Levene's Test Research Articles

Instrumental Colorimetric Evaluation of Combined Enamel and Dentin Composite Resins Compared to the Vita Classic Shade Guide

Accurate color determination in dental restorations is crucial for achieving aesthetically pleasing and functional results. Traditionally, color selection has been performed using visual methods, which are subject to observer variability and factors such as lighting and experience. However, the use of instrumental technologies like spectrophotometry has allowed for greater objectivity and reproducibility in color measurement. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of color determination in composite resin restorations using spectrophotometry, comparing the results obtained with the Vita Classic shade guide. A total of 120 samples were prepared using 4 types of composite resins and 3 enamel/dentin combinations (A2, A3, and A3.5), with 0.7 mm thickness for enamel and 1.3 mm for dentin, achieving a final thickness of 2 mm. Color measurements were taken with a Vita™ Easyshade® spectrophotometer, and the results were expressed in terms of ΔE using the CIE Lab* formula. Normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and homoscedasticity (Levene) tests were applied, and one-way ANOVA was used to assess differences between resin brands and shades. The results showed that, although no statistically significant differences were found in the A2 and A3 shades between brands, the A3.5 shade exhibited significant variations, with Filtek Z350 XT® 3M Espe Solventum being the resin that showed color values closest to the ideal.

The effectiveness of the family-centered empowerment model towards the quality of life of older adults with hypertension

Older adults with hypertension often experience a low quality of life. Family support plays a critical role in maintaining and improving their well-being. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of a family-centered empowerment model on the quality of life of hypertensive patients. This quasi-experimental study included 70 participants with hypertension, who were divided into an intervention group and a control group. Participants were selected through a consecutive sampling technique. The study utilized the Family Empowerment Instrument and the European Quality of Life questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) for data collection. The data analysis was performed using Levene's, Wilcoxon Signed Rank, and Mann-Whitney U tests. There were no significant differences in the participants’ characteristics between the control and intervention groups (Levene's test p-value >0.05). After the family-centered empowerment intervention, the quality of life in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group (Mann-Whitney U test p-value=0.000 < 0.05). This suggests that nurses can effectively involve patients with chronic diseases, particularly hypertension, and their families in the treatment process to enhance their quality of life.

Two tests of variance homogeneity for clustered data where group size is informative

To evaluate variance homogeneity among groups for clustered data, Iachine et al. (Robust tests for the equality of variances for clustered data. J Stat Comput Simul 2010;80(4):365–377) introduced an extension of the well-known Levene test. However, this method does not account for informative cluster size (ICS) or informative within-cluster group size (IWCGS), which can occur in clustered data when cluster and group sizes are random variables. This article introduces two tests of variance homogeneity that are appropriate for data with ICS and IWCGS, one extending the Levene-style transformation method and one based on a direct comparison of estimates of variance. We demonstrate the properties of our tests in a detailed simulation study and show that they are resistant to the potentially biasing effects of ICS and IWCGS. We illustrate the use of these tests by applying them to a data set of x-ray diffraction measurements collected from a specimen of duplex steel.

The Influence Of Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique On Cortisol Levels in Ischaemic Stroke Patients

Background: Ischaemic stroke patients experience an increase in cortisol of 38% over 90 days. The spiritual emotional freedom technique (SEFT) provides manual stimulation of acupuncture points, which makes the muscles feel relaxed so that they can control cortisol. This study set out to assess how SEFT affected the cortisol levels in patients who had suffered an ischaemic stroke. Methods: A control group and pre- and post-test measures were part of the quasi-experimental research design. There were seventy-one patients in the research population of the study. The sample was measured using the Slovin formula, and the sampling strategy used was purposeful sampling. Over the course of three months, the intervention group had 12 sessions of SEFT once a week, whereas the control group received regular spiritual treatment from RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta, an outpatient nurse. The ELISA method was used to measure cortisol levels. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality, and the Levene test was used to test for homogeneity in bivariate data. The Mann-Whitney method was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean cortisol before intervention was 119.63, and the mean cortisol after intervention was 99.23. SEFT affects cortisol levels in patients who have had an ischaemic stroke, according to a statistically significant (p<0.05) p-value of zero. Conclusion: Patients with ischaemic stroke experienced a significant drop in cortisol levels after using the SEFT. Furthermore, it is necessary to study the dominant factors that influence the cortisol hormone and the need for a multi-religious approach in an effort to develop spiritual-based interventions.

Social determinants of health and impact on Quality of Life in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil (2020–2022)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the impact of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) on adolescents' Quality of Life (QoL), especially in vulnerable communities. While most research has focused on adults or general clinical conditions, this study addresses the gap in adolescent-specific COVID-19 impacts, emphasizing SDH’s role in Brazilian youth’s health outcomes.MethodologyThis cross-sectional study analyzed 235 adolescents from 89 cities in a northeastern state of Brazil, registered in the Unified Health System's notification system, with data collected nationally in 2022 and referring to the years 2020, 2021 and 2022. Statistical tests, including the Levene test for variance equality, Student's t-test, and ANOVA with a 95% confidence interval, were used, supplemented by the Games-Howell multiple comparison test. The study found lower scores in vitality and mental health domains. Males showed higher scores across all domains (p < 0.001).ResultsAdolescents aged 10 to 14 scored higher in the vitality domain. Those who engaged in physical activity had better scores in general health, vitality, and mental health domains. Adolescents with sleep difficulties had lower scores in pain, general health, vitality, and mental health domains. Additionally, those living with high-risk individuals had lower scores in vitality and mental health domains.ConclusionSDH related to demographic factors, physical activity, and sleep quality significantly impacted adolescents' QoL, particularly affecting vitality and mental health.

Levene's Test for Verifying Homoscedasticity Between Groups in Quasi-Experiments in Social Sciences

One of the most used quantitative research designs in the social sciences field is the quasi-experiment with an experimental group and a control group. Its widespread use can be explained, on one hand, by the fact that this design offers greater internal control than pre-experimental designs, which lack a control group. On the other hand, it poses fewer methodological challenges compared to true experiments, whose operational demands often exceed or do not align with the natural behavior of groups in educational populations. Given its prevalence in research studies, it is important to highlight that one of the weaknesses of this design lies precisely in the determination of the treatment and control groups. These groups are often selected based on the researcher's convenience or even inferred through common sense, that is, without a scientifically valid criterion. To address this issue, this article presents Levene's test as an option for verifying homoscedasticity between these two groups, which can contribute to methodological rigor in this aspect that substantially impacts the internal validity of the research findings.

Ultrasonographic Mapping of the Location and Depth of Labial Arteries Prior to Lip Augmentation: A Pilot Study

Aims: This study aims to map the superior and inferior labial arteries in terms of their anatomical location and depth using ultrasound imaging to optimise the planning of lip augmentation procedures in a Brazilian cohort. Study Design: Observational cross-sectional pilot study. Place and Duration of Study: The examinations were conducted at the dental clinic of the University of Fortaleza during October-November 2023. Methodology: Nineteen volunteers (both sexes, aged 18 to 55 years) with no history of previous lip augmentation participated in this study. Imaging was performed using a high-frequency ultrasound machine (Evus 5, Alliage S/A), equipped with a 7–14 MHz linear transducer, in both B-mode and Doppler modes. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene's test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, standard deviation, confidence intervals, and Fisher's exact test, all conducted using Python software. Results: The superior labial artery was predominantly located in the intramuscular region in 68.42% of cases, followed by the submucosa in 31.58%, with no instances in the subcutaneous layer. For the inferior labial artery, a similar distribution was observed: 63.16% intramuscular, 31.58% submucosal, and 5.26% subcutaneous. Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were identified in the depth and location of the labial arteries based on sex and specific anatomical regions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the variation in the depth and location of labial arteries, with a significant predominance in the intramuscular layer. Ultrasound serves as an essential tool for mapping vascular anatomy in the planning of lip augmentation, underscoring the value of thorough anatomical assessment to enhance procedural safety and efficacy.

The Effects of Intensity, Exposure Time, and Distance of Polymerization Light on Vickers Microhardness and Temperature Rise of Conventional Resin-Based Composite.

(1) Background: This study investigates the effects of curing light intensity, exposure time, and distance on the Vickers microhardness (VMH), hardness bottom-to-top ratio (HR), and temperature rise (TR) of conventional dental resin-based composite (RBC). (2) Materials and Methods: Specimens of one conventional RBC (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar Vivadent) were cured with 12 different curing protocols (CPs), created with three different light intensities (Quartz Tungsten Halogen 300 mW/cm2, LED 650 mW/cm2, LED 1100 mW/cm2), two exposure times (20 and 40 s), and two distances of curing tip (0 and 8 mm). The VMH of top (VMH-T) and bottom (VMH-B) surfaces was measured. The hardness bottom-to-top ratio (HR) was calculated from VMH-B and VMH-T. The HR below 80% was rated as inadequate polymerization. The TR at the depth of 2 mm within the RBC was measured using a K-type thermocouple. Data were analyzed using Levene's test and the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. (3) Results: Exposure time and distance significantly influenced VMH-B and HR. Increased distance significantly reduced VMH-B, HR, and TR. CPs 300 mW/cm2/8 mm/20 s and 650 mW/cm2/8 mm/20 s produced inadequate polymerization (HR < 80%). Prolonged exposure time produced higher values of VMH-B and HR. The TR was significantly influenced by light intensity and distance. (4) Conclusions: Suboptimal light intensity (<800 mW/cm2) can produce inadequate polymerization at the lower side of the composite layer when used from a distance. Prolonged irradiation can improve the polymerization to a certain extent. Clinicians are advised to monitor the intensity of the LCUs in order to optimize the photopolymerization process. Caution is required when polymerizing with high-intensity curing light in direct contact with the RBC with longer exposure times than recommended.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) terhadap Hasil Belajar Kelas XI Mata Pelajaran Produktif Teknik Kendaraan Ringan di SMK Teknologi Plus Padang

This study aims to analyze the effect of problem-based learning (PBL) model on student learning outcomes in class XI Light Vehicle Engineering subjects at SMK Teknologi Plus Padang. The PBL model was chosen to increase students' activity, understanding, and interest in learning through contextual learning that can develop critical thinking skills. This study used quantitative methods with a Quasi Experiment design, involving 21 students in the experimental group and 21 students in the control group in the 2024/2025 school year. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Levene's homogeneity test showed that the pre-test and post-test data were normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of the independent sample t-test revealed a significant difference between the experimental group (average 77.90) and the control group (average 50.48) with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.001 &lt;0.05. These results indicate that the application of the PBL model can significantly improve student learning outcomes. The implications of this research provide evidence that problem-based learning models are effective in creating an active, collaborative, and meaningful learning environment, so they can be implemented in various learning contexts.

Spatial Interpretation of Multi-Criteria Analysis: A Case Study with a Decreasing Number of Criteria and Subjective Approach to Determining Their Importance

Municipal activities should not be profitable. Their intention is to provide the highest possible quality of service to citizens and, in this way, contribute to improving their quality of life. For this reason, the evaluation of their performance is very complex and should include several aspects, or criteria. The aim of this study is to quantify the agreement of the financial health assessment of the territorial self-government entities in 2020 with the financial health assessment based on a gradually decreasing number of entry criteria. For this purpose, we use a TOPSIS technique, and a total of 26 combinations of criteria are created with a gradually decreasing number of criteria, i.e., five, four, three, and two criteria used. For a description of the results obtained, we use a wide range of mathematical and statistical methods. The tests used include the Jaccard index, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene test, Moran index, and others. Our results confirm the fact that the outcome of MCDM analysis is directly and significantly affected by the structure and number of entry criteria. The reduction in the number of criteria resulted in a change in the parameters of the overall results.

Study of Subcutaneous Pressure in Lower Limb Cellulitis and its Correlation With Surgical Intervention.

Introduction Cellulitis is a prevalent bacterial skin infection, particularly affecting the lower limbs and often necessitating clinical intervention due to its considerable incidence rate. Factors like venous insufficiency, lymphedema, and recurring episodes increase the risk of relapse, complicating treatment strategies. Although antibiotics and limb elevation are standard care, severe cases may require surgical intervention. This study investigates subcutaneous pressure as a potential biomarker to assess the severity of lower limb cellulitis and its association with the need for surgical intervention. Methods This observational study was conducted at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, involving 105 patients from January 2023 to January 2024 for a duration of one year.Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, focusing on adults with unilateral cellulitis below the knee. Subcutaneous pressure was measured using a Stryker intracompartmental pressure monitor, and limb circumference was measured for both the affected and healthy legs. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Levene's test to assess the differences between treatment groups. Results The study found that participants aged 36-45 years constituted the largest proportion (25, 23.8%), and males represented 57.1% of the sample. The most frequent clinical signs were pain (30, 28.57%) and swelling (25, 23.81%). Common comorbidities included diabetes mellitus (30, 28.6%) and venous insufficiency (25, 23.8%). Significant differences were observed between cellulitic and normal legs regarding circumference (p=0.003) and subcutaneous pressure (p=0.003). Patients who underwent surgical intervention showed a greater reduction in symptoms at discharge (1, 2.44%) compared to those receiving only antibiotics (9, 14.06%). Conclusion Elevated subcutaneous pressure correlates strongly with disease severity and the likelihood of requiring surgical intervention in lower limb cellulitis. Patients undergoing surgery had faster recoveries and fewer residual symptoms at discharge. Measuring subcutaneous pressure can be a useful tool in clinical decision-making, potentially improving outcomes and reducing complications in severe cellulitis cases.

Comparison of the Accuracy and Precision of Digital Scans for Implant-Supported Maxillary Hybrid Prosthesis: An in vitro Study.

Numerous intraoral scanners (IOS) devices are currently used for intraoral impressions in prosthodontics. It is crucial to assess the accuracy and precision of these devices for clinical use. This in vitro study aimed to assess and compare the accuracy and precision of six IOS in the all-on-4 treatment concept. Trueness evaluation involved aligning the data from six dental scanners with the reference model. Precision analysis encompassed aligning the data from all six scanners within their respective groups. An edentulous maxillary model was utilized, with four implants placed at 12, 15, 22, and 25 teeth positions, simulating the all-on-4 approach using resin acrylic. Following the placement of scanbodies, each of the six IOSs (Primescan, Trios 3, Trios 4, Trios 5, Virtuo Vivo, and Medit i 700) performed eight scans of the model. An industrial scanner was employed for the control group. Data alignment and comparison were executed using the CloudCompare software (v2.11.3, General Public License of Telecom ParisTech, Paris, France). Statistical scrutiny encompassed the Shapiro-Wilk, Levene's, and Games-Howell tests. Among the scanners, Primescan exhibited the highest trueness (35.75 ± 26.08 μm), whereas the Medit i700 demonstrated superior precision (0.163 μm). IOS can be used to make dental impressions within the all-on-4 concept. More comprehensive and clinical studies are needed on this subject.

Determine Robust Procedure for Testing Variance Equality Using Type l Error Rate and Power

Comparisons were made between seven of the many procedures used to determine variance homogeneity. The seven tests that have been chosen are the Bartlett's test, the Levene's test (mean), the Levene's test (median), the Levene's test (trimmed mean), the O'brien test, the Cochran test, and the Fligner's test. Data were simulated in order to compare the seven procedures using different distributions (Normal, Beta, and Uniform), sample sizes (5, 10, 50, and 100), equal samples (n_1=n_2=...=n_k), and five (5) levels (i.e., k = 5). The power of the test and type l error rate were used to compare the selected procedures at a significant level of 0.05. The findings demonstrated that the Fligner technique is superior to all other procedures when the dataset is normally distributed, whereas the Bartlett procedure is superior regardless of sample size when the dataset is not normally distributed.

The Addition Of Pressure Biofeedback Unit In Forward Head Exercise Is Better On Improving Neck Alignment Asymptomatic Forward Head Posture

Asymptomatic forward head posture is a chronic condition without symptoms. Improvement in neck alignment can be enhanced by adding a pressure biofeedback unit to forward head exercises. The aim of this study was to determine if the addition of a pressure biofeedback unit to forward head exercises is more effective in improving neck alignment in high school students with asymptomatic forward head posture compared to forward head exercises alone. This study was conducted at SMA N 1 Semarapura in April-May 2021, using a two-group pre-post test design with simple random sampling. There were two groups consisting of 14 samples each. Group I was given forward head exercises with the addition of a pressure biofeedback unit, and Group II was given forward head exercises alone. The outcome measure for neck alignment was the craniovertebral angle, measured using a goniometer. Analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene's test. The difference in mean neck alignment was tested using paired t-tests. An independent sample t-test showed an increased difference in neck alignment in both groups. In Group I, the mean pre-test score was 45.57±1.45 and the post-test neck alignment was 53.21±1.36, with a mean difference of 7.35±1.49 and a p-value of 0.000. In Group II, the pre-test score was 45.78±1.85 and the post-test score was 50.28±1.22, with a mean difference of 4.5±1.2 and a p-value of 0.000. A significant difference in neck alignment improvement was found based on the comparison test, with a p-value of 0.000. The study results indicate a significant difference in the improvement of neck alignment between the two groups. The addition of a pressure biofeedback unit to forward head exercises is effective in improving neck alignment in high school students with asymptomatic forward head posture at SMA N 1 Semarapura.

Effects of glutathione and potassium iodide on silver diamine fluoride application on remineralisation and colour change in dentine caries of primary teeth: an in vitro study.

The aim of this study is to compare the effect of GSH (reduced glutathione) and KI (potassium iodide) on SDF (silver diamine fluoride) discolouration and dentine remineralisation. Sixteen primary molars were utilised, yielding 4 dentine specimens each. Three specimens per tooth were allocated: one as a control and the others to experimental groups. Initial microhardness measurements were taken from one remaining dentine specimen per tooth. Subsequently, all groups underwent exposure to a demineralisation solution. Colorimetry assessed specimen colour, and post-second microhardness measurements on demineralised specimens, treatments were administered as follows: group 1 (control, n = 16): 38% SDF, group 2 (n = 16): 38% SDF followed by KI, group 3 (n = 16): 38% SDF with 5% GSH added by weight. Following pH cycling across all groups, colorimetry reassessed 48 dentine specimens. Final microhardness measurements ensued, followed by statistical analysis. Normality was checked via Shapiro-Wilk, and homogeneity via Levene's test. Independent samples t test compared normally distributed groups; Mann-Whitney U compared non-normally distributed groups. ANOVA compared means of normally distributed groups, and Kruskal-Wallis for non-normally distributed ones. Repeated measures ANOVA compared dependent groups with normal distribution, and Friedman test for non-normal. Post hoc Bonferroni analyses identified significant differences. IBM SPSS 25 was used to conduct analyses. The mean ΔE* values for SDF and SDF + GSH groups were significantly higher than those of the SDF + KI group (p < 0.05). Significant differences in L* values during final colour measurement were noted between the SDF + KI group and both SDF and SDF + GSH groups (p < 0.05). Although mean remineralisation microhardness measurements were higher than mean demineralisation microhardness measurements in all groups, statistical significance was observed only in the SDF and SDF + KI groups (p < 0.05). The study found that the addition of 5% GSH by weight to SDF does not significantly affect discolouration. Moreover, the addition of 5% GSH to the SDF solution may have a minor impact on the remineralisation potential of SDF. The application of KI after SDF reduces discolouration and does not affect the expected remineralisation process.

Incorporating intrathoracic pressure fluctuation can improve noninvasive prediction of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure

Abstract Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, with a prevalence above 10% in elderly population (1). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is a known indicator for all types of HF. An invasive pressure catheter is the gold standard for measuring LVEDP (2). However, it involves an in-hospital procedure and is costly, which limits the accessibility. A noninvasive strategy would improve early diagnosis and reduce the burden on secondary care. Several noninvasive classifiers are able to detect elevated LVEDP (3-5), with some receiving FDA clearance (6). While beneficial for triaging patients, these classifiers cannot quantify the severity and track disease progression. Developing a noninvasive LVEDP regression model requires accounting for respiration dynamics. Even invasively, the dynamics make measuring LVEDP challenging. This study uses an error metric from ANSI/AAMI/ISO 81060-2:2019 (AAMI) (7) to evaluate the effect of respiration on noninvasive LVEDP regression results. Methods The dataset (147 patients, 21+ yrs old, mean 65 ± 10 yrs; 68% male) consisted of patients referred for nonemergent left heart catheterisation inclusive of direct assessment of LVEDP. Noninvasive data was collected by a modified brachial cuff with a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Invasive data was acquired using a Millar pressure catheter. LVEDP was derived based on the time of the R-wave of the ECG (8). For each patient, 40 secs of noninvasive data with synchronised catheter signals were analysed to build an LVEDP regression model. Inputs were generated from the ECG and brachial pressure waves based on fiducials identified in both signals. Leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSO CV) was used to train and test the algorithm. The impact of respirophasic variation on the model was analysed by comparing the prediction with the mean LVEDP and the range of the mean ± standard deviation (std) (i.e. AAMI error metric). Results The results, evaluated using Bland-Altman and correlation analysis, showed a decrease in the mean absolute error (MAE) from 3.6 mmHg to 1.4 mmHg, the std from 4.9 mmHg to 3.0 mmHg, and the correlation (r) from 0.57 to 0.77 when incorporating intrathoracic pressure swings (Fig.1 and Fig.2). A Levene test on the residuals of the two error determinations showed a significant difference (p-value &amp;lt; 0.01). Conclusion Irrespective of the error metric, the model performance meets the AAMI standard for blood pressure (BP) measurement. Moreover, when respiratory motion is included, agreement with invasive LVEDP improves considerably. From a clinical perspective, this emphasises the importance of targeting end-expiratory LVEDP. With respect to noninvasive BP measurement, it suggests that both brachial BP evaluation and LVEDP prediction should attempt to quantify fluctuations. While the challenge remains, these results indicate that noninvasive LVEDP prediction could be realised in the near future.Fig.1 Prediction vs mean LVEDP.Fig. 2 Prediction vs mean +/- std.

Estimation of battery state of charge based on changing window adaptive extended Kalman filtering

Adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) is commonly used for lithium-ion battery state of charge (SOC) estimation. However, it overlooks the impact of changes in the distribution of error innovation sequence (EIS) on the noise covariance, resulting in inaccurate state of charge estimates. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel approach called changing window adaptive extended Kalman filter (CW-AEKF) algorithm. This algorithm uses variance ratio and Levene test to identify the change in the distribution of error innovation sequence, and adaptively updates the optimal noise window length based on the judgment result to achieve accurate noise estimation. Subsequently, the proposed algorithm is combined with a temperature-corrected second-order RC equivalent circuit model for state of charge estimation. The results of dynamic stress test (DST) at different temperatures show that the changing window adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm can obtain higher accuracy in state of charge estimation results than other algorithms, with state of charge estimation errors remaining within 1 %. Finally, the state of charge estimation of the changing window adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm in publicly available datasets is analyzed. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm maintains strong generalization ability when facing various working conditions.

The Influence of the Problem Based Learning Model on the Scientific Attitudes and Science Learning Outcomes of Fifth Grade Elementary School Students

This research aims to determine the significant influence of the PBL model on the scientific attitudes and science learning outcomes of fifth grade elementary school students. The method used is quasi experimental design with pretest non-equivalent control group design. The research population was SDN Hugus II Kapanewon Sewon, Bantul Regency, with a sample of several class V students from SD Negeri 2 Blunyahan, SD Negeri 3 Jarakan, SD Negeri Jarakan, and SD Negeri Sawit. The experimental group used the PBL model in science learning. The normality test was carried out using Kolmogrov Smirnov, the homogeneity test was carried out using Levene's test, and the hypothesis test was carried out using the independent sample t-test and MANOVA. The research results show that PBL has a positive and significant effect on scientific attitudes with a value of (0.000 &lt; 0.005) and on learning outcomes with a value of (0.000 &lt; 0.005). Data analysis shows that there is a significant influence of the PBL model on students' scientific attitudes and science learning outcomes with a value of (0.000 &lt; 0.005).

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN MEDIA AJAR BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI ANIMAKER PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPAS TERHADAP MINAT BELAJAR PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

: The effect of using technology-based learning media on science subjects. So you can see how strong the influence of technology-based learning media is on increasing students' interest in learning in the learning process. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of using Animaker technology-based teaching media on class 4 students' interest in learning. This type of research uses a quantitative approach with experimental research methods. The method used to find the effect of treatment on the thing being researched. Therefore, in this experimental method there will be special treatment to determine whether or not there is an influence in the research. The method used by researchers is Quasi Experimental design. hypothesis testing, the results of the independent t test show that there are significant differences between the two groups. Levene's Test shows that the variance of the two groups is considered the same (Sig. 0.804). The t-test results show a t-statistic value of 5.298 with 54 degrees of freedom and a significance value of 0.000. The mean difference between the experimental and control groups was 8.964 with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 5.572 to 12.356. These results indicate that the use of Animaker teaching media significantly increases students' interest in learning compared to conventional learning methods. It is concluded that there is a significant influence from the use of Animaker technology-based teaching media on students' interest in learning in science and science subjects in class 4 at SDN Grogol Utara 09. Analysis statistics show that there is a significant difference in the post-test results between the experimental group using Animaker and the control group using conventional methods. With the experimental group's average post-test results being slightly higher, this difference is statistically large enough to be declared a significant difference.

Effect of ionizing radiation on the shear bond strength of two different adhesive systems in primary teeth. in-vitro study

BackgroundRadiotherapy is a treatment modality used for head and neck cancer patients. It has a negative influence on bonding strength of adhesives. Little information is available about the effect of radiotherapy on bonding strength of adhesives in primary teeth. Therefore, this in vitro study aimed to detect the best adhesive system and ideal time to apply restorations in primary irradiated teeth regarding adhesive shear bond strength.MethodsDentin samples from primary teeth were randomly assigned to four groups based on restoration application time and radiation exposure, (G1: control, G2: preradiation, G3: 24 h postradiation, and G4: 6 months postradiation) with 20 samples per group. These groups were further divided into 2 subgroups according to the adhesive system used, with 10 samples per subgroup. (1) 3M™ Single Bond Universal Adhesive (SB), (2) 3M AdperSingle Bond 2 (AS). Samples were exposed to gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 machine. One shot of 60 Gy of radiation was delivered. Then samples were subjected to a shear bond strength test. The load was applied until failure and the maximum load was recorded. Numerical data are presented as mean and standard deviation values, then distributed according to Shapiro–Wilk test or Levene's test and analyzed via two-way ANOVA. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 for all tests. Statistical analysis was performed with R statistical analysis software version 4.4.1 for Windows (Team RC, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, 2023).ResultsCompared with the AS subgroup, the SB subgroup presented significantly greater values (p < 0.001). For SB, there was no significant difference among the G1 and G4 groups (p > 0.001). However, there was a significant difference between G1, G2, and G3 (p < 0.001, P = 0.025, P = 0.265 ns respectively), and G3 presented the lowest values. For AS, there was no significant difference between groups G1 and G4 (p = < 0.001). Compared with the other groups, G3 presented a significant difference (p = 0.265 ns) and the lowest results.ConclusionRestorations performed 24 h after radiation had lower bond strength than those performed six months after radiation. Regardless of the adhesive system used, SB performed better than AS in terms of the shear bond strength.