Civil Society Life Research Articles

Silabus Dalam Kurikulum KMMB

This research discusses how the syllabus is used in the KMMB curriculum. The curriculum is designed to prepare students to become active and responsible citizens, with an emphasis on developing critical thinking, problem solving, and social skills. The syllabus in the KMMB curriculum usually includes learning objectives, material to be taught, teaching methods, and assessment. Learning objectives usually include the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that students are expected to achieve. The material taught usually covers topics that are relevant to students’ daily lives and their communities. The teaching method in the KMMB syllabus usually involves an active approach, where students are given the opportunity to participate actively in the learning process. Assessments typically include formative and summative assessments, designed to measure student progress and teaching effectiveness. Overall, the syllabus in the KMMB curriculum is designed to support student-centred learning and the development of skills necessary for life in civil society.

Hukum Distribusi Daging Kurban Kepada Non Muslim Menurut Pandangan Mazhab Hanafi dan Mazhab Syafii

Sacrifice is one of the worship activities in the Islamic religion which is prescribed by Allah SWT. Ulama have agreed that as a devout Muslim you should also carry out sacrifices and distribute the meat from the slaughter to the community. In practice, the implementation of sacrifice also has problems that need to be examined. One of these issues is regarding who is entitled to benefit from the slaughter, considering that in civil society life is not only inhabited by Muslims, but there are also people from non-Muslim groups. There are differences of opinion among Islamic school scholars, especially the Hanafi and Syafii schools, regarding the law on distributing sacrificial meat to non-Muslims. The Hanafi school of thought is of the opinion that it is permissible to give them meat, but there are quite a few opinions among the Shafii school of scholars who expressly forbid it. With the method of library research, which examines data based on material information obtained from the library, be it arguments, books, books, or other library works that are in the library or outside it. The approach used in this writing is a normative approach based on the theory of Thâriqâh Lafziyah and Thâriqâh Ma'nawiyyah. Based on the research conducted, there are similarities and differences that the author finds in the Hanafi and Shafii madhhabs. Both of them allow non-Muslims to get meat from sacrifices with certain conditions. While the differences in opinion that exist between the two are in the methods used. The Hanafi school emphasizes the 'urf method approach by holding the value of muamalah, while the Shafii school approaches it by expanding the meaning of the text.

The essence and social purpose of advocacy: a comparative legal discourse

Advocacy comes from the latin word advocare, which means a person who is turned to when help is needed. In the Middle Ages, an advocatus usually acted as a representative of a feudal lord or an institution, such as a local abbey. As societydeveloped, the concept of advocacy also changed. Today, advocacy still has the same meaning - a person called to advocate for another, but instead of being the spokesman or legal representative of a powerful ruler or church, modern advocatesusually advocate or defend specific interests and rights.Article 59 of the Basic Law of the country proclaims a dogmatic idea, which consists in guaranteeing every citizen, excluding anymanifestation of discrimination, the right to professional legal assistance. In turn, the concentration of the social orientation of the legal profession can be traced in Article 131 with note 2, which delegates the exclusive right to represent public interests in court, as well as defense against criminal charges, to the bar. In turn, the functional purpose of the advocacy as a single, independent, professional, human rights institution, which consists in the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of individuals, is implemented on the principles of the rule of law, legality, independence enshrined in the Law of Ukraine «On Advocacy and Advocacy», confidentiality and avoidance of conflict of interest.The development of the rule of law is impossible without the proper functioning of legal institutions whose activities are aimed at protecting human rights and freedoms. First of all, the scope of the professional rights of lawyers and their duties, the degree of independence, the guarantees of practicing the legal profession, the provision of legal assistance to citizens, the professionalism and availability of legal tools, and the observance of human rights in the process of carrying out activities testify to the democracy of the legal profession. Therefore, at this stage of the development of the science of constitutional law,it is extremely relevant and expedient to study the essence and social role of a lawyer in the life of civil society, which is important, through the prism of the provisions of the national and foreign concepts.

Surviving in The Paradise: The State of Civil Society in Post New Order Bali

This study seeks to describe the development of civil society. In the realm of political science, the role of civil society is one of the benchmarks for the development of democracy. In Indonesia, the transition period was marked by the collapse of Suharto's New Order, accompanied by the rapid growth of civil society. However, there has not been much research on the development of civil society in the local sphere. This research seeks to fill the gaps related to civil society development and democracy in the local sphere by focusing on Bali. The study used a qualitative method, particularly participant observation and interview. This study finds, first, the increasing tension between civil society actors and the state. Its shown in the state's efforts to limit the expression of civilian dissatisfaction with state policies. Second, the state's role is increasing in the life of civil society in Bali. In the context of Bali, Perda No. 4 of 2019 on Desa Adat shows recognition for indigenous peoples in Bali. The case of Bali displays the uniqueness of how the customs of the Balinese people, particularly in the civil society arena, influence the relationship with the state. It shows the inequality of power relations between the state and society. It confirms that tension between the state and civil society strengthened after policies that increased the state's intervention in civil society.

Responses of Christian Churches in Ukraine and other Eastern European Countries to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The article examines the reaction of Christian Churches to the challenge of the Covid-19 pandemic. Attention is paid to the Churches in Ukraine and countries of similar political and cultural heritage (Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Montenegro, etc.). The guidelines and practical activities of the Churches are analyzed, reflecting their response to various problems related to the pandemic. The corresponding differences occur not so much between different countries and peoples, but rather between different denominations. In general, more conservative, and sometimes fundamentalist, reactions are shown by the Orthodox Church, especially in parts of the Russian Orthodox Church in the countries under study (for example, Moldova), or those Orthodox Churches that are traditionally under its great influence (for example, in Serbia). But in Ukraine, the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, which recently received a Tomos from the Patriarchate of Constantinople, is more flexible and sensitive to the Covid-19 problem and the protective actions of the government, cooperating with it in anti-pandemic measures. It is determined that the position of the Orthodox Church in Ukraine is similar to that of the Roman Catholic Church, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and many Protestant Churches. What the reactions of most Christian Churches have found to be more or less common is the transfer of worship practices online and the strengthening of social work to help a variety of people suffering from coronavirus or fighting a pandemic: from spiritual practices, in communities and individual circumstances, to hospital care–the work of hospital chaplains, lay volunteers, the purchase of medicines and medical equipment, etc. Not all Churches and not all their members appeared ready to optimally combine their religious activities and life in civil society in new conditions, and that Churches—both their leadership and ordinary members—need to innovatively develop their religious activities in accordance with the challenges of the time.

Determination of the content of a construct "volunteer activity" in educational practice: the experience of theoretical comprehension and empirical reconstruction

Introduction. Volunteering is becoming more and more important in the life of civil society and for the formation of human capital, but at the same time there is a lack of comprehensive scientific practice-oriented psychological-pedagogical research on the concept of "volunteer activity". The purpose of this work is to determine the actual effectiveness of an interdisciplinary study of the psychological-pedagogical concept of “volunteer activity” in the educational space. Methods. Empirical data were obtained using the methods of psychosemantics and psycholinguistics (verbal self-descriptions "My volunteer activity" (schoolchildren and students) and "I am an organizer of volunteer activities" (teachers-organizers, leaders of volunteer centers/teams) were used; compilation of an associative dictionary, a "Personal Differential" technique. The data underwent the procedure of content analysis with the extraction of semantic units. To process the results obtained, an iterative method of cluster analysis – k-means clustering – was used; a comparative analysis of fields was implemented. The empirical study involved schoolchildren (N = 44, aged 14-17) and university students (N = 432, aged 18-20) engaged in volunteering and organizers of volunteer activities (N = 37, aged 35-40) from the Altai Territory. The total sample consisted of 910 people. Research results. The scheme of the interdisciplinary study has been tested, which makes it possible to construct the semantic space of a psychological-pedagogical concept of "volunteer activity". For each sample of respondents, two clusters were obtained: schoolchildren and university students (p≤0.01) – the measure of proximity varies from 4.59 to 9.52 for the first cluster and from 4.19 to 7.57 – for the second one; teachers-organizers (p≤0.05) – the measure of proximity varies from 2.67 to 4.89 for the first cluster and from 1.72 to 3.36 – for the second one; volunteer leaders (p≤0.05) – the measure of proximity varies from 2.67 to 4.33 for the first cluster and from 2.35 to 4.73 – for the second one. Significant differences and points of contact of semantic fields were revealed. The average values of the scales according to the "Personal differential" technique are as follows: for schoolchildren – 5, for university students – 16. Conclusion. The prospects for the implementation of this study are outlined, which consist in the empirical generalization of the continuity of implementation of volunteer practices; the structural analysis of psychological-pedagogical technologies and interactive forms of education, the development of a set of tools for assessing the effectiveness of the results of implementation of volunteer programs, the creation of an electronic database of the most effective and adequate practices.

The State and the Citizen: From Paternalism to Neopaternalism

In article historical aspects and a current state of system of mutual relation of the state and the citizen are analyzed. The novelty of the author’s approach consists in demonstrating the cyclic process: from civil paternalism to a social contract society and neopaternalism. The basic models of social support based on the degree of state intervention in the life of civil society and citizens are developed. A substantiated conclusion about necessity of social support not only not protected social groups, but all citizens of the state, transition from vertical to the horizontal social contract. Features of a formed Russian neopaternalism, its inconsistent character are specified. Necessity of forming of new system of mutual relations of the state and its citizens, based on trust and mutual responsibility of the parties is underlined.

Природно-правова модель легітимності державної влади

У статті розглядаються природно-правові моделі легітимності державної влади. Досліджуються дві основні моделі легітимності державної влади: природно-правова модель і модель легітимності представників теорії юридичного позитивізму, детально проаналізовані концепції кожної з цих моделей. З'ясовано, що принципово важливе значення для розвитку теорії правової держави мала творчість І. Канта. Як і багато інших тогочасних мислителів, він вважав, що держава прийшла на зміну природному станові, в якому не було ніякої гарантії законності. Моральний борг, почуття поваги до природного права спонукають людей полишити цей стан і шляхом суспільного договору перейти до життя у громадянському суспільстві, державі. Суспільний договір укладають між собою морально розвинені люди, тому державі забороняється поводитися з ними як з істотами, котрі не знають морального закону і не можуть самі обрати правильну лінію поведінки. Визначено, що висунення й обґрунтування І. Кантом тверджень про те, що кожна людина є абсолютною і самодостатньою цінністю, що індивіди відмовляються від необмеженої та свавільної свободи природного стану на користь справжньої свободи у правовому стані, що призначення держави полягає в досконалому праві, максимальній відповідності державного устрою принципам права тощо дають підстави вважати його одним із творців теорії правової держави. Доходимо висновку, що найповніше проблема легітимності державної влади була висвітлена основоположниками соціологічної школи права. Характерними ознаками концепції легітимності державної влади соціологічної школи права є ототожнення поняття «легітимність» і «легальність»: вважається, що будь-яка легальна влада автоматично є і легітимною; лише легальна, раціональна влада має легітимний характер; влада належить народу, який не лише формує, але і здійснює контроль за публічною владою, влада і народ виступають як єдине політичне ціле. Державна влада не є безумовною й абсолютною, тому, усвідомивши необхідність їй підкорятися, людина одночасно усвідомлює, що органи державної влади зобов'язані у процесі здійснення своїх функцій дотримуватися юридичних норм, які розмежовують інтереси влади й інтереси особи та суспільства.

The problem of developing multilingualism skills in the European educational context

The scientific article explores the problem of developing multilingualism skills in the European educational context. For this purpose, the task was to analyze the conditions and ways of realizing the problem of multilingualism in the modern educational field and to study the features of European multilingualism in the context of cultural diversity. The methodology of the study is based on the coverage and analysis of cognitive and practical multilingualism skills. European education policy is analyzed. Addressing the issue of multilingualism is one of the most important activities of the Council of Europe, the European Commission and is covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and in numerous resolutions of international conferences and symposia.
 It is established that one of the main goals of education in a democratic society is not only respect for human rights, but also the development of knowledge, skills and abilities of students, their preparation for life in civil society. Research has shown that multilingual people in Europe have advantages over monolinguals. More than half of all Europeans say they speak at least one language other than their mother tongue. The study showed that multilingualism is beneficial for people who are supporters of intercultural and linguistic interaction based on tolerance and humanism.
 Modern European educational policy is aimed at developing multilingual skills. This demonstrates the importance and timeliness of solving the problem in the educational environment with the active support of students and teachers, the financial capacity of European educational programs and projects of governments of leading European countries. As part of this task, it is important to actively support the mobility of students and teachers, to develop scientific cooperation, cultural interaction. Thanks to the intensive development of multilingual skills, it is possible to achieve the required level of language competence of students as a basis for their further learning and self-improvement. Since the modern educational community is focused on the highest human values, the personal development of schoolchildren and students is considered a priority for the functioning of European educational institutions.

Basic aspects of rural social infrastructure development

The social infrastructure of rural areas is of particular importance when considering issues of both an economic and social nature. Both production and non-production rural areas necessitate the availability of social facilities. The main purpose of social infrastructure facilities nowadays and in the past of rural and urban areas development is to meet the needs of the population. At the same time, social infrastructure defines the basis for the level and quality of life of civil society. Its condition is an indicator of the territorial development and provides opportunities for innovative development and investment attraction. For many years now, the rural social infrastructure has been in poor condition in Russia. Problems are observed in the living conditions of citizens, in elements of residential properties improvement, undeveloped system of medical and educational services, unavailability of cultural and leisure facilities, and so on. Due to such a negative state of the rural social sphere, problems arise with the demographic situation and the production sphere in terms of the inability to attract highly qualified personnel. The Program for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories developed by the Government of Russia holds back the general, intensively negative situation, and is fundamentally changing it in some regions of the country. The paper presents the results of the implementation of the main Program directions and gives some recommendations on its further implementation and development of the rural social infrastructure.

Madani Community and Criminal Action on Children's Online Prostitution in Social Media

Rampant and rampant crime against children on social media, resulting in increasingly restless and worried every parent, especially trafficking child prostitution, and carried out using the internet media. This online prostitution also spreads the contents of child pornography, whether done by the perpetrators themselves, a group of people or even corporations. The aim is to find out how to deal with civil society in dealing with child crimes through online prostitution, the ways that civil society do in eradicating crimes or criminal acts that occur in the environment or civil society life so that they are always vigilant, cautious and not easily trapped in criminal acts or crimes that occur in social medial that is by using social media namely through the internet, or facebook, instagram and so forth. While the research method used is normative research that is by examining and processing theories or in existing concepts and regulations and even legislation that is considered relevant and related to this research, in this case cannot be separated by using books or literature which exists. The results of this finding are various mitigation efforts that can be carried out by civil society in responding to criminal acts related to online prostitution of children, namely by carrying out various measures which are also called preventive, repressive, persuasive, curative and rehabilitation, considered to be able to reduce prostitution crime. existing children on social media, accompanied by a mindset which is advanced modern and supervision from the community and law enforcement which exist.

Some Peculiarities of the First Women’s Colleges Functioning in the USA

AbstractThe function of the first women’s colleges in the USA is singled out. They expanded opportunities for women to get higher level of education, taking into account the fact that at that time women were not allowed to enter higher education establishments on equal footing with men. Some structural peculiarities of the first women’s colleges are viewed. By educational level colleges for women in that period were subdivided into two-year colleges, four-year colleges and universities. Financing peculiarities of the first women’s colleges in the USA are analysed. According to the source of financing colleges were private and public. The factors that led to the development of women’s education are analysed. Insufficient number of teachers in schools and widespread printed literature led to the need of involvement women in higher education. Teachers thought that intellectual abilities of men and women were equal, because women were not in social deprivation, and should participate fully in the life of civil society after obtaining knowledge in educational institutions. Due to scientific and technological revolution a number of devices that allow women to save time for economic affairs was worked out and, in turn, for this reason women could focus more on gaining knowledge for mastering future profession. The goals of women’s colleges establishment are analysed. Some teachers tried to train teachers, taking into account the shortage of teachers in schools due to expansion of the school network. Other teachers tried to give scientific and religious education and improve health of girls. The third group of teachers wanted to teach women self-education. The specifics of functioning of the first ɋatholic women’s colleges is analysed. Catholic leaders raised the question of expanding the network of Catholic women’s collegei due to insufficient number of religious teachers who have had some education level, because of the inability of church leaders to leave the church for educational services in colleges. In the USA, a peculiar feature of teaching in Catholic colleges was that the purpose of providing educational services was not only the development of intellectual abilities and training for future careers, but also spiritual development of students, which is the foundation of the Catholic faith.

STUDY OF TAOISM ETHICS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION FOR DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

The people of Indonesia are currently entering a period of transition. The transition is when democratic civil society creates opportunities for freedom, openness, and a broader political space of participation from people without exception. Civil society mobility affects the need for law enforcement and respect for moral values. The study of Taoist ethics becomes essential to explore an ethical way of life according to the laws of nature. The way the analysis uses: descriptions of hermeneutics, heuristics and synthesis. To achieve the first research objective using the hermeneutic description method, to reveal the fundamental meaning that gives importance to the ethical teachings of Taoism. The second research objective uses a heuristic approach, a step of finding ways to solve problems scientifically. The road to science, through an explorative understanding of the meaning of concepts or texts, to derive the fundamental problem specifications that arise in the empowerment of democratic civil society in Indonesia. To achieve the third research objective, using the synthesis approach, which is combined exclusively by drawing a node of logical and contextual relevance. The results show that the universal ethical values in Taoist natural ethics such as simplicity, honesty, discipline, compassion, obedience, sincerity, justice, have significance and relevance to the basic issue of plurality of civil society's life to democratic society in Indonesia.

RENDAHNYA KESADARAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAPPENDIDIKAN DI DESA TEGALLEGA

Awareness of education in Indonesia is still very low, especiallyin remote areas. It is very unfortunate. In the midst of the era ofglobalization and modernization, the more sophisticated technology isstill a lot of people who do not appreciate how the importance ofeducation, especially in the education. Because highly educated peoplewill not have narrow thoughts about the future, they are orientedtoward their future. Highly educated people will also live with thenorms prevailing in society. They know what to do with their future, willnot give up or surrender to the circumstances. Conversely, people orparents who have a narrow mindset that considers educationunimportant, causing their children who do not receive education willbe a burden for the community. There are some objective issues thatmake people tend not to attach importance to religious education. Thefirst is ignorance of the importance of education for survival. Many ofthem rural communities who think narrowly about formal education ornon formal, whereaseducation plays an important role to support theirlives in the future. For that I have some solutions that can be done toreduce the low awareness of education. By way of socialization aboutthe importance of formal education and non formal for the life of civilsociety.

Local government as an institution of civil society: municipal-legal problems of interaction and functioning

The article is devoted to the research of municipal-legal problems of increasing the efficiency of civil society functioning in Ukraine. The emphasis is on the need to improve and strengthen the legal status of local self-government as the fundamental institution of civil society. The contemporary theory of local self-government as an institution of civil society is considered, its role in ensuring the stability of the constitutional system and the development of constitutionalism in Ukraine is determined. The basic theories of self-government are analyzed, the definition of local self-government as one of the main forms of democracy and the constitutional means of limiting state power in the conditions of formation of civil society is proposed. This approach emphasizes the increasing role of the municipal-territorial factor in the life of civil society. It is connected with the creation of capable territorial communities, confirmation of democratic intentions of national states and their special attention to the inhabitants of certain territories.It is concluded that only realization for long time in the minds of residents - members of territorial communities - of stable anti-theatrical institutions, radical changes in the stereotypes of socio-political behavior of the general population, its self-organization and self-discipline, the formation of patriotic sentiments may in the future become the basis for leveling the conflict between state and public interest, the formation of an optimal balance between public and private, and, therefore, a powerful tool for improving efficiency the organization and functioning of civil society.

Trashing violence/recycling civility: Buenos Aires’ scavengers and everyday forms of democracy in the wake of neoliberalism

The various progressive and conservative governments that administered Buenos Aires from the 1990s onward implemented strikingly similar policies that were aimed at transforming the city and metropolitan region into a market-centered society. Their policies caused a record number of citizens to lose their jobs in the formal sector and to become scavengers almost overnight. As they crisscrossed daily the city’s neighborhoods gathering paper, plastic and other recyclable materials, these socially stigmatized, politically disenfranchised and economically pauperized scavengers practiced civility from below with many neighborhood residents from all walks of life in civil society and, occasionally, with municipal officials and members of one or another environmental NGO and waste disposal company in political society. In dialogue with Norbert Elias’s and Cheshire Calhoun’s accounts of liberal civility, and Etienne Balibar’s revisionist conception of radical civility, my study discusses them from the perspective of Buenos Aires’ waste pickers.

TASHAWWUF TAHRIKI: Anti Korupsi

Dynamic shufism developts positive thinking and realistic behavior about of paradigm of the material, spiritual and moral. Shufis are convinced anticorruption. Corruption in Indonesia especially has been in a virus, savage cancer and serious condition and its dangers are out of ordering state and civil society life in the fields of politics (money politics), economy (legalling all ways obtain money and wealth) and law (manipulation of facts). Problem solving these fenomena, anticorruption movements have been done every where, either by an individual, the state or social organization, however, its result is not yet satisfactory. One of the effective methods (thariqah) according to dynamic shufism perspective to solve corruption (fasad or risywah in al-Qur`an and tradition term), collusion and nepotism stressing corruption is a polytheism (syirik). It is a pity, corruption is not yet awared or realized of one of polytheistic existence. In a polytheistic context necessary is interpreted by perspective of dynamic shufism. Polytheism (syirik) indicate a long time public and envirement corruption and humankind suffering. Corrupters must be heavily punished and psychotherapy in order to be cured of a psychological disease and moral hazard or immoral.

PROCESS APPROACH TO CULTURAL POLICY IN THE REGIONAL ASPECT

One of the most important social and political functions of any state is the cultural policy designed to regulate the inner life of civil society. Cultural factors are decisive in the creation of a harmonious society, but also in enhancing the intellectual and spiritual potential of the human capital which is the lead factor in the development of any state. Characteristics of cultural policy, as a process, i.e. procedural approach, allows us to see the specific aspects of interaction of subjects over the governmental authorities. However, due to the fact, that in its scale cultural process is the same as political environment of the state, some scientists identify it either with politics in general or with the totality of the shares of behavioral government entities, change their status and influence. Supporters of the institutional approach associates the cultural political process with the functioning and the transformation of the government institutionы, based on a set of the political system reactions on the environmental challenges. As we speak in the current economic conditions in Ukraine is actual the development of anti-crisis measures for the rehabilitation and development of the conceptual approach of cultural policies in the region. As such, the obvious is the development of a measures set by all courses of the plan, that will mutualize the key goals, objectives and tools into a uniform system of measures. This plan should provide the combined model in the region and provide a transition to the zonal management principle of the transition period. In the plan it is also should be provided institutional support for the proposed measures, namely the mechanisms of technological and socio-cultural issues implementation in range of the cultural policy of the society [1, p.18] .

Новые потребительские ценности в пространстве социальных сетей

The article presents the key issues of current goods and services consumption, the author emphasizes that increasing choice reduces active time of the consumers and only new and unusual idea can draw their attention. Referring to the works of famous marketing specialists the author gives grounds to formation of new consumers´ values and pays readers´ attention to the fact that ideas of abundant consumption or the consumption «to show everybody that you can have it» go out-of-date forever giving the way to new type of consumption which is based on involvement of the consumers into life of civil society. The role of virtual social networks in the process of formation and promotion of new ideas is illustrated in the article and the particularities of content formation are shown by the example of the most popularsocial networks.

Social Provisions and the Life of Civil Society in Europe: Rethinking Public and Private

This article discusses the critical role that social provisioning played in forming and maintaining communities across the longue durée of European history. Based on evidence from urban Europe in particular, the study suggests the importance of the early creation of a sphere of civil society here. Civil society was marked by the presence of both voluntary and civic associations, many of them designed for the care of the “honorable” or “house” poor. Although filled with the activities of “private” citizens, civil society was an eminently public sphere. It provided men and, more importantly, women with opportunities to extend their lives beyond the domestic to participate in organized associational life. Two types of community, based on confessional and civic affiliation, were especially important in shaping early modern societies and the poor relief organizations that helped to bind them together.The study argues that these types of community persisted well beyond the early modern period, leaving a legacy of community-building patterns and practices of social provisioning that helped to define the “imagined communities” of modern nations and their welfare states.