropriate theory that is related to the literature. The short story of Allan Derain entitled “Paputian ng Laba” depicts the difficulties caused by the poverty that Filipino household faces in their everyday lives.

The Crucial Need for Child Assessments and Interventions Training in Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe, children face significant challenges that impede their well-being and development, including poverty, violence, abuse, and limited access to healthcare and education. These adversities profoundly impact their physical, mental, and emotional health. Over 70% of the population lives in poverty, depriving children of essential resources such as nutritious food, clean water, and proper sanitation (World Bank, 2022). High incidences of violence and abuse further jeopardise children’s development, with approximately one in three girls and one in five boys experiencing sexual violence before the age of 18 (UNICEF Zimbabwe, 2019). The healthcare system is strained by a shortage of professionals and insufficient training in child-specific needs, failing to provide adequate care (Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care, 2021). The education sector also struggles, particularly in rural areas, where children face inadequate facilities and untrained teachers (Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, 2020). To address these challenges, robust training programs in child assessments and interventions are crucial. Such training would equip healthcare providers, educators, and social workers with the skills to identify developmental disorders and other issues early, allowing for timely and appropriate interventions. Early detection and intervention can significantly improve outcomes for children with conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2020). Investing in child assessments and intervention training would enhance professionals’ abilities to support children who have experienced trauma, abuse, and neglect. This investment would also address the impacts of poverty and violence by enabling targeted support such as counselling, nutritional assistance, and educational programs. Effective community-based interventions, supported by well-trained professionals, can mitigate the adverse effects of socio-economic challenges (Cluver et al., 2018). Moreover, comprehensive training programs for educators can enhance educational outcomes for children with special needs. Early identification of learning disabilities through thorough child assessments allows for the development of individualised education plans (IEPs), providing customized support to meet each child’s unique needs (Shaywitz, 2003). Improving access to healthcare through mobile clinics and telehealth services, alongside training healthcare providers in child assessments, can bridge the gap in healthcare services for children, especially in rural areas. Developing a supportive infrastructure, including standardized assessment tools, training programs, and a robust referral system, is essential for effective implementation (van der Linde et al., 2018). By prioritizing child assessments and intervention training, Zimbabwe can create a supportive environment for children’s development, ensuring that every child has the opportunity to reach their full potential. This coordinated effort will pave the way for a brighter future for Zimbabwe’s youth, fostering their growth and development amidst challenging circumstances.

CONFRONTING PAKISTAN'S OVERPOPULATION ISSUE FOR LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS

CONFRONTING PAKISTAN'S OVERPOPULATION ISSUE FOR LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS

Highlighting health consequences of racial disparities sparks support for action.

Racial disparities arise across many vital areas of American life, including employment, health, and interpersonal treatment. For example, one in three Black children lives in poverty (versus one in nine white children), and, on average, Black Americans live four fewer years compared with white Americans. Which disparity is more likely to spark reduction efforts? We find that highlighting disparities in health-related (versus economic) outcomes spurs greater social media engagement and support for disparity-mitigating policy. Further, reading about racial health disparities elicits greater support for action (e.g., protesting) compared with economic- or belonging-based disparities. This occurs in part because people view health disparities as violating morally sacred values, which enhances perceived injustice. This work elucidates which manifestations of racial inequality are most likely to prompt Americans to action.

Intersecting Disability and Poverty in the Global South: Barriers to the Localization of the UNCRPD

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) remains in place as the major disability rights instrument recognising that all persons with disabilities must enjoy human rights and freedoms as every other person. However, the CRPD does not automatically confer realization of these rights. In practice, its implementation is met by multiple hurdles, most pronounced at the local level in the Global South, where disability and poverty intersect. This article reports on findings from a study in five countries (Kenya, Philippines, Jamaica, Guatemala, and South Africa) looking at the extent to which the CRPD is being implemented locally in contexts of poverty, and the factors and processes impacting this localization. The findings highlight multiple barriers, becoming more pronounced in local rural areas. These include weak and fragmented organisations of persons with disabilities (OPDs), political and legal issues, and a siloed approach where disability is marginalised in mainstream areas, including development. These barriers are accentuated as intersectional dimensions are factored in, including indigeneity, age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Overall, each local context is left to its own devices, with urban stakeholders, unknowing of what life in poverty is like and how this reframes the CRPD in discourse and practice at the forefront. Our study concludes that there is a profound need for an informed, contextualized, intersectional, and geopolitical analysis where poverty is kept sharply in focus. This is essential to move beyond unrealistic assumptions about disability rights frameworks and to work towards truly localized and transformative efforts.

Awareness of Public Elementary School Parents on the Legal Provisions of Anti-Child Labor Law: Basis for Intervention Plan

The Philippine Anti-Child Labor Law (Republic Act 7658) is a statutory law aimed at protecting children under 15 years old from working in public or private establishments. It consists of two areas: Information Dissemination and Penalties. The law aims to promote awareness and prevent violations, with penalties such as fines or imprisonment. A study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of public elementary school parents in a second-class municipality during the 2021-2022 school year. The results showed that the majority of respondents were older, female, and from larger families. The overall awareness of parents on the law was "High," with a high level of awareness grouped by age, sex, family size, and average family income. However, there was no significant difference in awareness among respondents based on age, sex, family size, or average family income. The findings suggest that barangay authorities and school administration do not collaborate to address child labor issues, as the community lives in poverty and relies on cheap manual labor. Additionally, older respondents should be made aware of the penalties for violating provisions of Article 12 of the law.

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

How do Latina/o Parents Interpret and Respond to the US Household Food Security Survey Module? A Qualitative Cognitive Interviewing Study

BackgroundThe US Latino/a population disproportionately lives in poverty and experiences household food insecurity, especially households with children. The Household Food Security Survey Module (FSSM) was originally developed among rural White women. Despite wide use in English and Spanish, how well the FSSM captures the food insecurity experiences of Latino/a households is not well known. ObjectiveThis study explored how Latino/a caregivers understood, interpreted, and perceived FSSM items and responses, and how well quantitative FSSM responses captured their reported food insecurity experiences. DesignTrained researchers conducted in-depth cognitive interviews in a qualitative study. Participants and settingInterviews were conducted between October 2021 and August 2022 with Latino/a adults (N = 62) experiencing food insecurity while caring for a child (aged 18 years or younger) in the same household, and living in California, New York, or Texas. Statistical analysis performedQualitative analysis using iterative summaries for data reduction focused on item interpretation, response patterns, and cross-cutting themes. ResultsParticipants generally understood FSSM items as intended. The most salient findings were themes that applied across multiple FSSM items rather than wording issues with specific items. Underreporting of food insecurity was linked to nonaffirmative (“never”) responses to items referencing not having enough money for food while describing reliance on nonmonetary resources (eg, food assistance or food pantries); emotional sensitivity to discussing food insecurity, particularly as it related to children; stigma and emotions related to skipping meals; and limited response options that participants believed did not reflect their experiences. These issues influenced multiple items, impeding ease of responding and leading to inaccurate responses in English- and Spanish-language versions. ConclusionsAssessing coping strategies and providing more acceptable response options could enhance FSSM validity. Considering emic perspectives of Latino/a caregivers and how food access experiences differ from quantitative survey measures of food security could strengthen policy and programs.

Who are the Poor Farm households' in Nigeria and is this Population Changing Over Time?

ABSTRACT: Reducing poverty in developing economies is a major challenge faced by the development stakeholders. Although poverty is a worldwide phenomenon, it has been observed that Nigeria is one of the countries that is worst hit by the poverty with biting effects more on the rural dwellers where the bulk of the population lives. Using the nationally representative household survey panel data by the World Bank/National Bureau of Statistics, from the 2012 to 2016 period to provide answers to what are the household demographic, farm, and geospatial characteristics that drive the likelihood of farm households entering, exiting, and re-entering poverty using the costs of basic needs approach as a marker of poverty. Four poverty levels were used in analyzing the household survey data. The two waves of poverty mobility in Nigeria approximately revealed 51.2 percent of poor farm households' in wave 1, and 42 percent in wave 2 were at risk of spending their entire lives in poverty. The probability of existing and entering two-year poverty mobility which started at 25 percent rose to 45 percent for four-year poverty mobility indicating that over time more farm households, have experienced changes in the status of their consumption expenditure relative to the poverty line. Close to households who begin poor, those who moved out of poverty in any of the other years had better endowments in terms of land and livestock ownership, urban residence, and involvement in non-farm income portfolios. It is concluded that older heads, higher educational attainment, engagement in crop/livestock production, and non-farm livelihood activities, strongly reduce the likelihood of farm households' poverty entry. Therefore, policy strategies aimed at dealing with poverty mobility should be heterogeneous across the poor farm households. Also, as the chronically poor lack physical assets and earning endowments, policy efforts should focus on education or other forms of skills acquisition programs in order to raise their livelihood portfolios and boost their earning capacity.

An Empirical Study on the Psychological Consequences of Child Hawking

Hawking is referred to as an occupation engaged by children and young adults which involves selling of items or goods in the street. Despite India's recent economic progress, more than a third of the population still lives in poverty. Any family, society, or nation that does not have a good agenda or adequate plans for its children is inevitably bound to fail to ensure its own survival and continuity. The ability of a society's children and youths to function effectively as members of that society depends on their ability to function effectively socially, politically, economically, and religiously. The quality of a child's connections with his or her primary caregivers has the biggest impact on his or her socio-emotional development . The early nurture, experiences, and interactions that a kid has have a tremendous impact on his or her socio-emotional development. . The main objective of study is based on the psychological consequences of child hawking. The method followed in the study is an empirical research method using a convenient sampling method. The sample size of the total number is 200. The independent variables used in the study are age ,gender, occupation and place of living. The dependent variable used in the study 1. Do you know about child hawking? 2. Agreeability to forcing children to sell things on the street. 3.factors constituting child hawking. 4. Results of child hawking. The Aim the study is that according to people’s view child hawking is to be considered as a serious maltreatment towards children and it completely violates the child’s fundamental rights. It also results bt causing mental stress, lack of education, rape and sexual abuse and lot more.

The impact of income-support interventions on life course risk factors and health outcomes during childhood: a systematic review in high income countries

BackgroundIn high income countries one in five children still lives in poverty, which is known to adversely shape the life course health trajectory of these children. However, much less is understood on whether social and fiscal policies have the capacity to reverse this damage, which intervention is likely to be most effective and when these interventions should be delivered to maximise their impact. This systematic review attempts to address these questions by looking at the impact of income-support interventions, delivered during the first 1,000 days of life, on cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory and mental health outcomes.MethodsThe review was restricted to experimental or quasi experimental studies conducted in high income countries. Studies were retrieved from multidisciplinary databases as well as health, economic, social sciences-specific literature browsers. All papers retrieved through the search strategy were double screened at title, abstract and full text stage. Relevant data of the selected studies were extracted and collected in tables, then summarised via narrative synthesis approach. Robustness of findings was assessed by tabulating impact by health outcome, type of intervention and study design.ResultsOverall, 16 relevant papers were identified, including 15 quasi-experimental studies and one randomized control trial (RCT). Income-support interventions included were unconditional/conditional cash transfers, income tax credit and minimum wage salary policies. Most studies were conducted in United States and Canada. Overall, the evidence suggested limited effect on mental health indicators but a positive, albeit small, effect of most policies on birth weight outcomes. Despite this, according to few studies that tried to extrapolate the results into public health terms, the potential number of negative outcomes averted might be consistent.ConclusionsIncome-support interventions can positively affect some of the health outcomes of interest in this review, including birth weight and mental health. Given the large number of people targeted by these programs, one could infer that – despite small – the observed effect may be still relevant at population level. Nonetheless, the limited generalisability of the evidence gathered hampers firm conclusions. For the future, the breadth and scope of this literature need to be broadened to fully exploit the potential of these interventions and understand how their public health impact can be maximised.

Kerala Development and the Attapadi Adivasi

The development experience of the state of Kerala in southwest India is based generally on democratic principles of equality and popular participation. This article focuses on the lives of the Adivasi 1 people of Attapadi in the Palakkad district of Kerala. It argues that the state of Kerala largely treats the Adivasis as secondary citizens and ignores their right to be socially and economically empowered. The state of Kerala takes pride in its positive ranking on human development and social progress indexes but has not done enough to stop Adivasi infants from dying of malnutrition, and Adivasis’ demands for land rights have been disregarded. As a result, they are forced to live obscure lives in poverty and generally unable to influence their sociopolitical sphere.

Incidence of Intoxications in the Emergency Department of Galati Hospital with Examples of Cardiovascular Effects of MDMA Intoxication

MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; commonly referred to as "Molly" or "ecstasy") is a synthetic compound, structurally and pharmacologically similar to both amphetamines and mescaline. MDMA differs somewhat from traditional amphetamines in that it is not structurally similar to serotonin. Cocaine is rare and cannabis is consumed less frequently than in Western Europe. Heroin is the drug of choice for the poor in Bucharest, Romania's capital of two million people, and alcoholism is common in villages where more than a third of the population lives in poverty. By far, the most popular drugs are Legal Highs (Romanians call them "ethnobotanics"). All of these drugs have significant effects on cardiovascular function that contribute significantly to adverse events. Most adverse cardiac events occur in young adults and are potentially reversible. Poisoning among patients aged 17 years and over was commonly seen in the Emergency Departments of a large tertiary hospital in the city centre, accounting for 3.2% of all patients. In a third of the poisonings, more than one substance was used. Intoxication with ethnobotanicals was the most frequently observed, followed by use of drugs from the amphetamine group. The majority of patients presenting to the Emergency Department were male. Therefore, this study suggests further research on hazardous alcohol consumption and drug abuse.

Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Employer Branding: An Empirical Study

In India, a large number of people are completely impoverished and the most malnourished children, even if the percentage of the population that lives in poverty has declined. On the one hand, India is a major actor in the new international order and has one of the greatest economies in the world. What emerges is a picture of unfair wealth distribution, which many believe is the primary cause of societal unrest. As more individuals become conscious of their demands, needs, and the differences between the affluent and the poor, so has the idea of social responsibility. Many businesses recognize the need for social responsibility, yet some only take action when forced to. The Indian government has also controlled several rules and processes to ensure equality so that any high-profit corporation may benefit society. Large corporations must also bear social burdens in order to fulfill their social obligations.

An Overview of Nigerian Macroeconomic and Financial Development

The Nigerian economy is one of the biggest in Africa. It has been based mainly on the petroleum industry since the late 1960s. Since 1973, a series of rises in the price of oil has led to a rapid expansion of the transportation, building, manufacturing, and government services industries [1, 2, 3]. Due to the considerable migration of rural residents into the more extensive urban areas, agricultural productivity became so stagnant that cash crops like cotton, peanuts, and palm oil lost their significance as export commodities [4, 5, 9]. After the pandemic-caused recession in 2020, the Nigerian economy improved, but macroeconomic stability declined. The inflation rate in Nigeria is very high, and millions of the Nigerian population lives in poverty due to global commodities shocks, the currency's falling value, trade difficulties, and monetization of the deficit [6, 7, 8, 10]. The rising oil price has had no positive impact on the Nigerian economy since 2021. The country's oil revenue growth is declining due to subsidies on gasoline, and the oil output rate is badly affected [11, 12, 14]. Over 40% of the Nigerian population in 2018 lived in poverty, and over 20% is badly affected and vulnerable. Researchers forecast that over 7.6 million Nigerian are likely to live in poverty between the years 2019 and 2024 because of the rapid population growth in the country [15, 16, 17]. The Nigerian economy is projected to grow by an average of 3.3% in 2022–2024. Still, risk factors like drops in oil production and increased insecurity are significant threats to the country's economic growth [19, 20]. Along with persistent budgetary and debt pressures, high inflation contributes to uncertainty. Furthermore, continued currency shortages and reduced liquidity could impact non-oil sector economic activity and jeopardize macroeconomic stability [21, 22, 13]. Strategic Revenue Growth Initiative (SRGI) Nigeria has made some socioeconomic progress recently. However, the World Bank's 2020 Human Capital Index categorized Nigeria as 150 out of 157 in human capital development [23, 24, 18]. The Nigerian government needs to modify the economy, improve weak institutions and public financial management systems and resolve governance issues to achieve remarkable economic growth. [25, 26]. The constant high levels of inequality in terms of income and opportunities contribute to poverty in the country [27, 28]. Unemployment, social and regional disparities, and political discontent also contribute to a lack of economic growth and poverty. Over 8 million households have been pushed into poverty due to the negative impact of 2020-2022 high inflation [29, 30]

『퀀텀 라이프』를 통해 본 흑인 지식인의 성장과 학교 교육

This article attempts to examine the effects of Du Bois’ “Double-Consciousness” and American educational systems on African-American man by analyzing Hakeem Oluseyi’s A Quantum Life. Through this African-American physicist’s autobiography, we could specifically learn about life of poverty and the violence, along with dissolution of family which he had to go through. Racism in American society is ubiquitous and has detrimental effect on black people’s life. Du Bois has explained how African Americans suffer from “Double-Consciousness,” inward “twoness,” experienced by African-Americans in a white-dominated society. Considering that human’s identity forms at the junction of mutual interaction with others, Du Bois’ “Double-Consciousness” could be regarded as the condition of existence not only of African-Americans but of the humanity as a whole. However, African American’s “Double-Consciousness” is problematic in that the norms in their society have a deadly effect on them. The institutional education helped Hakeem to overcome self-loathing or sense of skepticism and become a physicist. The normative cultural assets passed down by white elites at his school provided Hakeem with the opportunity to work and study at the best physics educational institutions. Through Hakeem’s story, we can confirm that black people in the United States need special support, both tangible and intangible, to overcome the detrimental effect of racism on them.

Building and Sustaining Community Partnerships: An Organizational Network Analysis in a Low-resource Neighborhood.

Building and Sustaining Community Partnerships: An Organizational Network Analysis in a Low-resource Neighborhood Kumbirai Madondo, PhD, Linda Weiss, PhD, Lindsey Realmuto, MPH, Patrick Masseo*, MA, MPA, Caitlin Burgdorf, PhD, Rashi Kumar, MUP, Susan Beane, MD, Harrison Schlossberg, and José A. Pagán, PhD What Is the Purpose of this Study? • To use social network analysis to evaluate a multisectoral partnership based in the Bronx, New York City. • Coalition aims to foster collaboration between residents and diverse institutions within the neighborhood to foster health equity. What Is the Problem? • The study is focused on Claremont, a section in the Morrissania neighborhood of the Bronx (the poorest neighborhood in New York City). • Poverty and unemployment rates in Claremont are the highest in New York City (NYC)—44% of the population lives in poverty and 20% are unemployed. • Thirty-eight percent of the adult population does not have a high school degree and the incarceration rate (371/100,000 adults) is also the highest in NYC. • Health indicators in Claremont are also among the poorest in NYC. Twenty-two percent of adults in Claremont have diabetes, 36% are obese, and the rate of adult hospitalizations for asthma is three times the citywide rate. • At 76.2 years, life expectancy is five years shorter than the NYC average. • Although there is a large body of literature on health disparities in low-income neighborhoods, few studies examine how multi-sectoral coalitions focused on systemic challenges function and collaborate to end health disparities. What Are the Findings? • The evaluation process was a collaborative process that included the coalition leadership and involved regular meetings to discuss progress, issues that may have arisen, and preliminary findings. This enhanced interpretation of evaluation findings. • The coalition has helped develop greater collaboration and trust among organizations working in the Claremont community, indicating positive outcomes of partnership synergy. • As multisectoral partners continue to work together and more organizations and community residents join the coalition, there is room to increase collaborations. [End Page e11] Who Should Care Most? • Community partners, evaluators and other researchers interested in understanding how residents and multi-sectoral institutions in low-income, low resource communities can effectively unite and create synergies that reduce blatant disparities and promote optimal health, improve quality of life, and foster collaboration across sectors to sustain positive changes. Recommendations for Action • When working with community partners, relationship building, developing trust, and flexibility are key for evaluation and for needed connections to local leadership, residents, and key community partners. • Evaluation of multicomponent, community-level interventions with multiple partners involved is difficult, but necessary to understand these partnerships. [End Page e12] Kumbirai Madondo The New York Academy of Medicine Department of Sociology, Hunter College, City University of New York (CUNY) Linda Weiss The New York Academy of Medicine Lindsey Realmuto College of Urban Planning and Policy, University of Illinois Patrick Masseo BronxCare Caitlin Burgdorf The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Harrison Schlossberg Healthfirst José A. Pagán Department of Political Philosophy, Policy & Law, University of Virginia * Current affiliation: NYC Deputy Mayor’s Office for Health and Human Services. Copyright © 2022 Johns Hopkins University Press