Licensing Regulations Research Articles

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Older Adults’ Cognitive Impairments and Effects on Road Safety

Driving is challenging for older adults, especially those with cognitive impairments. This paper systematically reviewed 39 peer-reviewed studies to examine the impact of cognitive deficits on older adults’ driving abilities, focusing on the discussion of neuropsychological assessments including Trail Making Tests, Useful Field of View, Maze Test, and Mini-Mental Status Exam. The study proposed the concept of Road Safety Cognitive Health, which encompasses the cognitive processes crucial for safe driving, aiming to inform future driver training, licensing regulations, roadway designs, and vehicle technology innovations. Concussively, this research advances understanding of road safety challenges for cognitively impaired older adults and advocates for an integrative approach to ensure their driving safety.

Occupational licensing and income inequality in the states

AbstractThe decades‐long rise of economic inequality in the U.S. has led to a growing body of literature examining the role of policy in shaping income differences. We examine one such policy: occupational licensing regulations. Licensing can restrict employment and reduce market competition, which can then inflate wages for those in licensed professions. Existing research demonstrates that occupational licensure does increase wages in specific industries, leading some scholars to argue that licensing makes income inequality worse. We add nuance by arguing that the effect of licensing on inequality is dependent on which occupation classes experience the largest wage premiums. Using a comprehensive over‐time database of state licensing regulations, we first demonstrate that medium‐ and low‐wage jobs garner larger wage premiums than high‐wage occupations. Second, consistent with this result we then show that the occupational licensing regulations have the overall effect of reducing state income inequality. This research contributes to our understanding of the causes of growing inequality and how public policy can shape economic disparities through sometimes unintended and indirect ways.

LEGAL POLITICS OF FORESTRY LICENSING IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN LAWS AND REGULATIONS

The purpose of this research is to see how the legislation on forestry licensing regulations before and after the Job Creation Law. This research uses normative juridical conceptual, statutory, and historical types. The study found that the politics of forestry law has a significant impact as it relates to the dominance and stakes between an economy focused on investment interests and sustainable forest area cover during the development process. Previous problems related to forest management were not addressed by the legal regulations related to licensing in the forestry sector of the CK Law. However, the provisions of the CK Law focus on the exploitation of forest resources, which may exacerbate carbon emissions as investment in forest utilization increases. On the one hand, the changes made to the provisions of the Forestry Law in the CK Law are expected to increase investment because they simplify licensing, allow multi-businesses, and allow foreign investment to enter. On the other hand, the changes have a negative impact on natural resource management because they remove commitments to maintain certain forests, confirm and maintain differences in the utilization of forest products between large entrepreneurs and traditional communities, and marginalize communities.

Reconstruction of The Policy License for Tourism Businesses: Challenge and Opportunity for Social Welfare

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p class="AbstractText">The government's policy of revoking the authority of local governments to issue permits for the tourism business sector has caused chaos in the management and supervision of tourism businesses. This takeover of authority is closely related to the business licensing regulations regulated in the Omnibus Law. This research aims to determine the challenges and opportunities in licensing policy issues in the tourism sector that need reconstruction. The research method applied is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The Omnibus Law is the prominent rule that be analyzed. Meanwhile, the concepts of licensing, authority, and the principle of community participation are used as the basis for analyzing and reconstructing regulations. The results of this research show that there are challenges in reconstructing licensing regulations in the Omnibus Law due to differences in perspectives on licensing concepts between the central government and regional governments, which have implications for shifting the objectives of issuing permits and the transfer of authority to issue licenses that the regional government initially owned created chaos in the supervision of tourism business activities. Still, the opportunity in this policy reconstruction is that it is still possible to revise laws based on the principle of real participation with community involvement mechanisms that can influence the final results of policy decisions, as well as active collaboration between governments at the central, regional and regional levels, stakeholders and the community in developing the tourism sector which can realize social welfare.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Optimizing Port Operations: A Literature Review of the Relationship between Facility Management, Human Resources, Licensing, Loading and Unloading Productivity, and Port Performance in Maritime Transportation

Port operations are crucial for maintaining efficient maritime transportation. Factors such as facility management, human resources, and licensing have a significant impact on port productivity and overall performance. Differences in management approaches, human resource involvement, and licensing regulations can lead to variations in productivity between ports. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review to understand the relationship between these factors and identify best practices for optimizing port operations. The research method involves analyzing literature on port management, human resources, licensing, stevedoring productivity, and port performance. The results indicate that integrating careful facility management, competent human resource management, and strict licensing compliance can significantly improve port productivity and overall performance. These findings have important implications for developing strategies and policies to optimize port operations and improve the efficiency of maritime transportation.

The Restructuring Righteous Foreign Worker Regulations: The Challenge of Enormous Influx of Foreign Workers

Foreign workers are needed to overcome the challenge of a shortage of professional workers. However, the ineffectiveness of foreign worker licensing regulations in Indonesia hampers the supply of qualified foreign workers and impacts regional levy revenues. This research aims to structure the rules for the fair use of foreign workers. This is normative juridical research with conceptual, statutory, and comparative approaches. The results of a comparison of foreign worker regulations in Indonesia and Singapore are used to develop a regulatory concept that is more responsive to the use of foreign workers, especially in the health sector. The idea of licensing law and justice theory is used for analysis. The research results show that the regulations on using foreign workers in Indonesia are not yet comprehensive regarding the rules for qualifying foreign workers as a condition for issuing permits and justifying good public services. The issuance of permits to use foreign workers has been hampered because several regions do not yet have implementing regulations that impact the collection of regional levies. Second, setting up mechanisms for utilizing foreign workers in Singapore is relatively easy and successful with strict digital-based permit requirements. Thus, Indonesia needs to adopt a foreign labor policy system with strict requirements for issuing permits that are accessible in terms of bureaucracy, changes to laws, implementation of regulations, and drafting of regional regulations.

The implementation of the elective subject "Public Health" in the final year for medical students at Göttingen University Medical Center: results of the UNITE project

International and national frameworks and initiatives call for strengthening the training of health professionals in the public health service (PHS) through cooperation with universities. The German Medical Licensing Regulations of 21st Sep 2021 provides for an integration of PHS into undergraduate medical training in the final year since 1st May 2022. The present study presents the procedure and results of the final year elective Public Health (PH) implementation for medical students at the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) in cooperation with the local PHS. In the twelve-month project UNITE (07/21-06/22), the final year elective PH was implemented in seven steps: analysis of the framework conditions, conception of the elective, preparation of a logbook, pilot phase with five students in one-week rotations, public relations for students, introduction of a medical didactic training for staff of the health department and implementation of the elective PHS with students. A cooperation agreement between UMG and the Health Department regulates the training of medical students. Students complete four-week rotations in the areas of public health service and funeral services, paediatric and adolescent medical service, infection control and social psychiatric service. The logbook for students contains learning objectives for individuals specialised in services for self-assessment of the acquired competences. The didactics training was implemented with high learning success of the participating staff. So far three final year students have successfully completed the elective. The implementation of final year elective PHS strengthens the anchoring of public health topics in the education of medical students in Göttingen and makes PHS more visible as a professional perspective. Essential for the successful implementation were the establishment of a continuous cooperation between the university and the health department, student-oriented teaching-learning concept with a logbook suitable for the location, a trained multiprofessional team in the health department, and the evaluation of the elective for quality assurance and further development of the training. The concept presented here can help other locations in establishing the final year elective in PH and can be adapted to specific local conditions.

Penegakan Hukum dalam Penanggulangan Pertambangan Batubara Illegal

Coal mining is one sector that supports state and regional economies if management is environmentally friendly. Management of coal mining as a non-renewable natural resource must be carried out as optimally as possible, efficiently, transparently, sustainably and with environmental awareness. The aim of the research is to find out and analyze the regulation and law enforcement against illegal mining in Indonesia. The research method used by the author in researching the problem in writing this article is normative juridical research. The results of the research are the regulation of Article 158 of Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining where if someone does not have an IUP, IPR, IUPK then they will be imprisoned for a maximum of 10 years and a maximum fine of IDR 10,000,000,000.00 (ten billion) Enforcement The law in illegal mining cases is the decision of the Panel of Judges to sentence the Defendant to imprisonment for 8 (eight) months and a fine of IDR. 2,000,000.00 (two million Rupiah). The conclusion is that the mining issue cannot be separated from the agrarian issue, because Mining activities are underground and to carry out these activities, you must first obtain permission from the authorized official. Therefore, when carrying out mining activities, you must have a permit as regulated in the Coal Mining Licensing Regulations, Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral Mining. and Coal which discusses the form of regulatory licensing and licensing requirements.

Analisis Kritis Putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Perselisihan Izin Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan untuk Pembangunan PLTA Tampur

The aim of this research is to analyze the Banda Aceh PTUN decision Number 7/G/LH/2019/PTUN.BNA which was issued on August 28 2019. This decision granted the lawsuit filed by the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi) against the Governor of Aceh regarding licensing in publishing Borrow-to-Use Forest Area Permit for the Construction of the Tampur-I Hydroelectric Power Plant (443 MW) covering an area of ​​4,407 Ha in the name of PT Kamirzu in Gayo Lues Regency, Aceh Tamiang Regency, and East Aceh Regency, Aceh Province. The research method used in the article is a case study with a qualitative approach with research using secondary data from several Banda Aceh PTUN decision documents Number 7/G/LH/2019/PTUN.BNA, in the form of journal articles and related news. As a result of this research, the Banda Aceh PTUN Panel of Judges decided that the Dispute Object was invalid, and required the Defendant to withdraw the Dispute Object. The use of forest land for development does not comply with applicable licensing regulations, and the use of forest land for development also does not reflect permits that function in the public interest

Administrative and legal regulation of licensing for medical practice

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of legal regulation of licensing for medical practice. The provisions of laws and regulations governing the procedure for obtaining a licence to practice medicine are studied. The scientific works of scholars in the fields of law, medicine, and public administration who have studied legal relations in the field of healthcare and licensing are studied. Recommendations for amending the legislation are formulated.
 The author proposes a definition of licensing for medical practice as a means of state regulation of medical care and medical assistance compliance with the established licensing conditions with a view to protecting the life and health of patients and ensuring the provision of quality medical services.
 The article establishes that there are certain peculiarities of licensing for medical practice in comparison with other types of economic activity. A specially created licensing commission of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine reviews documents for obtaining a licence. The licensing regulations set out specific personnel, technological and organisational requirements that the founders of healthcare facilities must meet before submitting documents for a licence. A special package of documents is prepared to be attached to the licence application and provides for the description of the material and technical base and personnel of the healthcare facility. The activities of the entire healthcare facility, rather than individual healthcare professionals, are subject to licensing.
 A number of proposals for amendments to the legislation are proposed, namely: 1) to consolidate the concept of medical service as a separate, specific type of medical procedure, diagnosis of a particular disease, rehabilitation, cosmetic care, health massage, paid examination; 2) to define in the licensing conditions more detailed technological requirements for the area of certain premises of a healthcare facility and medical equipment necessary for the treatment of certain diseases; 3) the author supports the position that it is expedient to develop and adopt the Medical Code of Ukraine as a comprehensive legislative act which would regulate legal relations in the field of healthcare.

The new medical licensing regulations (ÄApprO) : Status and expected challenges

BackgroundThe amendment to the medical licensing regulations (ÄApprO) was decided at the federal level in the version of the "Master Plan for Medical Studies 2020" passed in 2017. In addition to the organizational effort involved in redesigning the curricular teaching, the expected costs associated with the implementation of the new licensing regulations due to the necessary additional time and, therefore, personnel expenditure are of particular importance. Taking into account the different forms of study and the 20% scope for study-design provided to the individual faculties, the process of transferring the teaching content to the new modules confronts us with an enormous organizational challenge.Significance of O&UDiseases of the musculoskeletal system are of particular medical, social and economic importance. Therefore, the training of future physicians in the field of orthopedics and traumatology must be taken into account. The visibility of the field of orthopedics and traumatology must not be lost with the introduction of the new medical licensing regulations (ÄApprO).ImplementationThe implementation of the new medical licensing regulations at German universities will be costly and necessitates an increased number of staff. However, there is agreat opportunity to position orthopedics and traumatology as a"central player" in the modular, interdisciplinary and interprofessional course landscape. It is, therefore, important to take on concrete responsibility for the design of the new teaching programs and to bring in our specialist and interdisciplinary skills wherever sensible and possible.

PERENCANAAN PENANGANAN PERIZINAN PEMBANGUNAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM PEMANDIAN MEGA MENDUNG NAGARI SINGGALANG KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR

This research is motivated by the natural tourist park tourist attraction which is located on the Sicincin-Bukittinggi highway, precisely in the Anai Valley, where the location of this tourist attraction is included in a natural conservation area. This research aims to design a planning for handling permits for the construction of the Mega Mendung Natural Tourism Park in Nagari Singgalang, Tanah Datar Regency. This research focuses on analyzing licensing regulations, mapping licensing procedures, and preparing recommendations to simplify and speed up the licensing process for developing Nature Tourism Parks. The research methodology involved data collection, regulatory analysis, interviews, and field surveys. The results of this research show that the government is taking a middle path to resolve licensing issues in the form of managing natural conservation areas in accordance with existing regulations, while the entrepreneurs themselves will later follow government decisions in the future considering that this tourist attraction has been operating for quite a long time and without an official permit.

Overpopulation of Animals in India: Analyzing Legislative Shortcomings

The overpopulation of animals in India is a critical issue with far-reaching consequences, impacting animal welfare, public health, and community safety. This legal research paper examines the root causes of this problem and the inadequacies in India's current legislative framework governing animal welfare. It explores how vague language, lax enforcement, and gaps in coverage have contributed to the unchecked growth of stray animal populations, resulting in suffering, public health risks, and safety concerns. Comparative analysis with regions known for effective animal welfare legislation reveals best practices and strategies that can be adapted to the Indian context. The paper proposes a series of legal reforms tailored to the Indian context, including mandatory spaying and neutering, comprehensive registration and microchipping, stricter licensing and breeding regulations, public education and awareness campaigns, strengthened animal cruelty penalties, and the introduction of Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs for feral animals. Addressing challenges, objections, and ethical considerations, these recommendations aim to strike a balance between personal freedoms and the need for responsible pet ownership. Through case studies and a contextualized approach, this research underscores the importance of addressing legislative shortcomings in India to safeguard animal welfare, protect public health, and ensure community safety. The proposed reforms seek to harmonize India's rich cultural diversity with modern animal welfare standards, ultimately creating a more compassionate and secure environment for both animals and humans in the Indian context.

Impact on wine sales of removing the largest serving size by the glass: An A-B-A reversal trial in 21 pubs, bars, and restaurants in England.

Interventions that alter aspects of the physical environments in which unhealthy behaviours occur have the potential to change behaviour at scale, i.e., across populations, and thereby decrease the risk of several diseases. One set of such interventions involves reducing serving sizes, which could reduce alcohol consumption. The effect of modifying the available range of serving sizes of wine in a real-world setting is unknown. We aimed to assess the impact on the volume of wine sold of removing the largest serving size by the glass from the options available in licensed premises. The study was conducted between September 2021 and May 2022 in 21 licensed premises in England that sold wine by the glass in serving sizes greater than 125 ml (i.e., 175 ml or 250 ml) and used an electronic point of sale till system. It used an A-B-A reversal design, set over 3 four-weekly periods. "A" represented the nonintervention periods during which standard serving sizes were served and "B" the intervention period when the largest serving size for a glass of wine was removed from the existing range in each establishment: 250 ml (18 premises) or 175 ml (3 premises). The primary outcome was the daily volume of wine sold, extracted from sales data. Twenty-one premises completed the study, 20 of which did so per protocol and were included in the primary analysis. After adjusting for prespecified covariates, the intervention resulted in -420·8 millilitres (ml) (95% confidence intervals (CIs) -681·4 to -160·2 p = 0·002) or -7·6% (95% CI -12·3%, -2·9%) less wine being sold per day. There was no evidence that sales of beer and cider or total daily revenues changed but the study was not powered to detect differences in these outcomes. The main study limitation is that we were unable to assess the sales of other alcoholic drinks apart from wine, beer, and cider, estimated to comprise approximately 30% of alcoholic drinks sold in participating premises. Removing the largest serving size of wine by the glass from those available reduced the volume of wine sold. This promising intervention for decreasing alcohol consumption across populations merits consideration as part of alcohol licensing regulations. ISRCTN https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN33169631; OSF https://osf.io/xkgdb.

Policies addressing suspension and expulsion in state early care and education subsystems: A national census of policy alignment and integration

Exclusion from early care and education (ECE) programs creates employment challenges for families and disrupts learning for children, often differentially impacting children placed at-risk due to income, race, and disability. Federal policy guidance and changes in the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) Block Grant requirements are meant to influence states to create policies that will both regulate and prevent disciplinary exclusions, especially suspension and expulsion. We present a national census of states’ CCDF plans, center-based child care licensing regulations, and state pre-K policies addressing suspension and expulsion. Using content analysis methodology, we evaluate the presence of key policy components of suspension and expulsion prevention including data collection, parent/family involvement in the process of exclusions, accessing community resources, and the use of developmental information to inform the use of exclusionary discipline. Our results indicate that expulsion and suspension policies vary widely both across states, and within the same state's subsystems. The component found most frequently across all subsystems is an expulsion policy, with noticeable variation in specifying and defining suspension. Our findings also point to a great deal of variance in policy alignment, with pre-K including the most information on expulsion and suspension policies and prevention. As state-level policymakers seek to adopt policies that reduce exclusion in ECE, our findings point to a need to consider the importance of creating policies that protect children, especially those over exposed to exclusionary discipline, and then aligning those components within and across ECE subsystems to promote equitable access to ECE. This is particularly important for low-income families, Black children, children with disabilities, and boys.

Palliative care education and knowledge transfer into practice - a multicenter survey among medical students and resident physicians in Germany using a mixed-methods design.

In 2009, Palliative care was incorporated into the medical curriculum as Cross-Sectional Subject 13 (QB13) by means of the revision of the Medical Licensing Regulations for Physicians. The aim of this study was to determine the strengths and deficits of QB13 student education for palliative care in clinical practice in a multi-centre setting and to identify potential for improvement. Online questionnaires filled out by medical students during their Practical Year (PY) and resident physicians from the university hospitals in Aachen, Düsseldorf, and Cologne were descriptively analyzed using SPSS; free-text responses were categorized and quantified. Semi-structured interviews with the resident physicians (using a mixed-methods design) were analyzed through content analysis. Emerging categories were quantified. Analysis of 130 fully completed questionnaires and 23 interviews revealed that participants particularly benefited from patient- and practice-oriented small-group sessions for their clinical work. Despite some university-specific differences, the PY students identified a need for training in end-of-life-care, while resident physicians saw a need for training primarily in dealing with patients and their relatives. They also reported deficits in transferability. QB13 should be organised in cross-university curricula and provide sufficient resources for practical-oriented small-group teaching. Based on the "unit of care", besides caring for palliative patients, dealing with patients' families should also be an education focus. To improve transferability into clinical practice, students should be actively involved in the care of palliative patients.

Legal aspects of generative artificial intelligence and large language models in examinations and theses.

The high performance of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLM) in examination contexts has triggered an intense debate about their applications, effects and risks. What legal aspects need to be considered when using LLM in teaching and assessment? What possibilities do language models offer? Statutes and laws are used to assess the use of LLM: - University statutes, state higher education laws, licensing regulations for doctors - Copyright Act (UrhG) - General Data Protection Regulation (DGPR) - AI Regulation (EU AI Act) LLM and AI offer opportunities but require clear university frameworks. These should define legitimate uses and areas where use is prohibited. Cheating and plagiarism violate good scientific practice and copyright laws. Cheating is difficult to detect. Plagiarism by AI is possible. Users of the products are responsible. LLM are effective tools for generating exam questions. Nevertheless, careful review is necessary as even apparently high-quality products may contain errors. However, the risk of copyright infringement with AI-generated exam questions is low, as copyright law allows up to 15% of protected works to be used for teaching and exams. The grading of exam content is subject to higher education laws and regulations and the GDPR. Exclusively computer-based assessment without human review is not permitted. For high-risk applications in education, the EU's AI Regulation will apply in the future. When dealing with LLM in assessments, evaluation criteria for existing assessments can be adapted, as can assessment programmes, e.g. to reduce the motivation to cheat. LLM can also become the subject of the examination themselves. Teachers should undergo further training in AI and consider LLM as an addition.

The research On Illegality and Medical Fault Presumption: On the Application of the Article 1222 Paragraph 1of the Civil Code of the PRC

Fault determination has always been a difficult and controversial issue in the determination of medical tort liability. Article 1222 of the Civil Code stipulates three situations for medical fault estimation and establishes objective standards for medical fault estimation, which has positive significance in overcoming the abstraction and uncertainty of the fault determination standard for “medical level” in Article 1221.
 In judicial practice, Article 1222 (1) of the Civil Code can simplify the difficulty of determining the fault of medical torts, but there are also some problems. The judgment standards for medical violations of “duty of care” and “illegality” are often confused, the administrative and civil legal liabilities arising from medical violations are often confused, and the legal responsibilities of medical institutions and medical personnel in medical torts are not distinguished, There is even a trend of ‘illegal is wrong’.
 This article analyzes the nature and circumstances of illegal medical behavior, and demonstrates the relationship between violating diagnostic and treatment norms and illegal behavior. It further suggests establishing a presumption rule of “illegal” and “fault”, limiting the presumption of “illegal” medical behavior to “fault” in private language and excluding public law provisions; Establish hierarchical application rules when violating the “diagnostic and treatment norms” to presume “fault”, thereby reducing the impact of the current confusion of diagnostic and treatment norms on the presumption of fault; The presumption principle of “illegality is fault” applies to violations of licensing laws and regulations; Violating the legal provisions of diagnosis and treatment and applying the principle of “proximate cause” presumption; The rule of presumption of evidence applies to violations of medical record laws and regulations. Through the above rules, objective evaluation of medical behavior and fair division of medical damage liability can be achieved.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Produk Minuman Kesehatan Berbasis Bahan Alam dan Penyuluhan Regulasi Perijinan SPP IRT

The empirical utilization of plants as traditional medicine is still limited to making herbal decoctions which are rather long and on average taste bitter. The development of the utilization from medicinal plants in the form of health drinks that are easy to consume and taste acceptable to the public is still very low. Plant materials that are widely used include kencur in the form of herb beras kencur, temu lawak in the form of herb temu lawak. Therefore, this activity is to improve the health status for the community and increase the economic independence of the community by entrepreneurship with health drinks that are made from natural ingredients with innovative processing. The method that used in is counseling and hands-on practice of making, labeling products. The target audience is people whose daily activities are small entrepreneurs. The results obtained from this activity are increasing knowledge about the utilization of natural ingredients as health drinks, knowledge of SPP-IRT licensing regulations, and processing practices for making, packaging and labeling health drink products in the form of instant beras kencur, instant temu lawak and temu lawak syrup that have worth to sell.

ZApprO versus ZÄPrO: Ergebnisse einer ersten Vergleichsstudie

ZusammenfassungHintergrundMehr als 60 Jahre nach dem Erlass der ersten Approbationsordnung für Zahnärzte (ZÄPrO) trat im Jahr 2020 eine neue Approbationsordnung für Zahnärzte und Zahnärztinnen (ZApprO) in Kraft. Ziele dieser Untersuchung waren die Evaluation und ein Vergleich der auf den unterschiedlichen gesetzlichen Grundlagen basierenden Lehrveranstaltungen „Kurs der Technischen Propädeutik“ (TPK) und „Zahnmedizinische Propädeutik mit Schwerpunkt Dentale Technologie“ (ZPDT).MethodenNach Abschluss der Veranstaltungen wurden folgende Parameter untersucht: (1.) theoretisches und praktisches Wissen, (2.) reguläre fachbereichsinterne Evaluation durch die Lernenden, (3.) spezielle Evaluation der Lernbedingungen aus Sicht der Lernenden und (4.) aus Sicht der Lehrenden. Die theoretischen und praktischen Prüfungen und die Fragebögen wurden hinsichtlich ihrer teststatistischen Kenngrößen (Schwierigkeit, Trennschärfe, interne Konsistenz) analysiert. Gruppenvergleiche zwischen TPK und ZPDT erfolgten durch t‑Tests für unabhängige Gruppen.ErgebnisseLediglich bei der Evaluation zur Erfassung der speziellen Lernbedingungen aus Sicht der Lernenden konnten signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt werden, wobei die theoretische und praktische Wissensvermittlung im TPK niedriger als im ZPDT bewertet wurde.DiskussionDie vergleichbaren Ergebnisse der Wissensüberprüfungen und der regulären Evaluation, trianguliert mit der umfangreichen Evaluation durch Lernende und Lehrende, ermöglichten eine umfassende Beurteilung beider Veranstaltungen. Die ermittelten signifikanten Unterschiede eröffnen Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung des neu implementierten ZPDT-Kurses.