Lexicographical Study Research Articles

PALAVRAS QUE A PANDEMIA COLOCOU NA NOSSA LÍNGUA

The pandemic of covid-19 is a historical fact that affected people’s lives in more than 200 countries, with consequences in several areas, including reflexes in their respective languages, given the new lexical units that appeared in many of them. This paper deals with Brazilian Portuguese neologisms that appeared during the pandemic period, presenting the morphological processes and the semantic particularities characterizing the lexemes created, in addition to registering and highlighting the linguistic creativity of the Brazilian people. The analysis focused on data collected from internet (sites, social networks, blogs, podcasts), in 2020 and 2021, and was based on lexicographic studies on neologisms, as the studies by Alves (2004), Boulanger (1978) and Gonçalves (2006, 2019).

An Arabic Lexical Platform: The Meta-linguistic Model

The dictionary is an essential foundation of language, as it preserves the fundamental structure of the language. However, the Arabic library in general, and the Arab world in particular, have suffered from a clear deficiency in the field of lexicography. Lexicographic studies have taken two approaches: the first focuses on revising the works of previous scholars, while the second examines the principles of modern lexicography and their availability in traditional Arabic dictionaries.
 The advent of technology has exacerbated the problem, as it has facilitated the development and accessibility of many technological applications with non-Arabic languages, especially those written from left to right. This has led to the availability of linguistic dictionaries that enrich these languages. Meanwhile, the Arabic language and its lexicographers have lagged behind the goals achieved by their predecessors through their dictionaries. This has created a temporal gap that hinders the progress and adaptation of the Arabic language to advancements and technology, with the language being accused of difficulty and technological deviance.

The concept of Słownik języka i kultury Wielkopolski (Dictionary of Greater Poland’s language and culture) and the series Wielkopolskie Słowniki Regionalne (Greater Polish Regional Dictionaries)

The Greater Polish dialect is one of the least developed ones in Poland in terms of lexicography. There are amateur dictionaries available and thematic dictionaries on individual parts of the dialect have been published, but there is no lexicographic study covering the entire Greater Poland proper. A publication of this type will therefore fi ll this gap. Moreover, the existence of dictionaries (or works on them) from other regions will enable comparative and general dialectal studies. This text is a conceptual rather than a material, analytical, or synthetic study. Its objective is to present the idea of a dictionary covering the whole Greater Poland.

Ways of creating surnames from the appellative tаtо (based on surnames common in Ukraine)

The article is devoted to the study of methods of creating surnames from the appellative tаtо. An overview of the scientific works of domestic linguists on the theoretical and applied aspects of the study of Ukrainian surnames was made (see, for example, the works of I. Varchenko, V. Horpynych, and I. Kornienko, L. Masenko, Yu. Pradid, M. Khudash, P. Chuchkа, etc.), their lexicographic study both in general (V. Demchenko and I. Lopushynskyi, A. Zosimov, Yu. Redko, etc.), and of special regions of Ukraine in particular (H. Arkushyn, V. Horpynych, Yu. Novikova, L. Kravchenko, P. Chuchka, etc.). Even a short review of the scientific investigations of Ukrainian scientists gives reason to claim that the microgroup of surnames “Tato” was studied casually, in connection with the study of other problems, and was not the subject of a separate scruptulous description. The purpose of the proposed article is to investigate the place of the microgroup of surnames “Tato” in the system of surnames common in Ukraine, to describe the methods of their creation, to distinguish the affixes with the help of which the surnames of the analyzed microgroup were created. Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks: 1) to isolate the microgroup of surnames “Tato” from the system of surnames common on the territory of Ukraine; 2) to analyze the ways of creating surnames from the appellatives tаtо; 3) to determine their regional prevalence in Ukraine. From the system of surnames common in Ukraine, a microgroup of surnames “Tato” has been singled out, which includes 67 surnames, which are borne by 5,236 residents of Ukraine. The material for the study was surnames selected from dictionaries of Ukrainian surnames, materials of the “Tato” site, which records 876,000 surnames of residents of Ukraine. 12 surnames became the basis for the creation of 49 new surnames, and no new surnames were formed from 3 surnames derived from the surname tаtо. The most common surname of the studied microgroup is the surname Tatusevych (217 speakers), and the most derived surnames are formed from the surname Tatkо (11 surnames). The analysis of the actual material gave reasons to claim that the main method of creating surnames derived from the surname Tatо is the suffixation: Tatus - Tatus-k-o, Tatul-a - Tatul-chenk-o, Tatk-o - Tatk-ovets and others (a total of 51 surnames). It is noted that the suffixes -ov -enk- (by 7 cases) are most often used to create new surnames. 9 female surnames are formed in an inflectional way from the bases of male surnames: Tatk-ov - Tatk-ov-a, Tatk-in - Tatk-in-a, Tatus-ov - Tatus-ov-a, etc.

Gli studi italiani di lessicografia e la scuola tedesco-danese

AbstractInvestigation about Greek lexicography is very important for the Byzantine culture and for the knowledge of classical authors. The German-Danish school has studied lexicography with a historical view and in particular in the nineteenth century it reconstructed lost lexicons. In contrast, the Italian school had a functionalist and structuralist approach. In recent years, however, scholars have adopted the best aspects of both schools. Indeed, now the method of lexicographic studies is unitary.

Arabic Loanword In Makassar Language: A Lexicographical Approach Based On Dictionary

Abstrak. Makassar language does not escape the influence of foreign languages in the world. One of the foreign languages that has influenced the Makassar language is Arabic. For this reason, research was carried out to describe Arabic loanword vocabulary in Makassar language through a lexicographical approach to the Makassar-Indonesian dictionary, using a qualitative descriptive research method. Researchers collected data using note-taking techniques and literature techniques, analyzed and made conclusions using the distribution method and the translational equivalent method. Data are grouped based on suitability of pronunciation and meaning. This study found that there were 65 Arabic loanwords in the dictionary, of which 38 loanwords were religious words, while 27 loanwords were general in nature. Some of the Arabic loanword vocabulary in Makassar language has changed letters and consonants which are adapted to the presence of letters and the phonological tendencies of Makassar language speakers. The results of this study contribute to applied linguistics, especially lexicographic studies, which shows the intervention of Arabic in the development of Makassar language structure. Keywords: Loanword, Arabic, Makassar Language

Introduction of 19th century manuscripts from local historians of the Tobolsk Province into scholarly research

This article evaluates a monograph written by linguist O. V. Trofimova and historians N. I. Zagorodniuk and E. N. Konovalova. The monograph is the first in a series of scientific publications that analyze manuscripts from the Scientific Archive of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS) regarding Tobolsk Province in the second half of the 19th century. The focus of the first book in the series is on the language used by the Russian population of Tobolsk Province. The linguistic materials were collected by Siberian local historians N. A. Abramov, V. V. Adrianov, I. V. Bednyakov, F. K. Zobnin, M. I. Kostya, I. F. Lisitsyn, V. F. Tveritin, and A. G. Khudyakov at the request of the Ethnographic Program of the RGS. The publication begins with a historical overview of the Russian Geographical Society and its programs, as well as biographies of the local historians who collected the linguistic materials. The main focus of the monograph is on “Materials for the dictionary of Russian folk speech of Tobolsk province of the 19th century (1848-1891)”. These materials, derived from eight author’s dictionaries, provide insight into the unique characteristics of Russian speech in various locations in Western Siberia. The significance of this research lies in the need to incorporate new linguistic materials into scientific discourse, as they are valuable for understanding the history of language. The novelty of this work lies in its contribution to historical and lexicographic studies, which are relatively scarce in Russian historical research, as well as its exploration of the local peculiarities of the Russian language in Western Siberia during the 19th century. The information presented in this monograph makes a substantial contribution to preserving and describing Siberian written texts. It also aids in the study of dialectal differentiation of the Russian language, particularly in the realm of secondary colloquialisms and in specific territories of Western Siberia. Additionally, it helps reconstruct a comprehensive understanding of the vocabulary used during the latter half of the 19th century.

Проблема лексикографування фольклорних власних назв на матеріалі українського обрядового фольклору

The article is a continuation of a number of author’s publications dedicated to lexicographical studies of folklore onyms. It is proved that the question of compiling a dictionary of folk proper names, which would systematically cover folk proper names, based on particular descriptive principles according to their specific features, is a current issue today. The paper dwells on the key moments of designing such lexicographical project and concrete samples of the dictionary entries are provided. The entries are based on different genres of the material found in collected works ‘Ukrainian ritual folklore of western lands: Musical anthology (Besarabia, Boikivshchyna, Bukovyna, Volyn, Halychyna, Hutsulshchyna, Zakarpattia, Lemkivshchyna, Pidliashshia, Podillia, Polissia, Pokuttia, Holmshchyna)’ compiled by A. Ivanytskyi. The main principles of compilation of similar lexicographic project were put into practice: polyaspect character; genre principle of compiling a lexicographic publication; denotative and nominative principles of collecting the material to place folklore onyms within a separate dictionary; alphabetical principle of compiling dictionary entries within the same class of onyms. The conducted analysis revealed that the implementation of the principle of polyaspectivity sets the conditions for the collection of factual material. Compiled onymy will have a complete description of the register, and regional and genre diversity. The statistical data is provided for each proper name including its variants that will enable to describe the structure of Ukrainian folklore onym space, trace its kernel and peripheral structure. The illustrations will demonstrate textual use of folklore proper names and their cultural senses. Definitions and information parts (provided if necessary) will specify the status of proper names and peculiarities of their use, will provide inherent to some folklore onyms textual and extra textual connotations, symbolism, ability to be used in semiotic oppositions, etc. Application of the principle of genre and denotative and nominative principles of classification of the material will facilitate scientists to form an objective picture of the national folk books. The compilation of an unabridged dictionary of folk proper names will provide scholars with the relevant material for comprehensive and in-depth studies of this component of national onymy and create optimal conditions for onomast’s studies of the material and types of its analysis. Key words: a folklore onym, а folklore onomastics, а dictionary of folklore onyms, a dictionary entry, lexicography.

Lucjan Malinowski jako historyk języka

LUCJAN MALINOWSKI AS A HISTORIAN OF LANGUAGE
 The main merit of Lucjan Malinowski is the initiation of scientific linguistics in Kraków. His research was related to dialectology and history of Polish language. The authors of the article discussed his historical and linguistic analyses. They referred to: a) publishing Old-Polish texts; b) publishing materials excerpted from the old texts; c) collecting materials for the dictionary of the Old-Polish language; d) lexicographic studies; e) language of writers.

Elementi orientali nelle lettere di Andrea Berengo (1553–1556)

AbstractThe letters of the Venetian merchant Andrea Berengo, written in the mid-16th century, are not only a precious testimony of Venetian commercial history, but also a particularly rich source for linguistic and lexicographic studies on Renaissance Venetian. The present paper examines selected oriental elements of Arabic, Turkish and Persian origin from the point of view of historical lexicography. The special linguistic interest of Berengo's letters is confirmed by the fact that most of the terms studied are early or even first attestations in Italian.

On the Translation Topology of Confucian Words in C-E dictionary: Structural Comparison and Feature Analysis

Confucian words in C-E dictionaries are significant for language learning and cross-cultural communication, and comparative lexicographical study is beneficial for the analysis of different bilingual dictionaries and especially helpful for the improvement of C-E dictionary compilation. The Feature of Topology in Bilingual dictionary (including topological equivalence, point-set topological hierarchical structure) provides theoretical framework for the present study. After stratified sampling and statistical analysis, the paper conducts comparative research on the translation structure and transformation pattern between Confucian words and Biblical words from translation topology. The research includes descriptive analysis, independent t-test and feature analysis. The findings indicate that the translation topology of Confucian words in C-E dictionaries is featured with simplification and discreetness, compared with Biblical words. Confucian words and Biblical words are heterogenic in distribution, assemblage, relevance and transformation strategy, concerning topological point, set and field, which in turn affects the appearance and reordering of initial event. The reasons are as follows: the difference of compilation principle and the over-dependence on the monolingual dictionary differentiate the language variables, leading to the structural difference in Confucian words of topological transformation. The paucity of parallel corpus changes the structure density of cultural topology set, and forms different transformation pattern and representation validity of culture-bound words.

Representation of the Concept «Woman» in German Sports Discourse (Based on Sports Anecdotes)

This article examines some features of the representation of the concept «woman» in German sports discourse. The research is conducted on a specific section of this discourse, which is coloured by a humorous tone. For the linguocognitive
 and linguocultural analysis of sports anecdotes, which we have selected as empirical material of this study, the following methods are used: discursive, component, con-
 ceptual analysis, classification, observation, lexico-graphical and contextual study. The paper presents a working definition of sports discourse, describes its correlation with humorous discourse, identifies linguistic and narrative anecdotes or-
 ganizing humorous communicative space. We have obtained new data on the semantic images of the concept «woman» in sports anecdotes and outlined the prospects for further research of this issue in German and in comparative aspect hrough com-
 parison with other languages.

ÇAĞDAŞ TÜRK DİLLERİNDE TÜREMİŞ SÖZCÜKLERİN İNCELENMESİ

The history of word derivation by morphological method in Turkic languages begins with the research history of the word. The discussions on this subject in the ancient Greek linguistics schools were taken one step further and opinions were expressed about the structure of the language and discourses were developed around the purposes of the language. In fact, the debates developed to such a point that some Greek thinkers, especially Plato and Aristotle, expressed their views on the origin of language, the relationship between words and the concepts they represent, and started philosophical discussions on the subject. The word phenomenon, which is handled in a more philosophical context, has been evaluated with Ferdinand de Saussure on a different plane, around different linguistic attitudes. After that, linguistic and, in a narrower sense, lexicographic studies were initiated in the contemporary approach. In Turkish dictionaries, a word is defined as a "meaningful sound or combination of sounds. In the sources, a word is defined as "a single sound or group of sounds that has a meaning or grammatical function and is processed alone". In studies, words are defined as "concepts consisting of one or more syllables and having different meanings for each language" in terms of meaning and syllable. Linguists distinguish between lexical and grammatical word types and evaluate words with inflectional suffixes around the second definition. In the article, the history of researching word derivation by morphology method in Turkish languages, and approaches to word derivation in morphology were investigated. In the writing of the article, a comparative method was used by making use of different scientific sources. Key words: derived word, morphology, Turkish language, research, affix, root

IMAGE OF THE BEAR IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE ZOOMORPHIC CODE OF THE EVEN CULTURE

The aim of the study is to characterize the motivating, conceptual, figurative and symbolic features of the concept BEAR in the zoomorphic code of the Even culture.
 Methods used in the work: the article uses the method of continuous sampling, the method of field ethnography, interviewing, as well as linguistic and cultural methods.
 Research results: representatives of the concept BEAR in the linguistic consciousness of the Evens are allegorical nominations formed from kinship terms, adjective, substantive and verbal lexemes. As a result of the study of the internal form of the words-representatives of the concept BEAR, 31 motivating signs were revealed. Cognitive features are expressed in the form of stable comparisons, formalized by the formants of similarity and comparison - gchin / -gichin, -kchin, -mdas / -mdes. In the Even picture of the world, the BEAR symbolizes the totemic ancestor, the owner of the earth, and the defining symbolic sign of the concept is strength, endurance, fortitude of spirit.
 Scope of the results: the linguistic materials and conclusions contained in the work can be used in special courses on ethnolinguistics, on Even linguocultural studies and also applied in lexicographic studies of the Even language and other Tungus-Manchu languages.

Aproximación al léxico cubano de la esclavitud desde el Diccionario Provincial de Esteban Pichardo (1836, 1849, 1862 y 1875): la percepción de la cubanidad en la lexicografía general

In the colonial Cuba of the second half of the 18th century the adoption of an economic model founded on slave-based plantation will lead to a slavery with its own characteristics, which would differ from the continental slave system. Considering the language, a starting assumption is that the inherent tensions of the extralinguistic context has given rise to an own Cuban lexicon of slavery. In order to prove this hypothesis we aim a lexicographical study of Esteban Pichardo’s Diccionario Provincial de Voces Cubanas, the first dictionary dedicated to a regional variant of American Spanish. Starting from the identification of the lexical pieces related to slavery we will focus on the lexicographic treatment of voices in general dictionaries both academic and extra-academic. The analysis of the lexicographic visibility in the different sources and the study of the reception of the diatopic mark will allow us to achieve the approach to the better understanding of the Cuban lexicon of slavery, in addition to contribute to the history of Spanish lexicography.

Gamified crowdsourcing for idiom corpora construction

AbstractLearning idiomatic expressions is seen as one of the most challenging stages in second-language learning because of their unpredictable meaning. A similar situation holds for their identification within natural language processing applications such as machine translation and parsing. The lack of high-quality usage samples exacerbates this challenge not only for humans but also for artificial intelligence systems. This article introduces a gamified crowdsourcing approach for collecting language learning materials for idiomatic expressions; a messaging bot is designed as an asynchronous multiplayer game for native speakers who compete with each other while providing idiomatic and nonidiomatic usage examples and rating other players’ entries. As opposed to classical crowd-processing annotation efforts in the field, for the first time in the literature, a crowd-creating & crowd-rating approach is implemented and tested for idiom corpora construction. The approach is language-independent and evaluated on two languages in comparison to traditional data preparation techniques in the field. The reaction of the crowd is monitored under different motivational means (namely, gamification affordances and monetary rewards). The results reveal that the proposed approach is powerful in collecting the targeted materials, and although being an explicit crowdsourcing approach, it is found entertaining and useful by the crowd. The approach has been shown to have the potential to speed up the construction of idiom corpora for different natural languages to be used as second-language learning material, training data for supervised idiom identification systems, or samples for lexicographic studies.

A Machine Reasoning Algorithm for the Digital Analysis of Alchemical Language and its Decknamen

Alchemical language has been addressed in several lexicographical studies, historically and recently. This paper discusses the current state of the field and proposes a digital distant-reading approach to the issue of decoding alchemical Decknamen. This paper presents an algorithm for the digital analysis of alchemical language using the corpus of printed works by Michael Maier (1568–1622). Alchemical language was used as a medium for negotiating authority, inclusion, and exclusion in alchemical and chymical communities and also as a tool for social and scholarly knowledge-making. This paper addresses the historical problem of understanding early modern alchemical language by computational analysis. Previous studies have applied close reading methodologies to decode Decknamen; however, this paper offers a machine reasoning approach to analyse patterns in alchemical language.

Representation of generic name to denote food in the dialects of Pokuttia

The article deals with the folk vocabulary collected by the author to denote the thematic group ‘generic names for food’, which belongs to the widely used layers of household vocabulary Pokuttya. The study represents dialects of the villages of Stetseva and Stetsivka, which belong to the Sniatyn united territorial community of Kolomyia district of Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine. Both villages are subordinated to the Stetseva village council. The source of intelligence was the colloquial speech of the natives of these dialects. The object of the study was folk dialect names for food. Within this thematic group, the semems of ‘food’ and ‘cooked food’ are identified, which certify generic names to denote “what they eat” and the interpretation of names is established in terms of semantics. The purpose of the article is to present, systematize and analyze a new repertoire of vocabulary of the Pokuttia region, related to cooking and given fragments of live communication of the inhabitants of the dialects. The research methodology involves the use of the following general scientific methods: systematic, systematization, descriptive and linguistic analysis. The scientific novelty of the work is reduced to the lexicographic study of the general lexicon of dialects and the scientific understanding of the studied segment of dialectal vocabulary in a particular region (dialect) of Ukraine. Here are partially presented the results of the study with the analysis of factual material, which is typical for the inhabitants of other Pokuttia dialects. Conclusions. The collected materials are the part of the cultural vocabulary, which implements information about the household culture of the penitents. The results of research can be used in lexicographic practice, in particular in compiling various types of dictionaries, including the Dictionary of Pokuttia dialects, as well as in educational work, in teaching courses and special courses of lexicology, Ukrainian dialectology and ethnolinguistics.

Hierarchy for groups acting on hyperbolic ℤn-spaces

In [A.-P. Grecianu, A. Kvaschuk, A. G. Myasnikov and D. Serbin, Groups acting on hyperbolic [Formula: see text]-metric spaces, Int. J. Algebra Comput. 25(6) (2015) 977–1042], the authors initiated a systematic study of hyperbolic [Formula: see text]-metric spaces, where [Formula: see text] is an ordered abelian group, and groups acting on such spaces. The present paper concentrates on the case [Formula: see text] taken with the right lexicographic order and studies the structure of finitely generated groups acting on hyperbolic [Formula: see text]-metric spaces. Under certain constraints, the structure of such groups is described in terms of a hierarchy (see [D. T. Wise, The Structure of Groups with a Quasiconvex Hierarchy[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]AMS-[Formula: see text], Annals of Mathematics Studies (Princeton University Press, 2021)]) similar to the one established for [Formula: see text]-free groups in [O. Kharlampovich, A. G. Myasnikov, V. N. Remeslennikov and D. Serbin, Groups with free regular length functions in [Formula: see text], Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 364 (2012) 2847–2882].

Lexicographic Study of Synonymy: Clarifying Semantic Similarity between Words

The problem of determining semantic similarity between words affects the understanding of synonymy and creates obstacles to the work oflexico graphers. The study was carried out as a part ofa larger research project on expert assessment of synonymic rows in RuWordNet thesaurus (a WordNet–like thesaurus for the Russian language). The aim of this study is to analyze RuWordNet thesaurus and compare it with classical dictionaries of Russian synonyms. For this purpose, the authors singled out entry words (adjectives N = 68 and verbs N = 117) and their analogues (adjectives N = 558 and verbs N = 1410) from the New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms by Yu. Apresyan (NEDS). An analogue is viewed as aword whose meaning essentially intersects with the general meaning of a given synonymic row, although it lacks the needed semantic similarity that could indicate the presence of synonymy or near–synonymy (Apresyan). The quantitative analysis based on the breadth–first search (BFS) algorithm estimated the distance between each pair entry word! analogue. The quantitative method revealed that the analogues described in NEDS correlate with the hyponyms and hyperonyms in RuWordNet which contributes to the study of near–synonymy. The qualitative method (observation and linguistic interpretation) was used to analyze pairs entry word! analogue which showed the longest distance; such words were 52 adjectives and15 verbs. First, the meanings of entry words and analogues were checked against two Russian language thesauri, then, their representation in the tree graph of RuWordNet was traced. The analysis revealed inaccuracies concerning the similarity between certainwords. The recommendations for further improvement of RuWordNet were given.