Lives Of Poor People Research Articles

An Empirical Assessment of Microfinance and its Associated Socio-Economic Development

Abstract Microfinance institutions (MFIs) provide support for the sustainability of livelihood and financial inclusion through social development. Micro-enterprises helps in empowering the communities especially marginalized section worldwide. The MFIs attempt to transform the lives of poor people, through different interventions. It revolved around the social development of marginalized people. In recent decades, microfinance played a vital role in alleviating poverty and involved empowering low-income earners socially and economically. The present study intended to highlight the role of MFIs located in Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) in enhancing the social and economic status of beneficiaries. This study also acknowledges the significance of MFIs in eradicating poverty, through financial services. In this research, questionnaire responses were gathered and analyzed from 150 beneficiaries of three MFIs (Credit Access Grameen, ESAF, and Fusion Micro-finance) in Jabalpur. The exploratory data analysis reveals diverse findings, regarding the impact of microfinance on the socio-economic conditions of beneficiaries through improving their savings, supporting the employment generation, and as a whole improving life standards as well as eradicating poverty. Alternatively, MFI programs also assist beneficiaries in employment generation, to a certain extent. The conclusion of the research prioritizes that MFI programs ought to be accelerated more by the Government through different schemes and can be easily accessed to even remote areas for economic expansion and social development of low-privileged people.

Community Perceptions and Experiences of the South African Government’s Response to the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Johannesburg, South Africa

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments in low- and middle-income countries largely followed the strategy of national lockdowns adopted by high-income countries. The South African government imposed some the most restrictive policies in the world. In this article, we examine the perceptions and lived experiences of South Africans in Johannesburg in relation to this initial response to the pandemic. In-depth interviews were conducted with a diverse group of 38 South African adults in Johannesburg, South Africa. The analysis followed an inductive approach. The data revealed that the majority of participants had a positive view of the strong response to the first wave of the pandemic by the South African government, including the restrictive lockdown measures. However, concerns regarding the government’s response included worries about the economy and livelihoods of poor people under lockdown, divisions in compliance between townships and wealthier communities, poor funding in the healthcare sector, corruption and nepotism in the distribution of government aid, and the lack of cultural adaptation of awareness-raising campaigns about COVID-19. The ability of governments to gauge how populations perceive the effectiveness of public health measures is essential for identifying obstacles to disease-control objectives.

Perceptions of Poverty in Indian Society

Perceptions of different people in India with regard to various aspects of poverty (meaning, nature, causes, remedies, etc.) and their attitudes towards the poor is an underexplored area in academic literature. Based on fieldwork and observations spanning over two decades, this essay presents an analysis of people’s perceptions of poverty in India. The study finds that ‘Location’ (geographical – rural/urban and class – poor/nonpoor) is an important influencer of perceptions. The essay describes the differences between perceptions of rural vs. urban residents and poor vs. non-poor relating to wellbeing and status as well as perceived causes of and solutions to poverty and ‘Poverty Alleviation Programs’ using narratives as illustrations. The insights from interactions with the development community are presented alongside that of others who are not directly engaged in welfare programs. Nature of work/occupation; Exposure to the daily lives of poor people; Family values and beliefs; Academic subjects studied and Level of education; Gender etc. are identified as the factors influencing the perceptions of people.

The effects of legal representation on tenant outcomes in housing court: Evidence from New York City’s Universal Access program

Housing is one of the areas where it may be most critical for poor people to have access to legal representation in civil cases. We use the roll out of New York City’s Universal Access to Counsel program (UA) to assess the effects of legal representation on tenant outcomes, using detailed address-level housing court data from 2016 to 2019. The program offers free legal representation in housing court to tenants with income at or below 200 percent of the federal poverty guideline. We find that tenants who gain lawyers are less likely to be subject to possessory judgments, face smaller monetary judgments, are less likely to have eviction warrants issued against them, and are less likely to be evicted. Lawyers have larger effects for tenants at higher risk of possessory judgment. Our results support the idea that legal representation in civil procedures can have important positive impacts on the lives of poor people.

Waiting for Dignity Housing

Abstract In this article, I track a housing scheme introduced in Hyderabad, India, to redevelop slums (in situ) into two-bedroom apartments. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I argue that existing forms of governance cyclically enact a suspension of poor people's lives and often dispossess the poor of one set of rights in the process of delivering another set. In their own descriptions of these schemes, displaced communities emphatically account for the forms of suffering they repeatedly incur, which are unaccounted for in the records of the state. In their experience, governance is not only arbitrary and labyrinthine, but it also entails necessary experiences of dispossession that ironically accompany schemes for their development. This regime of dispossession that chronically underlies schemes for poverty alleviation is what I call ‘cruel governance’. Over time, this mode of development accompanied by dispossession has resulted in cynical realignments of subaltern politics towards the state and its projects.

"We'll starve to death": The consequences of COVID-19 over the lives of poor people with disabilities in rural Nepal.

There is no doubt that the sudden outbreak of COVID‐19 negatively impacted billions of people worldwide, and among them, people with disabilities became most susceptible. However, little is known about the impact of COVID‐19 on the lives of people with disabilities in Nepal. Using empirical data from semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with people with disabilities, disability specialist, and community leaders, this study discusses the lived experiences of people with disabilities who have been affected by COVID‐19 in Nepal. This study revealed that the outbreak of COVID‐19 impacted people with disabilities by worsening their vulnerability. In particular, the majority of people with disabilities became further isolated, were disconnected from existing services such as access to information, education, and health care and many lost their income opportunities. Findings from this study further show that this pandemic affected the rights of people with disabilities guided by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Immediate financial and non‐financial support for people with disabilities from government and other stakeholders, such as non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), is needed, indicating the need for policymakers to reassess policies to ensure that they adequately protect the rights of people with disabilities.

Rojiroti: innovative microfinance in India

Case overview Micro Finance Institution (MFI) named Rojiroti had been doing good work for weaker sections of the society and had brought about significant transformation in the lives of poor people, especially the Scheduled Castes, in villages of Patna district, the capital city of Bihar, India. Rojiroti was run by Centre for Promoting Sustainable Livelihood (CPSL) and had tested successfully a unique innovative model in micro financing which focused on helping the weaker sections by addressing their imminent needs which usually required very small loan amounts. With the various types of benefits people got from buying government subsidized ration to health and education in family to construct home or buy small livelihood assets. The beneficiaries developed high level of respect and trust for the MFI, Rojiroti. Rojiroti had received international recognition from universities such as University of Nottingham, UK; the University was not only researching on the model and its contributions to society, but also had supported it with funding to cater to its audience. Rojiroti did not believe in just providing finance to people like other microfinance institutions (MFI) or corporate social responsibility (CSR) funding by private and public sector organizations; its model focused more on creating capacities in the beneficiaries to sustain their livelihoods. However, after a decades time, Sunil, the protagonist in the case found himself in a situation where he had to decide for the future journey of Rojiroti after having reached a decent stage of growth The case discusses the journey of Rojiroti where the protagonist Sunil had a significant role to play and dwells upon the Rojiroti business model, its beneficiaries and value offerings to them, the changing environment outside and leaves the discussion open on the question of the choice of best road suited for Rojiroti. Teaching objectives The case is intended for the course on Strategic Management with a focus on business models topic. The case introduces the working of social cooperative business model and the nuances around it which is very much pertinent in today’s times where social enterprises have gained space in business and where businesses work around inclusive business models. The case is designed to provide supplemental support or discussion piece while dealing with business model / cooperative enterprise business model. This case provides opportunity to discuss strategic framework for an organization from the promoter’s perspective. The teaching notes is written from the perspective of the entrepreneur (the protagonist in this case, Sunil) who initiated the enterprise, with a learning goal to empathize and develop skills to have strategic decision making for a social enterprise. Leaning objectives The case is designed to provide supplemental support or discussion piece while dealing with business model / cooperative enterprise business model. This case provides opportunity to discuss strategic framework for an organisation from the promoter’s perspective. The teaching notes is written from the perspective of the entrepreneur (the protagonist in this case, Sunil) who initiated the enterprise, with a learning goal to empathize and develop skills to have strategic decision making for a social enterprise. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 3 Entrepreneurship.

16~18C 古詩選集에 반영된 魏代 詩歌의 選錄 현황과 분석 - 『古詩紀』·『采菽堂古詩選』·『古詩源』·『古詩賞析』을 중심으로

During the period of the State of Wei, people suffered a great political confusion as the state started with the usurpation of throne and ended with the usurpation of throne for a short period of 45 years. While suffering the great confusion, the literary men at the time began to understand their social responsibilities and started their literary activities under the name of their own for their works. They described the horrible society and the life of poor people of that time in their works and left the literary style called Jian’an poetry. Cao Pi authored the first book with that style, which is titled Jeonronnonmun. In addition, the ideology of “hyeonhak’ appeared as people tried to make the innovation of nw ideology and the poets called Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove appeared and left their poets based on the Taoism and hyeondam.<BR> To find out Ming and Qing dynasty scholars’ evaluation of the poetry of that time, I selected four collections of poetry written during 16th century to 18th century such as “Gosigi”, “Chaesukdang Gosiseon”, “Gosiwon” and “Gosisangseok” and then sorted them out in the joint list of the poetry during the period of Wei before trying the analysis of them.<BR> First, the poetry making up 67 poets (61%) were writen by three Cao family members. Among them, the number of works writen by Cao Zhi was 28, which took up 42% of them. The analysis of these works showed that they contained not only the strong mind showing the style of Jian’an poetry but also the historical events and backgrounds, thus giving the descendant the opportunity of peeping into the situation of the period of Wei.<BR> Second, the number of works written by Seven Persons of Jian’an Poetry was 8, which took up 13%. Among Seven Persons of Jian’an Poetry, the works written by 5 persons were lised on the joint list. These works also reflected the historical events of the period of Wei and the confusing societal situation of the time, and showed the strength of Jian’an poetry. <BR> Third, I researched on poetry written by Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Even though the group was made up with 6 famous poets of that time, there was only one person named “Ruan Ji” in the joint list for 4 kinds of ancient poetry collections selected in this paper and in addition, only one work titled “Yeonghoi” was selected for the list. That may be attributed to the reign of terror made by Sima clan when they could not express their ideas in their works in order to save their lives under the reign of terror. The poetry works having the topics of “Taoism and hyeondam” could not contain the period of Wei any more.<BR> Last, I researched the works made by poets other than three Cao family members, Seven Persons of Jian’an, and Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. The works such as “Manga” which contains the perspective of death, “Jonggunhaeng” which express the agony suffered by the people in the frontier while following the military were also selected as the poetry showing the situation of that time.<BR> It can be said that what the Ming and Qing dynasty scholars wanted to see through four kinds of ancient poetry collections written during 16th century to 18th century was the life of poets and people who lived the short but dynamic period of Wei and that this is the reason why the editors selected the poetry of the time of Wei.

Investment, insurance and weather shocks: Evidence from Cambodia

The livelihoods of poor people in developing countries are increasingly dependent on weather shocks whose effects are exacerbated by the lack of access to adequate insurance markets allowing risk hedging. Index-based insurance underwrites a weather risk as a proxy for economic loss: when the index falls below a certain level, farmers automatically get a payment. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of an Index-based insurance on investment decisions in profitable but risky inputs in presence of weather shocks by means of an incentivized lab-in-the-field experiment conducted in Cambodia. The protocol is designed so as to study the extent to which investment decisions change under risk or ambiguity, for different levels of initial wealth, under contract nonperformance (i.e., when claims are not repaid by the insurer) and when the insurance is fully subsidized. The findings indicate that, while the mere presence of a market for insurance increases investment, the strength of the effect crucially depends upon the level of initial wealth and upon the subjects' ability to correctly assess the probability of a shock.

Institutional dynamics and water resource management: the case of traditional water bodies in West Bengal, India

ABSTRACT In recent years, the adverse effects of growing water scarcity on the lives and livelihoods of poor people have become a major policy concern in India. This paper reviews the effectiveness of macro-level policies for rainwater conservation and critically examines micro-level local community institutions for the sustainable management of traditional water bodies. Using Ostrom’s design principles and qualitative data from three different multipurpose tanks, the study finds that management decisions at the local level have benefited few influential members of local communities and deprived a large number of poor households from resource uses, making the local institutions ineffective.

ROBERT ENTMAN FRAMING ANALYSIS OF PRABOWO SUBIANTO’S IMAGE IN REPUBLIKA.CO.ID MARCH – APRIL 2019 EDITION

The political campaign-style of a political actor determines the public acceptance of his self-image and leadership image. This study focuses on discussing the framing of Republika.co.id news related to Prabowo Subianto's (PS) self-image and leadership image in the 2019 presidential election. Image is the main element that a political leader must have, and the construction of a leader image in a media is certainly related to interests. construction news media concerned. Through the use of Robert Entman's four model framing analysis tools, this study tries to reveal the Republika Online (ROL) framing of PS self-image and leadership image. The results showed, positive ROL framing related to self-image and leadership image. PS: PS is a populist and critical figure of Jakarta elites whose life orientation is only to enrich themselves in the middle of their poor people's lives; PS is a figure of a people's leader who can create a better life; PS is a leader whose life is quite well established; if elected (as president) PS will only devote himself to the people, improve the quality of people's lives, and ensure justice for all the people

Traditional Herbal Remedies used for the Treatment of Diabetes in South Eastern Region of Nepal

Traditional knowledge has become recognized worldwide to control many diseases and diabetes is also one of them. In Nepal, remote areas are the root of the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants. The present study aimed to record traditional medicinal uses of plants to control diabetes. Several times interactions were done with the traditional healers, local knowledgeable old person and other informants like few local people and household visits. A total of 39 plant species of 35 genera belonging to 23 angiosperm families were found to be used in diabetes. About 36 types of herbal remedies were investigated from the rural inhabitants of the area. These traditional recipes include extracts, leaves, powders, flour, seeds, vegetables, fruits and herbal mixtures. Traditional knowledge systems are culturally valued and scientifically important. Strengthening and disseminating the use -value of these plants can save the money and life of poor people.

A Study on Empowerment of SHGs for Addressing Gender Inequality in India- With Special Reference to Women Empowerment

Abstract Gender equality by 2030 requires critical activity to dispense with the many main drivers of discrimination that despite everything abridge women's rights in private and public circles. For instance, discriminatory laws need to change and enactment received to proactively propel equality. However 49 nations despite everything need laws protecting women from domestic violence, while 39 bar equal legacy rights for girls and children. Disposing of gender-based violence is a need given this is one of the most inescapable human rights violations on the planet today. In view of information from 87 nations, 1 out of 5 women and girls under the age of 50 will have encountered physical as well as sexual violence by a private partner inside the most recent a year. Hurtful practices, for example, child marriage, take the childhood of 15 million girls under age 18 consistently. Women do 2.6 occasions more unpaid wages and domestic work than men. While families, societies and economies rely upon this work, for women, it drives lower profit and less time to engage in non-work exercises. Notwithstanding equal distribution of economic resources, which isn't just a right, yet quickens development in various territories, there should be a reasonable equalization of obligation regarding unpaid consideration work among men and women. Empowering women and promoting gender equality is essential to quickening sustainable development. Consummation all forms of discrimination against women and girls isn't just an essential human right however it likewise has a multiplier impact over all other development regions. India has 300 million poor people with no entrance to fundamental educational aptitudes, opportunities or occupations. 70% of India lives in the villages and larger part of the people are chiefly reliant on agriculture. Eighty to eighty-five percent of the agriculture work is finished by women beginning from planting to gathering the harvests. The whole world is preparing to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set by United Nations to reduce poverty, improve the lives of poor people and increment the pace of development in a sustainable manner. India has additionally set focuses for its tenth five-year plan as per the MDGs. Be that as it may, markers, for example, Child Mortality Rates (CMR), Maternal Mortality Rates (MMR), immunization, rate of lack of healthy sustenance in children, and female education are major impediments in India's endeavors to meet the MDGs. Higher hazard to child health brings about expanded birth rate. Poverty, poor health and education are between connected and put direct weight on regular resources. Low degree of education among women additionally has its environmental sway. Hence, the present study has been conducted with a view to highlight empowerment of Self-Help Groups for addressing gender inequality in India especially for Women Empowerment.

Microfinance models in improving 'quality of life': empirical analysis on Indian perspective

Poverty reduction is a global issue. In India, this issue is a priority and calls for critical and urgent attention. Microfinance as an approach is considered important for empowerment of unreached people's social and economic status through socio-psychological and financial intermediation. Despite the fact that microfinance institutions have assumed vital part in reducing poverty; relatively a few studies are available particularly to analyse the effectiveness of 'quality of life'. The present paper aims at studying the impact of microfinance in improving the quality of life of poor people in India. Human Development Index (HDI) is used to measure development by combining indicators such as; life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite index, thus addressing both social and economic issues. A variety of existing models and theories were critically reviewed and a model is formulated and validated by using the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. Results show efficacy of the proposed model and evaluates the overall impact of 'quality of life' as measured through HDI. Finally, it may be concluded that the practice of microfinance program may outperform transition economies in countries like India in order to maintain the balance between social and economic benefits of the targeted people.

Microfinance models in improving 'quality of life': empirical analysis on Indian perspective

Poverty reduction is a global issue. In India, this issue is a priority and calls for critical and urgent attention. Microfinance as an approach is considered important for empowerment of unreached people's social and economic status through socio-psychological and financial intermediation. Despite the fact that microfinance institutions have assumed vital part in reducing poverty; relatively a few studies are available particularly to analyse the effectiveness of 'quality of life'. The present paper aims at studying the impact of microfinance in improving the quality of life of poor people in India. Human Development Index (HDI) is used to measure development by combining indicators such as; life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite index, thus addressing both social and economic issues. A variety of existing models and theories were critically reviewed and a model is formulated and validated by using the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. Results show efficacy of the proposed model and evaluates the overall impact of 'quality of life' as measured through HDI. Finally, it may be concluded that the practice of microfinance program may outperform transition economies in countries like India in order to maintain the balance between social and economic benefits of the targeted people.

Konstruksi kekuasaaan politik melalui program charity show media televisi

As a newcomer, the Perindo Party seeks to implement a specific strategy in order to compete with other parties that have already existed in the Indonesian political contestation. One of these is charity show programs. The high rating and concern societies watching the lives of poor people in various charity programs show besides creating profits also become a means of political communication. When political actors control the media, it is clear that there are interests also communicated, including the political powers of the funnel to get support from voters. When the Perindo Party is declared, the "scent" that HT and his party would use the media under their control is very clear. These signals can also be observed from the dominance of HT’s trusted people in the MNC Group in the composition of the Central Management Board Center, the Assembly of the Union Party and the court of Perindo party. That mean a charity program not only gives a very big business profit, but also the political media communication, enhance social branding in front of audiences, and build a base of loyal voters from poor family beneficiaries. To finishing this paper, the author uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data in this article sourced from observations, studies of literature, and other sources considered relevant and then analyzed by the exchange theory of Peter Blau.

The contribution of sustainable livelihoods analysis to understanding of poverty in the developing world

The concept of Sustainable Livelihood (SL) is an attempt to go beyond the conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication. These had been found to be too narrow because they focused only on certain aspects or manifestations of poverty, such as low income, or did not consider other vital aspects of poverty such as vulnerability and social exclusion. According to the latest estimates, 10% of the world’s population lives on less than 1.90 dollars per day. Below the poverty line are many countries in the African continent, India, Mexico and others. It is now recognized that more attention must be paid to the various factors and processes which either constrain or enhance poor people’s ability to make a living in an economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable manner. The SL concept offers a more coherent and integrated approach to poverty. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of this study is to understand the concept of SL and its contribution to poverty eradication. The main objectives of the study are to study the multidimensional and dynamic understanding of poverty and the livelihood of poor people, and the analysis of approaches to SL and the dynamic aspirations of poor people. Also, it considers the relationship between SL and poverty reduction.Key words: sustainable livelihoods, poverty, poverty reduction, rural areas of developing countries, vulnerability, poor people.

Combatting Slums, Suistaining Poverty: Dynamic Urban Governance in Makassar, Indonesia

Urban livelihood asset is an accumulation of labor capital and financial capital. The existence of a slum area in the coastal area of Untia with an area of 7.13 ha of 740.10 ha of the total slum area in the city of Makassar. This area is a potential strategic accumulation of livelihoods in the human capital, institutional, physical, financial and environmental resources, but on the other hand also has a high level of vulnerability. This study aims to obtain an empirical situation regarding the lives of poor people in the slums of the Untia coastal area, Makassar City. The socio-economic conditions of the community, the use of space, the ownership status of land and buildings, the condition of infrastructure and facilities of settlements in coastal slums as a basis for the reconstruction of coastal slums handling models based on dynamic governance. The findings show that urban slum in coastal areas are very rapidly growing. Problems that continue along with various programs carried out by the government. All programs by the state and non-state have been carried out in an effort to eradicate slum areas, but in fact the poverty rate in the region continues to increase. Managing a slums settlement program can use a dynamic governance framework: thinking ahead, thinking again, and thinking across. All of these strategies have been internalized of digital information and communication technology.

Why Community Based Micro Financing Have Very High Recovery Rates, More Efficient Utilization of the Benefits, and Higher Conversion Tendencies of Beneficiary Into Donors: The Mediatory Role of Social Collateral and Gratitude As Emotional Collateral in Community Organizations of Pakistan

There is an increasing role of community welfare organizations as well as NGOs and microfinance institutions in uplifting of poverty. These institutions lately gained financial sustainability as well as immense growth, thereby providing benefits to society from their own resources without relying upon financial support from government. This is mainly due to a very high recovery rate in community-based micro-financing, Efficient Utilization of the Benefits, and higher Conversion tendencies of Beneficiaries into Donors. In this case, it’s a win-win situation for both beneficiaries as well as NGOs in terms of NGOs improving their profile through Minimize risk of defaults, and society benefits from better utilization of the funds. Numerous studies have been conducted on the social and financial impact of community development programs on poor people's lives. The literature so far didn’t explain the psychological impact of these programs. We proposed a theoretical framework linking various religious, cultural, organizational and human factors of the beneficiary, to the efficient utilization of the benefit provided by community or NGO by the beneficiary and their potential conversion from the beneficiary to donor/benefits contributor. Religious factors include a prohibition of interest, group’s Shared believes, spirituality and believing that God would repay the good deeds. This will influence the beneficiary’s pro-social behaviors. Human Factors mainly focused on the sense of responsibility and Psychological attachment towards others. Cultural Factors and Value mainly focused on following societal and collective interests. These include collectivism, Uncertainty avoidance, and pro-social values. And lastly, Community Organization's ethical Image also plays a role in efficient utilization and prompt recovery. These Factors are inculcated in the beneficiary’s mind and motivate him to become donors/givers. The theory also proposed that these factors affect the beneficiary’s performance of the benefits provided by the community or NGO through collaterals. These collaterals could be in the form of: 1. Physical i.e. assets taken by the organization to ensure better utilization of loans or benefits. 2. Social in terms of peer/community pressure as well as the threat of withdrawal from the community, and 3. Emotional collateral in the form an arising the feeling of gratitude and paying back that emerge with someone provide favor to them. These collaterals not only ensure optimal utilization of benefits/loans with extremely high recovery rates but also encourage the beneficiary to convert into donors and providing helping hands to others. To empirically establish its validity, we apply this model to a sample size of 115 respondents that were selected from beneficiaries of three leading organizations by means of a close-ended questionnaire. The data was later analyzed using structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis. The results clearly validated the theory that societal and collective culture and Religious Believes and Spirituality did not directly affect either Benefiter Performance, or the tendency of them to be Converted To Donor, but through the mediatory role of both gratitude (emotional) and social collateral. Culture and religion have a positive and significant effect on both forms of collaterals, moreover, emotional collateral significantly affects both performance and conversion to donors. However, Social collateral inversely and significantly affect conversion to donors and its effect on performance remained insignificant. Human factors and Organization's ethical Image didn’t seem to have any significant effect on performance and conversion directly or through the mediatory role of social and emotional collateral. With the exception that the organization’s image does effect benefiter performance significantly. Hence this implies that emotional collateral in the form of gratitude has a more pronounced effect on both performance and conversion as compared to social collateral. Moreover, cultural and religious factors are the dominating factors of performance and conversion as compared to human and organizational factors.

Perceived Effects of Poverty on Urban Socio-Economic Development in Ambo Town, Ethiopia

This study was an assessment of the perceived effects of poverty on urban socio economic development in Ambo town. Poverty is deprivation in wellbeing and lack of basic necessities to sustain life. Prior researches conducted on the perception of people on the effects of poverty towards urban socio-economic development were insufficient in Ethiopia. Thus, the objectives of the study were to assess the effects of poverty on urban economic, education and healthcare development, and to examine the effects of poverty on women economic development in Ambo town. The research was a qualitative research, used primary data collected through key informant interview selected purposively from experienced persons residing in Ambo town. The data was analyzed using thematic method of analysis. The study indicated that poverty is highly prevalent in Ambo town mainly due to poor governance, corruption, poor investment flow, lack of political will from the government and political instability. The education and health care infrastructures were expanding in the town in the last decade but there were limitations in quality and service provision. Poverty has negatively affected poor people livelihoods in income generation, and medical as well as educational services in Ambo town. Women poverty in Ambo is higher than men and a significant number of women were living in destitution. Many women in Ambo town were economically dependent on men.