Lexical Sets Research Articles

“It’s a Bit Tricky, Isn’t It?”—An Acoustic Study of Contextual Variation in /ɪ/ in the Conversational Speech of Young People from Perth

This study presents an acoustic analysis of vowel realisations in contexts where, in Australian English, a historical contrast between unstressed /ɪ/ and /ə/ has largely diminished in favour of a central schwa-like variant. The study is motivated by indications that there is greater complexity in this area of vowel variation than has been conventionally set out in the existing literature, and our goal is to shed new light by studying a dataset of conversational speech produced by 40 young speakers from Perth, WA. In doing so, we also offer some critical thoughts on the use of Wells’ lexical sets as a framework for analysis in work of this kind, in particular with reference to the treatment of items in unstressed position, and of grammatical (or function) words. The acoustic analysis focused on the realisation in F1/F2 space of a range of /ɪ/ and /ə/ variants in both accented and unaccented syllables (thus a broader approach than a focus on stressed kit vowels). For the purposes of comparison, we also analysed tokens of the fleece and happy-tensing lexical sets. Grammatical and non-grammatical words were analysed independently in order to understand the extent to which a high-frequency grammatical word such as it might contribute to the overall pattern of vowel alternation. Our findings are largely consistent with the small amount of previous work that has been carried out in this area, pointing to a continuum of realisations across a range of accented and unaccented contexts. The data suggest that the reduced historical /ɪ/ vowel encountered in unaccented syllables cannot be straightforwardly analysed as a merger with /ə/. We also highlight the way in which the grammatical word it participates in this alternation.

Covariation of phonological features in Standardised Scottish English

AbstractScottish English has characteristic phonological features including rhoticity, the /ʍ/‐/w/ contrast and the lack of the nurse merger. However, recent studies have found ongoing changes in Scottish English phonology such as the gradual loss of rhoticity, the merging of /ʍ/‐/w/ and a partial merger of the nurse vowels. This paper investigates possible covariation between these features across speakers of Standardised Scottish English. The speech of 30 speakers taken from ICE‐Scotland was analysed for their realisations of the nurse lexical set, <wh‐> and rhotics. Underlying structural covariation among these variables was investigated using Principal Components Analysis. The results show covariation between the overall rate of the traditional /ʍ/ variant and rhoticity but not with the realisation of nurse. More generally, Standardised Scottish English appears to comprise a range of individual covariation patterns that combine more traditional and more modern pronunciation variants to varying degrees.

A chapter from the history of labial harmony in Hungarian: A curious case of alternation and variability

AbstractThis paper looks at the alternations introduced by the Old Hungarian regressive labialization of front vowels through the example of a lexical set, the derivational family based on the stem dics- ‘glory, praise’. This alternation was highly variable, but in a patterned way. All the data found in the Old Hungarian codices have been investigated with the help of the online Old Hungarian Corpus, and the distribution of the relevant forms has been mapped, along with a discussion of a highly interesting exceptional form recurring in several of the source texts.

MATHEMATICS THROUGH LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE THROUGH MATHEMATICS: CONDENSATION TRANSCRIPTION AS A POINT OF SYMBIOSIS

This paper explores the idea of condensation transcription—which is defined as the reduction of lengthy collections of lexical elements or mathematical descriptions into short forms—as the point where mathematics and language learning cross-influence one another notably. To elaborate, condensation transcription is defined as the linguistic ability and procedure that permits the reconstruction and compacting of larger lexical sets into more manageable forms while maintaining the basic meanings of those sets. Such a phenomenon occurs when mathematical concepts are rewritten from page-long descriptions to figures and numerical entities, and when literary passages are compressed into their main ideas. Formulation of the problem. Word problems, main idea identifications, and essay writing are some of the most dreaded topics of study in mathematics and language. In order to suggest improvements in these challenging areas within the education of both disciplines, this paper’s research emphasizes the significance of condensation transcription and makes readers aware of it by examining lexical elements in language and mathematical entities, pinning their origins, and explaining what learning strategies can be extracted from language that could be useful in mathematics learning, and vice versa. Materials and methods. The resources used in this investigation include a comprehensive dictionary entry, a word problem, literary text passages, and written explorations of mathematical concepts, all of which are dissected through the implementation of condensation transcription’s conventional procedures, which are termed ‘analysis,’ ‘coding,’ and ‘decoding.’ This procedure is necessary to show, first-hand, how condensation transcription works and how it is applied, as well as what can be gleaned from its functions and applications. Results. The results point to condensation transcription being a basic concept in mathematics and language that powers mathematical learning through comprehension of language, and reversely. Conclusions. As a whole, this paper underscores the importance of having the knowledge of condensation transcription in language and mathematics. By recognizing the role of condensation transcription as a foundational language process, practitioners in both language and mathematics could make some of the most difficult concepts in both disciplines easier for students to grasp.

Analysis of Code Switching on Cinta Laura Kiehl in Iwil Network Youtube Channel Video

The study, "An Analysis of Code Switching on Cinta Laura Kiehl in Iwil Network YouTube Channel Video," focused on two main issues: types and reasons for code switching. Utilizing Poplack's (1980) and Grosjean's (1981) theories, it employed a qualitative approach. Data collection involved downloading the video, watching the podcast, reading the script, and identifying instances of code switching. A total of 144 instances were found, categorized into 21 Tag Switching, 91 Inter-Sentential, and 32 Intra-Sentential occurrences. Reasons for code switching included Fill a Linguistics Need for Lexical Item, Set Phrase, Discourse Maker, or Sentence Filler (72 instances), Continued The Last Language Used (52 instances), and others such as Quoting Someone (1 instance), Specify Address (3 instances), and Conveying Confidentiality, Anger, and Annoyance (4 instances). These findings contribute to understanding the intricacies of code switching in the context of Cinta Laura Kiehl's videos on the Iwil Network YouTube channel.

Colloquial Emotive Lexicon of Russian in Aspect of Polyparadigmality: Lexicographic Perspective (Thesaurus Dictionary “Emotion Alphabet”)

The article is dedicated to the study of colloquial emotive lexicon of the Russian in the aspect of polyparadigmality. The peculiarities of its categorization, conceptualization, and interpretation are examined from the perspectives of various scientific approaches. The analysis of colloquial emotive lexicon in the Russian is conducted in comparison with a multitude of normative literary lexicon presented in the thesaurus dictionary ‘Emotion Alphabet.’ Together, they comprise 11,210 units of analysis, with 2,073 lexemes belonging to colloquial emotive lexicon. It is considered as a lexical-semantic space in a spatial dimension, with its internal structure constructed in a horizontal-vertical dimension at the intersection of lexical sets of colloquial emotive lexicon of different nature. The study employs a complex of linguistic methods, including statistical description, structuralsemantic, functional-semantic, denotativeideographic, linguistic-cognitive, and other methods of analysis. This allows for presenting colloquial emotive lexicon as an overlapping set of various groups of lexemes: denotative-ideographic, cognitive-derivational, semantic-functional, and functional-stylistic. Trends and cognitive strategies in the formation of this set are identified in comparison with literary language. The results of the study will be used in the future for creating a thesaurus dictionary of colloquial emotive lexicon.

Broad and fine acoustic categories in bod, bond, bald, and bard: A step toward acoustic phonology

Acoustics is central to the study of speech communication, but it is conspicuously under-represented in abstract representations of speech. Many flavors of phonological analysis tend toward articulatory descriptions, and transcriptions focus on strings of articulatory actions. All this is despite acoustics being easier to measure than articulation with current technology. The present study explores basic concepts for an acoustic phonology, with two types of postulated categories: broad and fine. Resonant, turbulent, transient, and occludent types of sounds comprise the broad categories, as general methods of filtering the speech source. Fine categories are conceptualized as specific types of acoustic actions within a broad category. These acoustic actions are goal-oriented, as for achieving a particular acoustic effect like the presence of antiformants or a lowered F2 or F3. However, these actions are not explicitly restricted to manipulating traditional phonetic features like formants. By default, fine categories are assumed to be produced in parallel when possible, yielding overlap effects like anticipatory nasalization, lateralization, and rhotacization. These concepts are explored in a microanalysis of bod, bond, bald, and bard from the speaker in the Massive Auditory Lexical Decision data set, with an eye to seeding the ground for a future acoustic phonology.

Conceptual Foundations of the Ideographic Dictionaries of the Ural Semantic School

The purpose of the article is to examine the ideographic dictionaries created by the lexicographers of the Ural Semantic School from the dynamic aspect, according to which the Ural ideographic lexicography was formed as an independent direction. In total, the group has published 26 ideographic dictionaries of different semantic and grammatical nature of words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, synonyms of the Russian language and Russian speech, synonymic-antonymic complexes, Russian verb sentences, Russian key concepts. The methodological basis of such dictionaries were the basic provisions of the main scholarly paradigms of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: structural-semantic, functional-semantic, denotative-ideographic, cognitive-discursive. In turn, a new type of active ideographic dictionaries contributed to the formation of a system of basic theoretical positions that formed the conceptual lexicographic base of ideographic dictionaries. The universal theoretical foundations of linguistic construction represent the following fundamental principles: consistency, hierarchy, invariance/variability, the presence of standard semantics, representativeness of identifiers, etc., the implementation of which is modified and corrected in the structure of various ideographic dictionaries and supplemented with new relevant lexicographic parameters of their construction, which determines the conceptual uniqueness of each individual dictionary. The peculiarities of such dictionaries and their ideographic sets are determined by the semantic-grammatical and linguo-cognitive nature of the units that make up their composition and the specifics of their constituent sets of units: lexical-semantic, functional-semantic and functional-syntactic, cognitive-discursive. As a result of the study, the authors identify the main types of lexical sets in the composition of ideographic dictionaries of different types.

Specifics of Structuring Ideographic Word Classes Representing Social Spheres (Example of “Education” Sphere)

The sphere of “Education” can be understood in terms of culture, knowledge, axiology, etc. This indicates the integrative and multi-aspect nature of the content behind lexemes such as education, learning, teaching, and studying. The main aspect of this article is lexicographic, with the aim of determining the scope and structure of the lexical set of words comprising the ideographic sphere of “Education” in modern Russian language. The work was carried out as part of the development of the project “Universal Ideographic Dictionary-Thesaurus of the Russian” by the Ural Semantic School under the guidance of L. G. Babenko. Materials from various dictionaries prepared by this team of researchers were used. Methods used included component analysis of lexical meaning and ideographic classification. Various types of relationships organizing this lexical set were identified in order to present a modeling of the “Education” sphere as a fragment of the denotative-ideographic world map. Examples of words and word groups related by hyper-hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, and antonymy within the denotative-ideographic groups of this sphere are provided. It is shown that the lexical set of words representing the sphere of “Education,” like many other similar classes of words denotatively linked to human social life, is structured not hierarchically, but in accordance with components of represented situations.

Analysis of sounds and spellings based on RP [i:] in the nineteenth-century Lancashire vernacular

Northern dialects and the Lancashire vernacular have been substantially represented in literature. Regional literature is principally classified into dialect literature and literary dialect. The former is addressed to a limited readership as it comprises those novels, plays and poems that are entirely composed in a non-standard variety. The latter relates to the literary production which is for the most part written in standard English, except the characters’ dialogues that are marked with a particular variety. This last approach is considered to be a useful tool for linguists in dialect study. This paper analyses the sounds and spellings related to the FLEECE lexical set in the nineteenth-century Lancashire vernacular, according to Wells’s classification (1982) for words containing RP [i:]. To this end, several nineteenth-century literary dialect works were compiled and studied. In this endeavor, the deviant spellings associated with RP [i:] are gathered and attributed to their pronunciations in the dialect. The present paper examines the coexistence of sounds for FLEECE on the grounds of historical and sociolinguistic reasons.
 Keywords: Lancashire dialect; literary dialect; deviant spellings; dialect sounds; FLEECE lexical set

Semantic pattern recognition of special English words based on data corpus technology

Abstract This paper first researches special English vocabulary teaching defines special English vocabulary definitions and characteristics based on special English usage, and proposes strategies for learning special English vocabulary. The study involves studying the semantic recognition of special English using data corpus technology. Based on data corpus technology, the semantic structure of English vocabulary is analyzed according to Chinese analysis and word vectors, and to facilitate the extraction of English semantic features, IOB2 labeled training corpus is needed. Then, the CRFs network algorithm in the data corpus technology is used to construct the special English semantic recognition model, the lexical annotation set is refined on the preprocessing, and at the same time, the semantic features are added to the recognition model of CRFs mainly used to recognize the noun phrases of gerund class and the experimental analysis is carried out on the recognition of the semantic patterns of the special English vocabulary. The results show that among high school students with high English semantic recognition ability, the correlation coefficient between their aggregates and reading level is 0.753, the correlation coefficient between collocated phrases and reading level is 0.772, and there is a high correlation between the ability to recognize aggregates, collocated phrases, and sentence framing phrases and reading level. This study is designed to improve the efficiency of English reading and communication and has a facilitatory effect on recognizing English lexical semantic patterns.

When PALMs are in your THOUGHTs, you head south: Evidence for diffusion of the low-back vowel system from New York to New Orleans

In New Orleans, there is a white, working-class dialect of English, sometimes called “Yat”, that has several notable similarities with that of New York City. These similarities have been argued to be the result of 19th-century dialect contact between residents of the two cities. This paper examines the palm vowel in New Orleans and argues that it too shows evidence of diffusion from New York around this time period. Words of the palm lexical set that have been part of the English lexicon since before the 19th century, such as father and calm, are found to be merged with the thought phoneme in New Orleans, while more recent palm words such as garage are merged with lot. A handful of traditional lot words, such as John and god, are also sporadically attested with the thought phoneme. Since traditional New York City English also possesses a palm vowel backer than lot, with words such as John and god variably included in it—a pattern that is not widely found in other dialects closely connected to New Orleans English—the findings are interpreted as further evidence for dialect diffusion from New York to New Orleans.

Parent–toddler play talk: Toddler speech is differentially associated with paternal and maternal speech in interaction

Children’s speech is influenced by the speech they hear, in particular by the parental speech addressed directly to them. The aim of this study was to analyse toddlers’ speech with their parents and to investigate the influence of specific characteristics of child-directed speech on child speech in real time during mother–child and father–child dyadic interactions. Eighty-four children ( M = 24.11 months, SD = 1.37, 42 girls) and their parents were video-recorded in dyadic freeplay. Parent and child speech was compared on measures of quantity (number of words), quality (vocabulary diversity, proportion, and composition of nouns/verbs) and productivity or complexity. Overall findings reveal very similar speech produced by mothers and fathers with their toddlers and by toddlers with each parent, with the exception of vocabulary diversity patterns. Furthermore, the child-directed speech of mothers and fathers was differently associated with child speech in interaction. Findings suggest that children may be exposed to different lexical sets by mother and father and there may be added value for the child of engaging in separate dyadic interactions with mother and father. Implications for research include sampling child speech across contexts and conversational partners.

Research On Lexical Data Set Analysis Based on Decision Tree Model

In order to predict the future number of users and development prospects of "World" game, this paper analyzes the terminology used in game data sets. Firstly, descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the existing data, and ARIMA model was used to estimate the data during the forecast period, so as to obtain the interval estimation and point estimation of the number of results. Secondly, EXCEL is used to calculate the percentage of each word, and analysis of variance model is used to get the attribute influence between words. Thirdly, the training set and test set were analyzed through machine learning, and the mapping model was established. "EERIE" was input as the word vector to obtain the prediction results. Finally, the relationship between the decision tree model and the actual expected break time is established, and the difficulty of EERIE is evaluated. The results show that with the word vector of EERIE as input, when the model accuracy is 55.56%, the prediction result is (1,2,3,4,5,6,X)-(6,12,21,33,25,3,0). The prediction difficulty was medium, and the accuracy of the model was 80%.

Lexical data for the historical comparison of Rgyalrongic languages.

As one of the most morphologically conservative branches of the Sino-Tibetan language family, most of the Rgyalrongic languages are still understudied and poorly understood, not to mention their vulnerable or endangered status. It is therefore important for available data of these languages to be made accessible. The lexical data sets the authors have assembled provide comparative word lists of 20 modern and medieval Rgyalrongic languages, consisting of word lists from fieldwork carried out by the first author and other colleagues as well as published word lists by other authors. In particular, data of the two Khroskyabs varieties were collected by the first author from 2011 to 2016. Cognate identification is based on the authors' expertise in Rgyalrong historical linguistics through application of the comparative method. We curated the data by conducting phonemic segmentation and partial cognate annotation. The data sets can be used by historical linguists interested in the etymology and the phylogeny of the languages in question, and they can use them to answer questions regarding individual word histories or the subgrouping of languages in this important branch of Sino-Tibetan.

Emergent Twitter publics through political scandal

Abstract This study examines how emergent Twitter publics are organised and engage with political scandal and personalisation during Covid-19 in the UK. The analysis is centred on a series of media events around Chief Adviser to the then-UK Prime Minister, running from May 2020 to May 2021. The samples comprises original tweets that contain key hashtags, amounting to 38,326 items. These are subject to topic model analysis to identify semantic fields, before using critical discourse analysis. We find hashtags help constitute emergent Twitter publics, and that tweets follow conversational patterns and conspire in tactics of intertextuality. Dissention to government conduct engages resourcefully with the affordances of Twitter: constituting publics, shaping discourse, and articulating with parallel discussions on political performance. Further, a computational approach can systematise the identification of domains of discourse and relevant lexical sets, providing an evidence-based understanding of even novel and emergent political discourses in online discussion.

Transport and Means of Communication in Language Worldview of Vologda Peasant: Traditions and Innovations

The article is devoted to the study of records of dialect speech, verbalizing the ideas of rural residents of the Vologda region about the system of transport and means of communication. The object of analysis is the lexical set of names of vehicles and means of communication, as well as the corpus of texts. Informants differentiate roads in detail from the point of view of the possibilities of their use in summer or winter, for walking, skiing, wheeled, sledge, caterpillar, sled, etc. transportation. Many traditional beliefs and customs of dialect speakers are associated with the road. Informants living near navigable rivers and large lakes perceive movement by water as one of the ordinary components of the transport system, while those living far from water bodies treat water transport with caution and prejudice, emphasizing the danger of the water element. The most vivid impressions of dialect speakers about movement in space are associated with air transport. The narrative of this event is clothed in the genre form of a “story-plate”, which occupies an intermediate position between everyday and folklore non-fairy-tale prose. However, such stories, as a rule, tell about the first or only air flight in the life of the informant.

An Authorship Identification Empirical Evaluation of Writing Style Features in Cross-Topic and Cross-genre Documents

In this paper, an investigation was done to identify writing style features that can be used for cross-topic and cross-genre documents in the Authorship Identification task from 2003 to 2015. Different writing style features were empirically evaluated that were previously used in single topic and single genre documents for Authorship Identification to determine whether they can be used effectively for cross-topic and crossgenre Authorship Identification using an ablation process. The dataset used was taken from the 2015 PAN CLEF Forum English collection consisting of 100 sets. Furthermore, it was investigated whether combining some of these feature sets can help improve the authorship identification task. Three different classifiers were used: Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest. The results suggest that a combination of a lexical, syntactical, structural, and content feature set can be used effectively for cross topic and cross genre authorship identification, as it achieved an AUC result of 0.837.

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF LEXICAL COHESION IN FROZEN II MOVIE

Objectives of this research are to identify types and functions of lexical cohesion and the most dominant one in Frozen II movie. The researcher employs descriptive qualitative method by downloaded movie’s script from internet and classified the lexical cohesion in utterances of the main characters in script of Frozen II movie. After collecting and selecting the data, the researcher starts to analyze the data by using Miles and Huberman's qualitative data analysis method. The method consists of three steps, namely data reduction, data display, and verification and conclusion drawing. The results show that in Frozen II movie there were 151 utterances of lexical cohesion. They are 110 data of reiteration and 41 data of collocation. In reiteration was found 94 repetitions, 9 synonyms, 3 superordinates, and 4 general words. In collocation was found 17 antonyms and 24 unordered lexical sets. The lexical cohesion that often used by authors in Frozen II movie was reiterations in order to send implicative meaning which hoped understood by viewers. Furthermore, the researcher finds reiteration as the most dominant type.

The Velar Nasal in thing and think : Evidence from Thomas Spence's (1775) Pronouncing Dictionary for the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database

ABSTRACT: The history of the velar nasal phoneme involves two stories: the emergence of /ŋ/ as an independent phoneme, as in thing /θiŋ/, and variation between velar and alveolar nasal pronunciations in the context of unstressed <-ing>, as in loving /'lΛviŋ/–/'lΛvin/. The latter has been the object of study in English (historical) phonology and dialectology (e.g., , , , ). The former, however, received little attention until the final decades of the eighteenth century, when Thomas Spence first coded the velar nasal with a separate notation system in The Grand Repository of the English Language (1775). Spence's is one of the eleven pronouncing dictionaries from which the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database ( ECEP ) draws its data. The current paper reports on the methodological steps adopted in order to compile a new consonant lexical set for the study of the velar nasal phoneme /ŋ/, labeled thing and further subdivided into two subsets to account for the combination of the nasal consonant spelled <n> and a voiced /g/ or voiceless velar plosive /k/ consonant ( thing and think ). The selection of example words is based on the inventory of dictionary entries in The Grand Repository , then contrasts Spence's entries with other pronouncing dictionaries in ECEP and narrows down the list according to diverse linguistic parameters such as word-position, stress, part of speech, and number of syllables. The compilation of the lexical set thing will thus facilitate research on the incidence and distribution of the velar nasal phoneme in the history of English. This in turn will add to the body of research underlining the value of evidence drawn from pronouncing dictionaries and will contribute to fostering the "phonological turn" that has been growing in historical linguistics over recent decades.