Licensing Models Research Articles

The activities of public service media in new media and its funding

With the development of new technologies, the so-called new media are gaining importance and popularity in society. This leads to a strengthening of the presence of public media in the field of new media. In this context, the author examines how they are moving from a long-term licence model aimed at charging for the ownership of the radio or television receiver to generating income for activities in the field of new media. One of the options is to generate income through advertising, sponsorship or product placement in the online space, another option is to change the fee model and shift to tax, respectively charging natural and legalpersons regardless of the ownership of the receiver. In this context, the author analyses the situation in three Central European countries (Czechia, Slovakia and Austria) that are currently reforming the funding of public service media. In the research, the author focuses on the activity of public media in the online space and how they are changing the current funding model in this regard. The research methods used are mainly analysis of legislative and budgetary documents. The author concludes that public service media tend to move towards new funding models that are either more universal or secure funding from the state budget. National legislation regulating public service media is also being adapted to the new activities of public service media in new media, with measures to ensure the independence of online broadcasting.

Harnessing Disruptive Technologies: Strategic Approach to Retail Product Innovation

Innovations in the retail industry, like Amazon's Just Walk Out (JWO) technology, are changing the way people shop by providing a cashierless experience. This article examines how to strategically utilize disruptive technologies for retail product innovation, with JWO as a case study. The examination summarizes JWO technology, its uptake, and the obstacles encountered during implementation. The research also explores the business dynamics of technological advancement, underlining the crucial role of disruptive technologies in improving customer satisfaction, operational effectiveness, and product creativity. The document points out the main drawbacks of JWO technology, such as restricted scalability, expensive implementation and operational costs, and the requirement for frequent technology updates. Suggestions for enhancing JWO technology and its utilization include implementing a licensing or subscription-based business model, incorporating modular design, and enhancing flexibility. The research also covers tactical factors for merchants when adopting innovative technologies, highlighting the significance of prioritizing customer needs, evaluating costs and benefits, considering scalability, building partnerships, and incorporating other technologies. The paper ends by emphasizing the capability of disruptive technologies to change the retail sector and the requirement for companies to find a balance between innovation and practical factors to thrive in a competitive environment. Keywords—Disruptive Technologies, Retail Product Innovation, Just Walk Out (JWO), Customer Satisfaction, Operational Efficiency, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence(AI), Technology Strategy, Machine learning (ML), Data.

Liability regulation on short video platforms: balancing freedom of expression and copyright protection

Abstract The rise of short video platforms has fundamentally altered the balance between freedom of expression and copyright protection, challenging traditional legal frameworks like the Safe Harbor Principle. This paper critically examines the evolving legal landscape, with particular focus on the implications of Article 17 of the EU’s Copyright Directive in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive), especially for small platforms, creators, and users. Through comparative analysis of international legal frameworks and case studies, the study delves into the challenges faced by stakeholders in navigating platform liability, algorithmic content moderation, and user rights. The research highlights how the existing legal environment, while aiming to protect copyright holders, often disproportionately favors large platforms, undermining the expressive freedoms and fair use rights of smaller creators and users. Furthermore, the paper addresses the role of remix culture on short video platforms, discussing how transformative works and user-generated content foster cultural diversity and innovation. It advocates for reforms that balance copyright enforcement with freedom of expression, promoting cooperative licensing models, nuanced content moderation, and expanded fair use exemptions to support a more equitable digital ecosystem where creativity, access, and protection coexist effectively.

On licensing sequential cost-reducing innovations

We present a simple model of an outside innovator licensing sequential innovations and propose a channel through which the prospect of future inventions affects the current number of licenses offered. Innovators may license their inventions to more firms than the one-shot licensing model predicts.

Development of a Technology Valuation Model for Commercial Licensing: An Empirical Case of PB 1718 Basmati Rice Variety

Development of a Technology Valuation Model for Commercial Licensing: An Empirical Case of PB 1718 Basmati Rice Variety

Proposed Alternative Models for Licensing Filipino Seafarers

Licensing is evidence that one has spent time and money to gain access to a class of professionals that influence the safety, health, and welfare of the public and is charged to conform to codes of ethical conduct and standards. Licensure elevates an individual above other graduates and bestows permission to be legally responsible for activities within his specialization. Licensure will likewise enhance an individual’s personal worth and value, provide a broader set of occupational options, and earn high respect from the public (Berson, 2012). A state’s law governs the merchant marine profession. To practice the profession, one must complete an academic degree in marine courses, such as a BS in Marine Transportation or a BS in Marine Engineering. Seafarers must pass the required state board-written examinations. The passing grade is determined by a body of examiners, usually called the Board of Examiners or, as in. the Philippine setting, the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC), which is designated by the law to perform the function of regulation (Geguiento, 2010, as cited by Palmejar, 2010). In the attempt to develop alternative models for acquiring professional licenses for Filipino seafarers, a descriptive exploratory study was conducted that involved seafarers, maritime education students, and graduates of maritime education programs. Schools offering maritime education in the National Capital Region, officially listed in the Commission of Higher Education- Maritime Higher Education Institution (CHED-MHEI), as well as Maritime Training Centers and Agencies, registered in the Department of Labor-Maritime Training Council (DOLE-MTC), comprised the research population from which respondents were selected employing non-probability, purposive sampling techniques, particularly maximum variation sampling. The assessment of the acceptability of the current licensing scheme ranged from neutral to slightly acceptable. Students (with CAR and on-board training and junior maritime students) generally favor Alternative Model B, as reflected in the high mean acceptability scores, while unlicensed seafarers showed interest in Alternative Models C and D, as shown in the high mean acceptability scores. Keywords: Licensing Filipino Seafarers, licensing model, maritime licensing, licensure of maritime professionals

On-Demand Circulation of Software Licenses

The Miami University Libraries (MUL) developed an open-source Software Checkout system to allow patrons to make use of software licenses owned by the library. The system takes advantage of user-based licensing under the Software as a Service (SaaS) license model and vendor-created APIs to easily and legally assign access to users. The service currently supports Adobe Creative Cloud, Final Cut Pro, and Logic Pro software. MUL has successfully used this software for three years. This article describes the expansion of offerings and the increasing use of the service over that time. Built on a model developed by Pixar for managing employee software licenses, the Software Checkout system is believed to be the first of its kind for circulating licenses to library patrons. Both this lending model and the open-source software developed by MUL are available to other libraries. This paper is intended to prompt libraries to take advantage of the legal and technical environment to expand software license sharing to other libraries.

The economics of copyright in the digital age

AbstractIntellectual property rights are fundamental to how economies organize innovation and steer the diffusion of knowledge. Copyright law, in particular, has developed constantly to keep up with emerging technologies and the interests of creators, consumers, and intermediaries of the different creative industries. We provide a synthesis of the literature on the law and economics of copyright in the digital age, with a particular focus on the available empirical evidence. First, we discuss the legal foundations of the copyright system and developments of length and scope throughout the era of digitization. Second, we review the literature on technological change with its opportunities and challenges for the stakeholders involved. We give special attention to empirical evidence on online copyright enforcement, changes in the supply of works due to digital technology, and the importance of creative re‐use and new licensing and business models. We then set out avenues for further research identifying critical gaps in the literature regarding the scope of empirical copyright research, the effects of technology that enables algorithmic licensing, and copyright issues related to software, data and artificial intelligence.

Green technological licensing strategies with fixed-fee among rival firms under emissions trading scheme

This paper considers no-licensing, unilateral licensing, and cross-licensing strategies among rival firms with different green technologies under emissions trading scheme. We mainly focus on the impact of green technological licensing strategies on firms’ operational management from a business perspective by considering different carbon quota allocations. It is shown that the green technological licensing strategy is always a preferred strategy in globally optimal sense when the technological gap and emission improvement are lower than some thresholds; if firms’ bargaining powers are within a certain range, the green technological licensing strategies can realize a Pareto improvement; the equilibrium decisions have a certain degree of robustness under random perturbation. To improve the performance of green technological licensing models, we introduce revenue-sharing contracts into the green technological licensing negotiation processes and show that, if the better-off firms agree to transfer a certain portion of their revenues, revenue-sharing contracts can increase the total profits of firms and are profitable for all parties. From an economic and environmental perspective, green technological licensing strategies can promote sustainable social development, while revenue-sharing contracts can significantly increase the incentive for rival firms to license green technologies.

Copyright Content User Licensing Model for Collective Management Organizations in Uganda

Collective Management Organizations (CMOs) negotiate and collect royalties for intellectual works on behalf of its owners. These royalties fund Collective Management Organizations (CMO) activities, with portions going to copyright holders and the government (VAT). Higher education institutions make substantial contributions to copyright as makers and users of copyrighted works. CMOs attempt to collect royalties from these creators in order to preserve their confidence. Throughout the royalty collection process, Collective Management Organizations (CMO) engage with and gather a large amount of user data. This paper suggests a copyright user licensing approach to help Ugandan CMOs manage their licensing operations. The model includes gathering user information, determining requirements, and granting licenses. Data security in the central database is a major concern. Object-oriented programming (OOAD) is used to develop a trial system for user evaluation. The project involved collaboration with CMO staff, copyright users, and IP practitioners across several African countries. Feedback was gathered through interviews, focus groups, and user testing of a system prototype. The tested prototype was assessed for user-friendliness, navigation ease, consistency, usability, task completion time, and information access speed. The study concludes that a copyright user licensing model can improve licensing processes for CMOs and reduce copyright infringement. It further suggests that this model can be adapted for use by other licensing firms and organizations. Keywords: Collective Management Organization (CMO), Copyright user licensing, Copyright royalties, Higher education institutions, IP, Data security, OOAD, Copyright infringement Journal Reference Format: Lyada E , Egho-Promise E. I.,John,K.A. & Mustapha, A.B. (2024): Copyright Content User Licensing Model for Collective management Organizations in Uganda. Advances in Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol. 2.No. 4, Pp1-16. Vol. 10. No. 1. Pp 17-40 www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/BHI/V10N1P2

The association between state regulation and the increase in research productivity in Peruvian universities

In the eight years following the 2014 university system reform in Peru, there has been sustained growth in the scientific production of the Peruvian universities, evident by an increased number of publications in indexed journals compared to the pre-reform period. Using administrative data, the article investigates if the growth of scientific production is associated with the research-strengthening conditions of the Peruvian licensing model. Despite the low institutional research legacy in the university system, there is a strong association of the regulation linked to the university reform process in the production of academic articles. This result is robust to different specifications. Equally important is showing that this change has allowed universities with a limited research legacy to enhance their research output, which could be attributed to their increased necessity to adapt to a research-oriented approach already established by other universities.

Free Simulation Tools for Power Quality and Grid-Integration of Renewable Energies Cases

The analysis of Power Quality issues and/orthe integration of renewable energy into the grid requiresthe use of different tools, among which the use of computersimulation applications stands out. The basic objective isto obtain a model of the electrical system under study thatallows for knowledge, with a reasonable degree of preci-sion, of its behavior under different operating conditions.The benefits of these tools are manifold, since they allow usto understand the response of the system, both in transientand steady-state conditions, to situations that are difficultto reproduce in practice: short circuits, failures in gen-eration, transmission and distribution infrastructures, etc.Additionally, these tools can be used as platforms for opera-tor training and network planning. Currently, a wide varietyof commercial tools that are de facto standards can be foundon the market. Some of these tools have a high cost andcannot be used by students outside the academic environ-ment. In parallel, and thanks to the efforts of the scientificcommunity, simulation tools have been developed that areavailable free of cost under several licensing models. Thiscontribution analyzes some of the available tools, with spe-cial attention to those that are published under several opensource and academic non-commercial software licenses thatare available to the academic community free of cost.

Optimal Launch Timing of Bug Bounty Programs for Software Products under Different Licensing Models

An increasing number of software firms are utilizing bug bounty programs (BBPs) to detect bugs and enhance their product quality by leveraging the contributions of external ethical hackers. Although launching a BBP involves bounties as well as the costs of processing bug reports and fixing bugs, software firms can save failure costs and enjoy the benefits of greater user trust. The costs and benefits resulting from launching a BBP vary with launch timings and software licensing models. Hence, we investigate the optimal BBP launch strategies for software firms, using perpetual or subscription licensing models. Our findings reveal that under perpetual licensing, the firm has only two viable launch strategies: simultaneous launch, i.e., launching the software and the BBP simultaneously, and no launch. Under subscription licensing, however, delayed launch, i.e., launching the BBP later than the software release time, occurs as the optimal strategy when the failure cost is not high and the benefit of user trust is significant. Two distinct patterns in the relationship between the firm’s bug-fixing capability and its payoff are identified: a U-shaped pattern and an inverted U-shaped pattern. We uncover the conditions under which a firm should opt not to launch a BBP as its bug-fixing capability improves. This study offers insights into how firms can be motivated to launch BBPs to improve the overall reliability of their software.

Machine learning compliance-aware dynamic software allocation for energy, cost and resource-efficient cloud environment

With the growing number of cloud services protected by licenses, compliance management and assurance is becoming critical need to support the development of trustworthy cloud systems. In these systems, the multiplication of services and the inefficient resource utilization incurred energy consumption and costs increase despite the consolidation initiatives underway. Few works deal with resource allocation optimization at the SaaS level, which does not consider compliance aspects. Generally, the reported consolidation work does not address license management in the cloud environment as a whole, particularly from a resource management perspective, and the vast majority of consolidation work focuses on resource optimization at the infrastructure level. Thus, we propose a software license consolidation scheme based on multi-objective reinforcement learning that enables efficient use of resources and optimizes energy consumption, resource wastage, and costs while ensuring compliance with the processor-based licensing model. The experimental results show that our solution outperforms the baseline approaches in different scenarios with homogeneous and heterogeneous resources under different data center scales.

Analysis of Organization of Primary Health Care in Colleges of the Sverdlovsk Region

Introduction: In the coming years, in an unstable demographic and socio-economic situation, the workforce of the country will be replenished by teenagers studying in secondary vocational schools (colleges). Health protection of the younger generation is one of the main tasks of our time. Objective: To examine the system of primary health care to secondary vocational school students of the Sverdlovsk Region in the context of amended requirements for medical licensing. Materials and methods: In March 2023, we analyzed regulatory legal documents, data from the Unified Register of Medical Licenses on regional colleges and health facilities with the assigned population. We also compared the results of an anonymous sociological survey of specialists of college health units. Results: We have established amendments in requirements for medical practice licensing, including additional conditions for maintaining electronic registers and exchanging medical data through a Unified Health Information System and the turnover of medicines. There are five basic models of primary health care in colleges within the existing regulatory framework: 1) independent licensing of a medical office by the college; 2) conclusion of contracts for medical care of students with a nearby polyclinic separately for minors and adult students; 3) licensing of a medical office located in the college on behalf of a hospital; 4) organization of a student polyclinic and assigning students to it for the period of study; 5) medical care of students in health units of the enterprise carrying out targeted training for students. Conclusions: The existing models of primary health care do not fully ensure the rights of minors studying in colleges to health protection and require improvement. In the Sverdlovsk Region, the model of independent licensing of medical offices is the most common, which also prevents students from receiving the entire declared volume of primary health care.

Strategic Licensing Model Choice with Network Effects in a Dynamic Duopoly

Strategic Licensing Model Choice with Network Effects in a Dynamic Duopoly

Building an Online Licensing Platform for Digital Images of Artwork

Digital artwork can facilitate the spread of culture while preserving and sustaining its value. However, digital image transactions are trapped in the traditional trading modes. As digital technology and the Internet of Things progressed, society moved into the information age. Thus, our conceptualization of private intellectual property rights evolved, allowing for the removal of artificial barriers between rights owners and consumers. This study bridges this gap by developing an individually-tailored authorized trading platform for digital artwork. First, we use copyrights underlying digital artwork licensing as a lens to examine new copyright licensing model challenges and the use of value-added applications in the modern digital environment. Second, we analyze foreign digital artwork trading platforms to better understand the functions of a digital artwork image licensing platform. By using the questionnaire to determine what functions digital artwork platforms should include, we can shift the object of investigation to the artists themselves.

A Technology Licensing Model with Endogenous Timing

A Technology Licensing Model with Endogenous Timing

Online System Adaptation Single Submission Risk Based Approach (OSS-RBA)

The industrial revolution can bring changes in human lifestyles, from manual to digital trading and ways of working. This will provide Indonesia with opportunities, enormous opportunities, including government organizations that are innovative in fulfilling their mandates and functions. Utilizing developments in information technology, accelerating the promotion of e-government, implementing science and technology public services and implementing other government affairs. The Indonesian government has finally passed Law No. 19 of 2020. Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation has changed the licensing paradigm from a permit-based approach to a risk-based approach (RBA). Not without reason, this provision is intended to provide ease and certainty in doing business so as to increase regional competitiveness. This new paradigm places risk as the main consideration in every business activity, thus having implications for changes in the current design of business policies, institutions and service platforms in the central and regional governments. However, at the implementation level in each region, the application of this risk-based licensing model depends on the readiness and subsequent response from each region, especially policies, institutions (organization and human resources) and digital service tools (sarpras, internet networks). Electronically Integrated Business Licensing or Online Single Submission Risk-Based Approach (OSS-RBA) is a business license issued by the OSS-RBA agency on behalf of the Minister, Head of Agency, Governor, or Regent/Mayor to commercial participants through an electronic system. The OSS-RBA was created as a form of reform in the field of commercial licensing, because initially the handling of proposed permits seemed complicated, requiring lengthy bureaucratic procedures and direct visits to relevant agencies.

Innovation Diffusion and Strategic Outside Option in a Bargaining Game

AbstractWe develop an optimal licensing model of a product innovation in which the (external) patent holder negotiates sequentially a two-part tariff contract with two potential licensees that have a positive and strategic outside option. We study the role of this strategic outside option in determining technology diffusion and efficiency of the bargaining. Although rich enough contracts allow the solution of the well known opportunism problem, the strategic outside option of the second negotiator implies deviation from industry profit maximization, which reduces the profitability of nonexclusive licensing. As a result, exclusive licensing still prevails under certain conditions. We extend our analysis to assess the profitability for the innovator to integrate vertically with either firm in the market. The internal patent holder always sells the innovation to the rival non-affiliate as a way to co-opt the latter and improve the profits of the former. As a result, vertical integration as compared with vertical separation may imply a positive quality improving effect. The private and social profitability of vertical integration depends on the type of bargaining between the negotiators and on the distribution of their bargaining power.