Liberalization Of World Trade Research Articles

Polyparadigmatic uncertainty of international economic relations in the global security system

Polyparadigmatic uncertainty of international economic relations in the global security system

Implikasi Agreement on Agriculture (Aoa/Wto) Terhadap Pengaturan Perdagangan Produk Pertanian Indonesia

The aim of this scientific writing is to find out the legal implications of the AoA/WTO for trade in the Indonesian agricultural sector, as well as to find out how Indonesia provides legal protection for trade in agricultural products due to the liberalization of world trade. This scientific research uses normative juridical research methods, and the data collected will be analyzed juridically qualitatively, then the results of this research will be described descriptively analytically. From the research results, the author obtained data that to implement the AoA/WTO provisions, Indonesia updated its legal provisions in the agricultural sector through several national provisions. However, this implementation has implications that have a negative impact on farmers, as a result trade in the Indonesian agricultural sector decreases, such as imports of food products increasing, farmers' income decreasing, there are no subsidies for farmers, food insecurity and hunger, Bulog becomes a company, and etc. To anticipate the negative impact of trade liberalization on the agricultural sector, the Indonesian government has made such efforts, such as enacting Law No. 29 of 2000, concerning the protection of plant varieties, Presidential Decree No. 77 of 2005, concerning the procurement and distribution of subsidized fertilizers, at the beginning of September 2007, The Decree of the Coordinating Minister for the Economy gave full authority to Bulog, in May 2007, the government issued a Draft Government Regulation (RPP) concerning the National Agrarian Reform Program (PPAN) / Landreform, and at the international level, Indonesia created the SP (Special Product) and SSM (Special Product) programs. Safeguard Mechanism) which is still being fought for in the WTO forum to get its ratification.

New Generation EU Agreements – The Basis for Future World Trade

International trade agreements contribute to the development of international trade and services. The European Union is currently modernizing the system and structure of international agreements related to international trade, investment and services. The aim of the scientific study is to clarify and identify the characteristic features of the agreements of new generation that are concluded between the European Union and non-EU member states. Based on the facts, we can confirm that trade policy supports, among others, values such as the protection of human rights, the protection of labor rights, the environment and the fight against climate change. Such an approach of the European Union to the liberalization of world trade through comprehensive trade agreements is also supported by the strategy of the European Commission „Trade for All”.

FINANCIAL EFFICACY OF MANGO FRUIT PROCESSING UNITS IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

FINANCIAL EFFICACY OF MANGO FRUIT PROCESSING UNITS IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

How Does Agricultural Trade Liberalization Have Environmental Impacts? Evidence from a Literature Review

The liberalization of world trade has led to a significant increase in agricultural trade, which has brought to light various environmental externalities, including climate change, deforestation, and water pollution. While economic studies tend to overlook the environmental effects of agricultural trade liberalization, recent research has shown a growing interest in related aspects. As such, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts of agricultural trade liberalization. This study aims to address this issue by conducting a systematic review of the relevant literature from the past two decades. Research has revealed that agricultural trade liberalization has both positive and negative impacts on the environment. The various mechanisms through which these effects are observed include scale, structural, transport, and technology effects. Most studies have concluded that agricultural trade liberalization has a significantly negative impact on the environment. To address this issue, four potential solutions have been proposed, including factor allocation, policy adjustment, technological innovation, and improvements to compensation mechanisms. Future research should aim to develop a comprehensive model that can effectively examine the environmental impacts of agricultural trade policy distortions and the criteria used to select environmental measures. By doing so, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between agricultural trade policies and their environmental consequences.

Фискальная роль особых пошлин на импортные товары

The article considers the measures of customs regulation of foreign trade activities used in the world practice. Due to the liberalization of world trade, most countries reduce the use of customs tariff regulation measures, compensating them with the introduction of special duties on imported goods. The purpose of the study is to analyze the international practice of applying those special duties. Analysis of the application of special duties to and against the EAEU countries was carried out, and the implementation of the fiscal function of special duties was examined in particular. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that special duties play an insignificant fiscal role in the state budget revenues. Analysis of the practice of applying special duties was conducted on the basis of data from the World Trade Organization and the Treasury bodies of the Russian Federation. In the course of the study, the economic and logical methods of comparison, detailing, as well as the balance method were actively used. It was found that anti-dumping duties, which account for 2/3 of all special duties, are most often used to regulate the import of foreign goods. Russia applies 25 protective measures to goods imported from other countries, and 93 protective measures are applied to Russian goods. Special duties are currently insignificant in revenues of the federal budget of Russia; in 2021 their ratio with the receipt of import customs duties amounted to 1.5%. At the same time, there is a steady growth in the receipt of special duties: over the past 10 years, it has increased 13-fold. To increase the fiscal role of special duties, it is advisable to change the order of their distribution among the EAEU countries, so that the entire amount of special duties on imported goods is credited to the budget of the country that initiated their introduction.

Consumers ethnocentric tendencies, demographic factors and domestic goods purchase decision in Nigeria

Consumer ethnocentrism is a socio-psychological concept that describes consumers’ preference for purchasing goods produced in their own country, rather than imports. Increasing liberalization of world trade has encouraged dumping of all categories of foreign goods into Nigeria thereby making purchase of domestic products difficult, with negative consequences for the nation’s economy. This study examines the effects of socio-demographic factors and consumers’ ethnocentric tendencies on purchase decision of domestic shoes and bags. The methodological foundation of the research is social identity theory. Data were obtained from a cross-section of consumers from six urban centres in three senatorial districts in Delta State, Nigeria. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to draw a sample of 391 respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses such as frequency distribution, multiple regression and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyse the data. Multiple regression results showed that consumer ethnocentric tendency and educational status exerted positive and statistically significant effects on domestic goods purchase decision; however, the impact of income was negative. The ANOVA results revealed that men, older people, individuals with higher educational status and high-income earners exhibited elevated levels of ethnocentric tendencies towards locally manufactured shoes and bags. The authors recommend that local manufacturers should factor the concept of consumer ethnocentrism into their marketing strategies to maintain competitive advantage over foreign competition.

ANALYSIS OF THE TYPOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS

The agricultural sector is of particular importance for the national economy in the conditions of real membership of the country in the European Union. The liberalization of world trade, the association of Bulgaria with European structures and the restoration of some traditional market positions pose new problems and opportunities for the agricultural sector. The aim of the study is to analyze the typology of agricultural holdings. The objects of study are agricultural holdings in the countries of the European Union. The latest published agricultural holding counting on Eurostat is included in the survey. The main source of agricultural statistics are the farm structure surveys that are made periodically. The significance of the study is to provide a realistic picture of structural conditions in Bulgaria’s agriculture, which helps to analyze results which can also be compared across the EU. These conclusions are needed not only for examination the reasons of structural changes in this important economic sector, but also for future prognosis.The methods used in the survey are comparing analyze, method of statistics grouping, experts valuation and etc.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ НАПРЯМІВ ГЕНЕЗИСУ ТЕОРІЙ І МОДЕЛЕЙ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ТОВАРНИХ РИНКІВ

The article examines the evolution of theories and models of the functioning of international commodity markets, their transformational potential on the nature of the implementation of globalization processes. The author’s logical-consistent scheme of systematization of theories and models of functioning of the international commodity markets is offered. It was found that in the process of formation and development of international trade policy there were fluctuations in the direction of free trade, then in the direction of protectionist policy. The main forms of modern manifestation of protectionism, namely neoprotectionism, are highlighted. In particular, in the long run, protectionism harms people and organizations, slows economic growth, increases price inflation, but on the other hand, protectionism creates jobs within the country, increases gross domestic product, and makes the domestic economy more competitive globally. Theories of international trade remain one of the dynamically developing areas of economics. This is primarily due to the process of globalization, which is associated mainly with trade, as well as the high hopes that have traditionally been placed on international trade, which is an additional factor in the growth of economic prosperity. In practice, governments and companies use a combination of these theories to both interpret trends and develop strategies. Just as these theories have evolved over the past five hundred years, they will continue to change and adapt as new factors affect international trade. Thus, the formation of a new direction of economic theory – theories and models of research on the transformation of international commodity markets – was influenced by certain areas of transformation theories, institutional and market theories. The emergence of theories and practices of neoprotectionism occurred as a result of the quintessence of the coexistence of national practices of protectionism and the principle of liberalization of world trade, as well as the appropriate justification of these practices in the evolution of theories of protectionism and free trade.

From World Trade Liberalization to World Trade Emancipation: COVID-19

This study proposes to evaluate the negative impact of COVID-19 on international trade exchange worldwide. Hence, we offer a new methodology is called the "The Trade Emancipation Evaluation Methodology (TEE-Methodology)." There are four primary phases in the implementation of TEE-Methodology. The first phase is designing a multi-input export database table by the production sector (agriculture, heavy industry, light industry, and services). The second phase is the measurement of the trade emancipation index by the production sector (αi). Hence, TEE-Methodology proposes to divide each production sector by: (i) the agriculture trade emancipation index (α1); (ii) heavy industry trade emancipation index (α2); (iii) light industry trade emancipation index (α3); (iv) services trade emancipation index (α4). The third phase is the measurement of the trade emancipation coverage (TEC) Index. The last phase is the measurement of the trade emancipation level (TEL) index. The general objective of applying the TEE-Methodology is to evaluate how the COVID-19 affects large and small countries' production and exports in the short run. TEE-Methodology does not intend to be a forecasting model in any case. TEE-Methodology, in effect, is a flexible and straightforward simulator, which can apply to any issue of trade emancipation that is originated from COVID-19.

The Differentiation of Products and Opportunity for Intra-Industry Exchange

The financial crisis of the late 2000s gave rise to protectionist hints which called into question the consensus on the liberalization of world trade since the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. This trend towards protectionism has taken on new magnitude with the arrival of Donald Trump as President of the United States of America. In fact, since the beginning of 2018, the American administration has carried out its threats by imposing customs duties on imports of the various products from China and the European Union. In retaliation, the countries concerned responded with restrictions on American exports to their territory. Also the rationality of the market economy, there is more and more opposed the power of emotions and impulses embodied by the populists at the head of which D. Trump, the American President. Globalization is therefore required to adapt its rules to survive. 
 
 The purpose of this paper is to show that for a good adaptation of its rules, it is necessary to activate one of the most powerful levers of gains in international trade, the differentiation of products. This is a response to the exploitation of the diversification and heterogeneity of demand in terms of tastes and incomes. Because, by allowing the firm to differentiate its products to distinguish them from those of competitors, differentiation offers the opportunity to soften competition, increase profits and improve product quality.

Вплив лібералізації світової торгівлі на розвиток вітчизняних підприємств пивоварної галузі

Вплив лібералізації світової торгівлі на розвиток вітчизняних підприємств пивоварної галузі

Формування кoн’юнктури свiтoвoго ринку меду: сучасний стан і перспективи для українських експортерів

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of export and import of honey in conditions of liberalization of world trade. Methodology / approach. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of knowledge of economic processes, the fundamental provisions of modern economic theory, legislative and normative acts of Ukraine, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists concerning the economy of the agrarian market in general and the market of beekeeping products in particular. Different methods were used to achieve the goal and solve problems in the research: abstract-logical – in studying the theoretical foundations and forming conclusions about the development of the beekeeping market, statistical – to study the dynamics of development of the world and domestic market of beekeeping products, comparative – in the study of economic phenomena by comparing the actual data for some years, calculation-constructive, graphical – for a visual representation of trends and changes in economic phenomena, expert assessments – in the study of the influence of qualitative factors on the functioning of the market of beekeeping, correlation-regression analysis and economic modeling – to create a model of the honey market and make a forecast for its further development. Results. In the article we consider the current state and trends of the state of the world market for honey. We have identified internal and external factors that influence the competitiveness of domestic products. The main players in the world market of honey are singled out. The main factors influencing the volumes of export of honey from Ukraine are determined. Originality / scientific novelty. We have investigated the state of the beekeeping industry in the context of honey production, the presence of bee colonies and their productivity in various organizational and legal forms of management. The export potential of beekeeping industry of Ukraine on the world market is outlined. Practical value / implications. In the article we evaluate the competitive position of the domestic branch of beekeeping in comparison with the main rivals of the countries. A share of Ukrainian honey in the total exports of major partner countries has been established. We have constructed a correlation map of the factors influencing the efficiency of the export of domestic honey.

Leadership competencies at Tata steel Jamshedpur since Globalization

Central problem of globalization is competition, because the principal driving force in the globalization process today is precisely to gain profits world over, and for this firms now have to formulate strategies which allow them to exploit all available sources of competitiveness on whatever markets they choose to compete. This, of course, has been made possible on the one hand by advances in technological progress, which have greatly increased the scope of the international division of labor and factor movement, and on the other by the liberalization of world trade in the course of the various rounds of multilateral trade negotiations. But in its widest sense competition also means the survival of the fittest, and indeed it has been said that competition kills competition. The present study endeavors to study the leadership competencies of Tata steel since globalization

Interfirm Relationships in Emerging Markets: The Importance of Relationships and Cultural Sensitivity

ABSTRACTWhile interfirm relationship value has attracted considerable attention in a domestic market context, little research has examined international buyer-seller relationships. This is surprising, as interfirm relationships across national borders have become increasingly important due to growing liberalization of world trade. Even less research is found including emerging markets. This study use cases with Norwegian seafood export to Turkey as illustrations of the importance of relationship value and cultural sensitivity when conducting business with an emerging country such as Turkey. The data is based on in-depth interviews of Turkish importers.

TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR FOOD SECURITY AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

This article is an attempt to evaluate the possibility of ensuring food security at the global level, in light of recent processes of globalization and liberalization of world trade in food products.

Innovation Management in Global Competition and Competitive Advantage

Increasing competition due to the liberalization of world trade has led to the production of goods and services according to new needs arising in the global market. Obtaining an advantageous position in the global competitive environment depends on determining right strategies and creating different values. Dynamic market structure, differing market conditions and the existence of innovative competitors make competition even more intense. Nowadays, objectives such as increasing productivity and profitability, gaining new markets and improving existing market shares are reached through innovation activities. Therefore, companies exert themselves to develop innovative skills, gain sustainable abilities and upgrade their performances. In this context, innovation has been one of the essential elements of competitive advantage. New goods and services must be produced in new ways and by adapting the inside and outside applications to the new developed methods, the organizational processes must be restructured. Not only to produce new goods and services, it is also important to manage it as a process. For determination of innovation performance, it is very significant to address all the factors affecting the innovation management process with a holistic approach. While rightly determining needed technology and management stands out as an important element of innovation management, the human and structural adjustment of the organization is also gaining importance in innovation performance. In the global competitive environment, organizational and managerial innovations are the keys to success for companies. While technology and research and development activities significantly influenced the organizational structure and culture, right innovation management provides a competitive advantage. This study aims to evaluate the impact on the competitive advantage of innovation management by putting out the importance of innovation management.

TÜRKİYE’NİN ENDÜSTRİ İÇİ TİCARETİNİN ÜLKE VE POLİTİKA TEMELLİ BELİRLEYİCİLERİNE YÖNELİK BİR UYGULAMA

Radical changes caused by the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions led to the so called “information age” transition to the new era. Economic activities are becoming a knowledge-based and the global competition increase with world trade liberalization. In this context, global competition and trade are shaped around knowledge-based products. Hence, societies producing knowledge and using the information effectively in production activities have a developed economy. While traditional theories perceive that international trade benefits from the comparative advantages of countries, international trade reflects RD thus it is based on the challenge of intra-industry trade to traditional theories.The main aim of this study is to analyze the structure of Turkey’s foreign trade on the axis of IIT theory which increasing its importance permanently. In this context, the study focuses on the modelling on the country and policy-based determinants of intra-industry trade in Turkey for the period 1995-2012, the evaluation of panel data analysis and the results. With the literature review, the basic approaches, measurement techniques and calculation methods adopted by the literature of intra-industry trade are examined in detail. According to results of the analysis in the study, the country and policy-based determinants of intra-industry trade which have an impact on Turkey’s intra-industry trade with its trade partners are development level, differences of development level, the average market size, openness, distance and economic integration

The EU's Antidumping Actions Against Chinese Products

Abstract As the importance of tariffs in international trade has declined with the reduction of tariff rates under the GATT/WTO programs of multilateral trade liberalization, most governments prefer to protect domestic industries from foreign competitors through a variety of non-tariff barriers. Antidumping actions have recently become the world's biggest trade impediment due to their specific features and the antidumping activity of new users. Since China has become the major engine of world trade growth in recent years, it also has become the largest anti-dumping target in the world. However, the present world competition situation implies that world trade liberalization might arouse regional trade friction. The objective of this research is to identify whether China's WTO accession changed China's situation with regard to EU antidumping actions. The research analysis empirically proved that trade liberalization could partly affect the EU's antidumping actions against Chinese exports and the higher degree of industrial concentricity becomes a motive to increase the EU's antidumping activities against China.

Revamping the role of Punjab Mandi Board in changing rural scenario

The study brought out that he system so far has also not felt the need for handling perishable products from the state. Now, with growing consumerism due to the rising disposable income, level of education and urbanization, and the changing attitude of the younger generation, a consumer-oriented rather than production-based market system is becoming better workable. The social problems are highly associated with the economic turmoil being faced by state agriculture. Punjab Mandi Board should intervene in various ways to make some effective checks. Therefore, the role of a pivotal organization such as Mandi Boards does not end with collection of market charges and providing some stereotype facilities but its role must change with changing scenario. Various structural changes taking place in terms of resource use pattern, problems of in-migration of labour, liberalization of world trade, fast emerging environmental problems and associated general deceleration of society call for Mandi Board to extend its wings to such issues.