Libertarian Press Research Articles

Ideas y vidas a través del Atlántico. El anarquismo americano en la prensa libertaria gallega

In this article we will analyse, from a transnational history point of view, the presence of American anarchism in the Galician libertarian press until 1936. In the 19th and 20h centuries, the transatlantic migrations contributed to develop a dense network of contacts and relationships between Galicia and American countries. This network involves anarchist militants on both sides of the Ocean. The Galician anarchists have a close collaboration with her Americans libertarian comrades; and many Galician militants are actively committed in the labour movement of their host countries. The Galician libertarian press shows this relationship and this participation in different ways (articles, contributions, news, solidarity initiatives, etc.). That proves the existence of an intense circulation of ideas and persons, as well as a transnational militancy in the Atlantic area.

El poblado fronterizo de Tijuana, Emiliano Zapata y la revoluzione da tavolino

El artículo analiza la polémica entre los anarquistas del Partido Liberal Mexicano y sus contrapartes de Barre, Vermont, Estados Unidos. Se demuestra que la estrategia de Ricardo Flores Magón y sus correligionarios era invitar a italianos y españoles anarquistas para luchar en México e iniciar la revolución mundial. Sin embargo, la llegada de cincuenta italianos a Tijuana en mayo de 1911 provocó el efecto contrario. Estos calificaron al movimiento como una revoluzione da tavolino, de mesita, inventada por la pluma de Ricardo Flores Magón. La discusión fue tema en la prensa ácrata de diversos lugares de Estados Unidos y Europa. Paradójicamente, a pesar de la disputa, ambos grupos concluyeron que lo sucedido en Tijuana era un movimiento de bandidos estadounidenses, de cowboys e incluso, de filibusteros.

FREEDOM & IMPARTIAL OF JUDICIARY : ANTARA “ PERADILAN BEBAS” & “PERS YANG BEBAS

Press of independence adopted by Law No. 40 of 1999 on the Press is an accentuation of the Libertarian Press system which requires the existence of a absolute total "freedom of pers" by putting all the legal consequences on the substance of its news through judicial institutions, without calls for criminalization forms of the press with all the reason and limitedly direction purpose. Absolute Privilege Right of the Press have signs that provide a limitation on -moral hazard- based on Interest of justice or national security or for the prevention of disorder or crime that can be issued by the judiciary as a form of Sub Judice Rule criteria or Disobeying a Court Order from Contempt of Court institutions. a proclamation which is a form of freedom of expression with the news that "prejudicial", even the news substance pose a "misleading conclusion and opinion" as well as has provided an opinion and conclusions that are misleading or incorrect and negative impact on the course of judicial proceedings and other parties broadly (as recognition of the Press Libertarian System) may be faced with a sense of responsibility of the press itself, either ethic norms and laws.Keywords : Judicial, Pers, Freedom

Penghakiman oleh Pers Nasional: Suatu Kritik atas Kebebasan Pers dalam Pemberitaan Perkara Tindak Pidana Korupsi

The 1998 reform in Indonesia has changed freedom press in Indonesia. Now press implements libertarian model which puts freedom first instead of responsibility. Previously, press implemented soviet communist model which put responsibility first instead of freedom. Fifteen years later, press in Indonesia has become political tool by the owner of the press company who has high position in political party participating in the 2014 election. This reflects on the disproportional news regarding corruption cases conducted by the government officer or parliament member from the contender party. Such news delivers not only facts but also misleading opinions to the society which creates trial by the press. In fact, presumption of innocent principle is a foundation for press reporting news as stipulated in Law No. 40 Year 1999 concerning Press and Journalistic Code of Conduct. In libertarian press there are always borders but such borders are not effective since the freedom of press in Indonesia is powerful. Article used qualitative and library research with secondary sources of law to gain a solution to this problem. Therefore, Press Board should maximize its function in supervising the implementation of presumption of innocent principle and to raise society awareness regarding the law supremacy. In the end, to fulfill press social responsibility, a press profession court shall be established to keep press independency.

U.S., Chinese Newspapers Differ on Reports of Tainted Milk Scandal

In September 2008, the Sanlu Group, which operates one of China's largest dairy firms, recalled 10,000 tons of infant feeding formula after hospitals in Gansu province in the northwest part of the country reported 59 cases of kidney stones in infants.1 The milk powder was found tainted with melamine, a low-toxic industrial chemical used in plastics, fertilizers and cleaning products, to make the milk appear higher in protein content.2 Over a three-month period, the Ministry of Health reported that about 51,900 babies were hospitalized, 294,000 developed urinary tract stones, more than 1,000 were confirmed to have formed kidney stones and six died.3According to the media dependency theory, crisis situations like this tend to trigger greater public dependence on the mass media because people come to rely upon the media's structural connectedness with the best available sources of information to help them cope with the threat.4 How the media perform during crisis times, however, may be affected by journalistic processes and routines, the constraints faced by news organizations, the culture of news groups, and the ideological leanings of journalists, among others.5 This study compares how the Chinese and American financial newspapers performed in covering the Sanlu milk scandal.Literature ReviewRisk reporting during crisis situations is particularly challenging considering that hazards interact with psychological, social, institutional and cultural processes in ways that may amplify or attenuate public responses, according to the social amplification of risk framework.6 Thus, journalists strive to improve their methods of presenting risk information.7 Fischoffsuggests a number of protocols reporters may use to explain and clarify risk issues.8 One of these, titled Questions to Ask of Risk Analysis, outlines nine items to consider whenever risk analysis is applied in news reports. Pertinent to the current study are items that ask:* Does the story discuss the probability of harm as well as the amount of harm expected?* Does the risk analysis estimate the number of people likely to suffer damage?* Are considerations of individual sensitivities, exposure to multiple hazards and cumulative effects included?* Does the story disclose forthrightly the points at which risk analysis is based on assumptions and guesswork?* Are all data and processes of risk analysis open to public scrutiny?* Are questions of involuntary exposure, who bears the risk and who reaps the benefits considered?* If the answer to any of these questions is no, then the utility of these news reports should be questioned.Technical risk assessment is but one of several news frames reporters apply to depict risk events. News frames result when journalists organize stories in ways that provide meaning to related events.9 Through complex processes of interpretation, readers form impressions of the stories' central theme and attitudes toward the incident, and the solutions offered by actors.News frames about an event that happened in one place vary from country to country because reporting is influenced by politics, economic systems, the media infrastructure and the political system that supports it, and journalistic norms and values, among others. Of these, perhaps the most potent is the context under which reporters operate.10 Many contend that the Chinese press system falls in between Siebert et al.'s authoritarian and Soviet communist models. To date, the Party guard dog principle is still being reinforced as the government struggles to maintain control of the media. Although stories about corruption and inequality sometimes see print, the press is not allowed to criticize the Party leadership and the prevailing ideology. The libertarian press model to which the United States subscribes, on the other hand, holds that the press should serve as the government's watchdog, and should thus be free from outside interference and restrictions. …

Good birth and good living. The (de)medicalizing key to sexual reform in the anarchist media of inter-war Spain

Libertarian discourse questions bourgeois discourse and develops a sociocultural alternative that is often directly or indirectly related to science, medicine, health and disease (i.e. to biopower). The complex nature of libertarian thinking and biopower has led us to develop our analysis within a relational and eclectic theoretical–methodological framework that allows us to examine one of the devices of biopower – the process of medicalization. Many key explanatory traits of inter-war anarchist thinking may certainly be found in the process of medicalization, which was widely established in the early twentieth century, notwithstanding the fact that such processes have been marked by a wide variety of positions, some of which are alternative, such as those adopted to a large extent by the libertarian movement of that historical period. Thus, in this sense, our purpose is to analyse and understand to what extent discourses on the so-called 'sexual reform', as disseminated by the libertarian press in inter-war Spain, conditioned the processes of (de)medicalization; and also to what extent the latter conditioned discourses on sexual liberation.

Market or Party Controls?

This study examines, distinguishes and discusses as grounded theory the changes of the past 20 years in the Chinese media system as a result of the economic reforms. While the new media market challenges the current Chinese Party orthodoxy by initiating a redistribution of power and interests, this study argues that the western model of a libertarian press system is hardly a possibility. With a convolution of the Party line and the bottom line, a Chinese media system is moving from totalitarianism to market authoritarianism. Building on the premise that previous western press systems based on the Four Theories and their updates have failed to fit the unique case of China, the authors propose new theoretical perspectives in studying media systems in transition.

The Libertarian Press, Democracy & Nature and the 'Libertarian' Ethics of Social Anarchism

The Libertarian Press, Democracy & Nature and the 'Libertarian' Ethics of Social Anarchism

Confucianism, Collectivism and Constitutions: Press Systems in China and Japan

Political events and ideologies in the twentieth century account for most of the features of the modern press systems in China and Japan. The Maoist revolution and recent economic reforms have shaped the controlled press system in China, and the defeat in World War II and the adoption of democracy and capitalism help account for the libertarian press system in Japan. Although they are different in obvious ways, the press systems in these two nations also have similar tendencies that can be explained by centuries-old Confucian and Buddhist philosophies. Asian notions of the importance of the group and fixed truth are contrasted with western ideas that stress individualism and the pursuit of truth. The Asian philosophical emphases on collectivism, hierarchy and social harmony play into the kinds of overt information constraints in China and the more subtle self-imposed controls in Japan.

The moral universes of libertarian press theory

A principal statement of Libertarian press theory is, “Truth beats falsehood in a free marketplace of ideas”;. This paper uses Kantian logic to analyze that statement as a definition, an observation, and a universal. Three corresponding moral universes are implied, with differing ethical obligations. The strengths and weaknesses of each moral universe are discussed, and media ethics analysts are cautioned against mixing moral paradigms in assessing ethical behavior.

Printers and Press Freedom: The Ideology of Early American Journalism

This book seeks to challenge the view that the eighteenth century understanding of the meaning of freedom of the press and the First Amendment was a narrow or limited one. The author examines the relationship between theory that laid the groundwork for the press clause and the actions of legislatures and journalists who confronted the issues surrounding freedom of expression. Through exhaustive research in colonial periods, including the religious as well as the civil press, the author shows that the attitudes of colonial journalists, particularly regarding seditious libel, were much closer to current interpretations than has previously been understood. He contends that colonists were publishing and justifying aggressive journalism for decades before the Revolution and that by the time of the First Amendment, Americans had forged a general libertarian press ideology that was incompatible with seditious libel.