TSS Levels Research Articles

Dual Function of Sea Grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) As Phytoremediator for Palm Oil Mill Effluent and As Ornamental Fish Feed Formulation.

Phytoremediation is a promising technology for treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Moreover, phytoremediators have the potential for various aplication, including as feedstock. Hence, this study aims to elucidate the ability of sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) in remediating POME and evaluate their suitability as ornamental fish feed. Results showed that application of sea grapes effectively decreased the COD, TSS, phosphate (PO43-), and nitrate (NO3-) levels in POME. Sea grapes maintained in POME with a concentration of 12.5% had the highest reduction rate and growth performance. Moreover, sea grapes biomass from the remediation process can be utilized as feed material for ornamental fish, as indicated by increasing skin coloration of fish. For the first time, this study provides sustainable options for managing POME using sea grapes and suggests sea grapes as a potential fish feed formulation for ornamental fish.

Bioremediation of Fishery Waste Using Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.)

Abstract One of the relatively affordable and safe waste treatment is biological treatment by utilising certain plants as biofilters. The water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) is an aquatic plant that is usually considered a weed by the community. These plants can be used to absorb toxic elements in wastewater. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between Pistia stratiotes L. and the decrease in the organic matter content of fishery processing wastewater. The research method involved varying the effectiveness of the relationship between the bacteria and the water lettuce, the cover rate of the water slide plants and measuring water quality. Water quality measurements include: analysis of BOD5, COD, TSS, pH and temperature. Data analysis with regression and correlation tests using SPSS 28 software. In this study, the density of Pistia stratiotes L. used was 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of the Pistia stratiotes L. in reducing levels of BOD5, COD and TSS is highest at a density of 100 % with the effectiveness values of each 23.7 mg/L, 58.7 mg/L and 2.67 mg/L.

Spirulina Platensis as Biocoagulant to Reduce Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids in Domestic Wastewater

It is essential to treat wastewater before it is discharged into water bodies. The wastewater treatment method that is widely used is coagulation using the synthetic coagulant PAC, whose continuous use can harm human health and reduce the pH value of the water. Therefore, wastewater treatment innovation is needed to overcome this problem. This study will examine the potential of Spirulina platensis as a biocoagulant to reduce turbidity and TSS. This research was conducted in 3 stages, starting from the extraction, protein test, and optimum dose test. The results showed that Spirulina platensis has 0.0114375% protein in 20 gr and can reduce the lowest turbidity at doses of 10-5 ml / L and 10-10 ml / L (in 2 injections) with an effectiveness value of reducing turbidity levels by 63.02% and able to reduce the lowest TSS levels at doses 10-10 ml / L (in 2 injections ) with an effectiveness value of reducing levels by 85%. Based on the Wilcoxon test, it was found that the P-value < 0.05, which means that there is a significant difference in TSS values and turbidity between the results before and after Spirulina platensis biocoagulant treatment.

The Serial Mediating Role of Acidity Content and total Soluble Solids in Linking Peel Thickness to Vitamin C Content in Some Accessions of Citrus limon (L.) Burm

This study aimed to examine whether the association between PT and VC content is influenced by the levels of TSS and AT content. More Specifically, the experimental analytical investigation involved 24 lemon Accession (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.), with a focus on the VC content in the fruits. Serial mediation analyses were conducted using Model 6 of Hayes’ PROCESS macro (version 4.2), with controls for weight, FL, number of seeds per fruits, and percentage of juice. The mediation analysis indicated that PT had a total effect of 31.74 (95% CI, 9.04-54.45) on VC content. This effect was divided into a direct effect of 7.13(95% CI, -14.15-28.40) and an indirect effect of 24.61 (95% CI, 12.16-37.93), with an estimated proportion of 77.54% being mediated by levels of TSS and AT. Additionally, TSS and AT were identified as independent factors contributing to the increase in VC content, serving as significant mediators in the relationship between PT and VC content. In summary, our findings suggest that levels of TSS and AT play crucial roles as mediators in linking PT to VC content. These findings have practical implications for optimizing vitamin C levels in citrus fruits

Ectoine maintains the flavor and nutritional quality of broccoli during postharvest storage

The bacterial derived osmolyte ectoine has been shown to stabilize cell structure and function, a property that may help to extend the shelf life of broccoli. The impact of ectoine on broccoli stored for 4 d at 20 °C and 90% relative humidity was investigated. Results indicated that 0.20% ectoine treatment maintained the quality of broccoli, by reducing rate of respiration and ethylene generation, while increasing the levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, TSS, soluble protein, and vitamin C, relative to control. Headspace-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that ectoine stabilized aroma components in broccoli by maintaining level of volatile compounds and altered the expression of genes and metabolites associated with sulfur metabolism, as well as fatty acid and amino acid biosynthesis pathways. These findings provide a greater insight into how ectoine preserves the flavor and nutritional quality of broccoli, thus, extending its shelf life.

Exogenous melatonin delays oxidative browning in litchi during cold storage by regulating biochemical attributes and gene expression.

Oxidative damage leading to loss of nutritional quality and pericarp discoloration of harvested litchi fruits drastically limits consumer acceptance and marketability. In the present investigation, the impact of postharvest melatonin application at different concentrations, i.e., 0.1 mM, 0.25 mM, and 0.5 mM, on fruit quality and shelf life of litchi fruits under cold storage conditions was studied. The results revealed the positive effect of melatonin application at all concentrations on fruit quality and shelf life. However, treatment with 0.5 mM concentration of melatonin resulted in minimum weight loss, decay loss, pericarp discoloration, and also retained higher levels of TSS, acidity, total sugar, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, antioxidant, and phenolics content during cold storage. Melatonin administration also restricted the enzymatic activity of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes in the fruit pericarp and maintained freshness of the fruits up to 30 days in cold storage. At the molecular level, a similar reduction in the expression of browning-associated genes, LcPPO, LcPOD, and Laccase, was detected in preserved litchi fruits treated with melatonin. Anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, LcUFGT and LcDFR, on the other hand showed enhanced expression in melatonin treated fruits compared to untreated fruits. Melatonin, owing to its antioxidant properties, when applied to harvested litchi fruits retained taste, nutritional quality and red color pericarp up till 30 days in cold storage.

Growth performance, health status and flesh quality of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) reared in variable stocking densities in biofloc system

Optimization of ideal stocking density in intensive aquaculture system is a challenging appraisal. Higher stocking density is inducing chronic stress, impacting negatively on physiology and increasing disease associated risks in fish. Hence, the study was designed to evaluate the water quality, growth performance, health status and flesh quality of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). The fish (2.61–2.64 ± 0.01 g initial body weight) were reared in randomly designed variable stocking densities (SDs) including five treatments (30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 fish m−3) in triplicates at C:N ratio 15:1 in jaggery supplemented biofloc system for 120 days in 1000 –L experimental fiber-reinforced plastic tanks. SD30 acted as control treatment having low stocking density. During the culture, pH, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen level decreased and BOD increased with increased stocking density. TDS and TSS level increased upto SD50 treatment and further decreased in higher stocking density treatments. Higher population of heterotrophic, ammonifying and nitrifying bacteria significantly (p < 0.05) reduced TAN, NH3-N, NO2-N, and elevated NO3-Nas well as rate and potential of ammonification and nitrification in SD50 treatment than other treatments. Bacillariophyceae and protozoa were most dominant group in the biofloc microbiome in all the treatments. Highly elevated biofloc volume, floc microbiome, good floc characteristics and floc quality might have enhanced fish survival rate, body weight gain, SGR through improving FCR in SD50 than other SDs. Moreover, higher population of gut microbiota (TPC and probiotic) and elevated digestive enzymes activity in fish reared in SD50 treatment significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced PER, ANPU, and somatic indices (GSI and HSI) as well as enhanced colour (lightness, yellowness/blueness and whiteness), flesh quality and hardness. Fish reared in SD50 treatment showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher haematological (TEC, TLC and Hb), immunological (TSP, albumin, RBA and lysozyme), antioxidant responses (higher SOD and CAT) and lower metabolic stress enzymes responses (ALT, AST and glucose). Moreover, fish reared in SD50 treatment showed improved villi surface area and height in intestine and slightly vacuolated hepatocytes in liver. Overall, significantly (p < 0.05) better water quality, fish performance, health status and flesh quality were observed in SD50. Collectively, the findings suggest that farmers can be benefitted by fetching higher production through suitable stocking density (50fish m−3) of P. hypophthalmus in biofloc with improved water quality, growth performance, health status and flesh quality.

On the sediment deposition on Barugbug Situdam Weir

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of total sediment transport in the Barudbug weir, Situdam, Karawang, West Java, Indonesia, which is a crucial aspect of water management in the Citarum river basin. We utilize SESAME instrument observation data, encompassing rainfall, TSS, and depth parameters, gathered over a period of approximately three years. Additionally, we employ a two-dimensional Advection-Diffusion analytic model that takes into account settling velocity. The observation results reveal a positive correlation between TSS and depth, with TSS levels increasing following heavy rainfall. Furthermore, there exists a time delay between rainfall events and the subsequent rise in TSS concentration, suggesting an upstream source of sediment. The model outcomes demonstrate an inverse relationship between TSS concentration and the velocity of river flow, as the river flow acts as a leaching mechanism.

Demo-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor coupled with hybrid constructed wetlands for energy-carbon efficient agricultural wastewater reuse in decentralized scenarios

The impact of climate change on water availability and quality has affected agricultural irrigation. The use of treated wastewater can alleviate water in agriculture. Nevertheless, it is imperative to ensure proper treatment of wastewater before reuse, in compliance with current regulations of this practice. In decentralized agricultural scenarios, the lack of adequate treatment facilities poses a challenge in providing treated wastewater for irrigation. Hence, there is a critical need to develop and implement innovative, feasible, and sustainable treatment solutions to secure the use of this alternative water source. This study proposes the integration of intensive treatment solutions and natural treatment systems, specifically, the combination of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR), constructed wetlands (CWs), and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. For this purpose, a novel demo-scale plant was designed, constructed and implemented to test wastewater treatment and evaluate the capability of the proposed system to provide an effluent with a quality in compliance with the current European wastewater reuse regulatory framework. In addition, carbon-sequestration and energy analyses were conducted to assess the sustainability of the proposed treatment approach. This research confirmed that UASB rector can be employed for biogas production (2.5 L h−1) and energy recovery from organic matter degradation, but its effluent requires further treatment steps to be reused in agricultural irrigation. The AnMBR effluent complied with class A standards for E. coli, boasting a concentration of 0 CFU 100 mL−1, and nearly negligible TSS levels. However, further reduction of BOD5 (35 mg L−1) is required to reach water quality class A. CWs efficiently produced effluent with BOD5 below 10 mg L−1 and TSS close to 0 mg L−1, making it suitable for water reuse and meeting class A standards. Furthermore, CWs demonstrated significantly higher energy efficiency compared to intensive treatment systems. Nonetheless, the inclusion of a UV disinfection unit after CWs was required to attain water class B standards.

Application of Moringa Seeds Coagulant to Treat Wastewater from Chicken Slaughterhouse Industry

Liquid waste generated by the chicken slaughterhouse industry results in an increased concentration of organic matter decomposes in the environment. High organic matter content can be achieved by the coagulation-flocculation method. This study aims to determine the removal efficiency of turbidity, BOD, COD, and TSS in the reactor. A dose of 250 mL with a coagulation speed of 100 rpm 1 minute and a flocculation speed of 25 rpm 10 minutes with a variation of settling time of 1.5 hours, 2 hours, and 2.5 hours of moringa seeds were investigated to find reduction levels of turbidity, BOD, COD, and TSS. This study showed that moringa seed coagulants were able to reduce the BOD concentration by 87.74% with an initial level of 662 mg/L to 101.01 mg/L in 2.5 hours, a COD concentration of 61.43% with an initial level of 2240 mg/L to 864 mg/L at 2.5 hours, the TSS concentration was 77.78% with an initial level of 360 mg/L to 80 mg/L at 2.5 hours while the turbidity value was 87.73% with an initial level of 441 NTU to 54.1 NTU. Moringa seeds could be effectively used to reduce the parameters of turbidity, TSS, BOD, and COD.

Effect of Polyamines on Post Harvest Physiology and Vase Life of Cut Gerbera

The study was conducted at College of Horticulture, SKLTSHU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. Significantly highest relative water content (74.22%) and carotenoid content (5.58 mg) were recorded in spermine 1.0 mM compared to spermidine 1.5 mM and putrescine 3.0 mM. The impact of spermine in increasing the petal carotenoid content might be delaying carotenoid degradation via their enzymatic oxidation in the chromoplasts and prevent the breakdown of flavonoids to make the flower fresh by improving water absorption. An increase in membrane stability index (55.87%) as indicated by ion leakage was found to be delayed or reduced (25.93%) by the use of spermine 1 mM. While the control was at highest (38.58%) and prolonged flower longevity compared with untreated flowers. Spermine 1.0 mM was found to be more effective in maintaining higher levels of TSS (10.37o Brix) and soluble sugars are involved in membrane stability and reduce the flower wilting. Thus, the treatments of spermine @ 1.0 mM ppm influenced the postharvest physiology of gerbera flowers and extended the vase life of gerbera by 4-5 days as compared to control.

The Efficacy of Seaweed Powder Application for Enhancing Wastewater Quality in the Cepuk Textile Industry of Nusa Penida

Introduction: The traditional textile art of Tenun Cepuk from Nusa Penida is highly valued for its intricate designs and cultural importance. Nevertheless, the environmental predicament posed by the textile industry's wastewater, particularly due to dye-related contamination, is substantial and necessitates sustainable remedies. Seaweed powder shows considerable promise as an adsorbent for addressing dye wastewater issues within the textile sector. An essential aspect of this endeavor is to explore the dynamic relationship between different thicknesses and contact durations, as it is pivotal in optimizing the adsorption capacity and effectiveness of seaweed powder for treating dye wastewater..Method: This research, utilizing an Experimental research design with a Posttest Only Control Group Design, is conducted to evaluate the influence of an intervention on the experimental group as compared to the control group. Euchema cottonii seaweed, sourced from Nusa Penida, is employed as the adsorbent. Different thicknesses of seaweed powder, namely 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm, are added to tanks. Subsequently, wastewater samples from the Cepuk weaving process are introduced into each of the experimental tanks, alongside a control group. The process is allowed to continue for 24 and 72 hours as varying contact durations. The adsorption outcomes are then subjected to analysis, including parameters such as TSS, TDS, BOD5, and COD, at the Panureksa Denpasar Laboratory.Results: The application of seaweed powder as an adsorbent proves to be efficient in decreasing TDS, TSS, BOD5, and COD levels in Cepuk textile dye wastewater. The extent of reduction relies on the thickness of the adsorbent and the duration of contact. Increased thickness of the adsorbent results in a pronounced reduction in TDS, TSS, BOD5, and COD levels, leading to an improvement in the quality of wastewater and a safer environmental impact. Specifically, an adsorbent with a thickness of 15 cm effectively reduces TDS to permissible levels. Extended contact times also lead to a significant decrease in these levels..Conclusion: The application of seaweed powder is a viable method for reducing TDS, TSS, BOD5, and COD levels in textile dye wastewater. The thickness of the adsorbent and the duration of contact play a substantial role in improving the quality of the wastewater.

COMBINATION OF PHOTOCATALIST TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide) AND H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) IN LAUNDRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Any laundry operation will discharge the waste water directly to the water surface, which can lead to pollution in the water. One method that can be used to treat laundry wastewater is a photocatalytic method with TiO2 (Titanium Dioxide) as an UV-assisted catalyst that is combined with a strong H2O2 oxidizer to produce OH (hydroxyl radical) to oxidize pollutants. The study aims to determine the differences in pH, TSS, BOD, COD, and Phosphate separation values with combination of TiO2 and H2O2 doses with variations in UV exposure time for 30, 60, and 90 minutes. A good quality TSS level obtained in the 60th minute with a dose of 1 g TiO2 and in combination with 10 ml H2O2 can reduce TSS levels by 20 mg/l from the initial TSS with a residual weight of 180 mg/L. A decrease in the quality COD level at a 90 minute clearance time with a dosage of 1 gr TiO2, in a combination of 10 ml H2O2, can reduce the COD levels by 32.5 mg/ l from the original COD value of 89.1 mg/l. A reduction in the phosphate level achieved at the cleaning time of 30 minutes at a combined dose of 4 gr TiO2 in a 40 ml combination, can lower the phosphatic level by 0.05 mg /l from the starting value of 5.61 mg/l and already meet the quality standard of laundry waste water.

Use of Paci and Alum to Reduce Tss Levels in People's Rubber Soaking Liquid Waste

The coagulants used are PACl and alum because, in addition to their low price, PACl and alum are also proven to reduce turbidity and TSS levels in wastewater. This study aimed to determine the effect of PACl and alum on reducing TSS levels in people's rubber bath waste. This type of research is classified as an actual experiment, utilizing a pretest and posttest design with a control group. Integrated sampling was the sampling technique used in this study. Statistical analysis is performed using the normality test, and if the data is normally distributed, it is continued with the one-way ANOVA test. The normality test results showed average distributed TSS level data. They continued the Anova test (p = 0.005 &lt; ɑ = 0.05), which found a difference between PACl and alum coagulant in reducing TSS levels in people's rubber immersion liquid waste. A PACl dose of 1200 mg/L lowered TSS levels by 46%. While the alum dose of 3000 mg/LL has not been able to reduce TSS levels, The variation in the dose of PACl and alum coagulants should be reduced again to be optimal for reducing TSS levels in liquid waste. To meet the quality standards of rubber immersion waste by reducing TSS levels, liquid waste with acidic or alkaline properties needs a neutralization process by adding lime.

Gene Expression Profiles of HSP70 and HSP90 Genes and Biochemical Responses in Juvenile Abalone, Haliotis diversicolor squamata in Response to Total Suspended Solids

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms contain heat shock proteins (HSPs), crucial for rapid response to environmental stress. However, their specific roles in different stress conditions are not fully understood. This study investigated HSP70 and HSP90 expression in H. diversicolor squamata, using qRT-PCR. Data analysis employed SPSS, including t-tests and ANOVA, with significance set at P &lt; 0.05. Results showed distinct expression patterns of HSP genes under varying TSS levels. Both HSP70 and HSP90 mRNA levels significantly increased in response to TSS stressors, with HSP70 exhibiting the highest sensitivity to TSS changes. The duration and amount of TSS exposure influenced gene transcripts, particularly notable at 12 hours and 150 mgL-1 concentration. These findings suggest HSP genes play a role in cellular stress responses to environmental stimuli. HSP70 and HSP90, sensitive to TSS stress, can serve as biomarkers for assessing stress levels from TSS exposure and detecting TSS contamination in abalone farming.

Pengembangan Awal Alat Pemanen Alga Sistem Rotating Filtered-Drum Untuk Perbaikan Kualitas Air di Perairan Tergenang

The phenomenon of overgrowth of green algae and cyanobacteria indicates a serious aquatic environmental problem from eutrophication. In aquatic ecosystems, algae are an integral part of the ecological system. But when there is abundant algae growth in the waters it causes the phenomenon of harmful alga blooms. Algae that were previously invisible, due to clumping, this group becomes invisible to the eye. The follow-up impact of the algae blooms is fish death, due to lack of oxygen at night. Algal masses that are swept by the wind onto the shores of bays and reservoir shores cause buildup and decay. Among the efforts that can be made in dealing with the phenomenon of abundant algae in waters is harvesting. In this study, the technique of harvesting by filtration and centrifugal rotation in a drum was applied. The purpose of this study was to design and build a filtration system algae harvester with a Rotating Filtered-Drum type. The results of preliminary research on filtration of water contaminated with algae from the facultative pond of the Bojongsoang-Bandung WWTP by gravity showed that the T 165 filter was able to reduce TSS levels as an indicator of algae by 72.85%. The Rotating Filtered-Drum tool requires further research for operational trials using pool water contaminated with algae. Keywords: algal blooming, lentic waters, euthrophic, green algae, cyanobacteria.

Assessing the ecological health of the upper and middle Awash River, Ethiopia, using benthic macroinvertebrates community structure and selected environmental variables.

Research on the Awash River focused on the upper section, while the middle and lower regions received little attention. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic activities on the upper and middle Awash River. The study took place in nine sampling locations in dry and wet seasons from September 2021 to April 2022 using a multi-habitat sampling approach. We used macroinvertebrate metrics, environmental variables, and multivariate analysis to evaluate ecological health. The highest concentrations of NO3, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus (0.50-0.93mg L-1) were recorded at the river-mouth of the upper Awash, while the locations below Metehara had the lowest levels of dissolved oxygen (1.81-2.33mg L-1). Redundancy analysis indicated that dissolved oxygen, NH3, temperature, NO2, pH, TSS, NO3, and TDS influenced macroinvertebrate distribution. The presence of the sensitive groups Caenidae, Hydropsychidae, Heptageniidae, and Aeshnidae at upstream sites indicated better ecological conditions. The middle and downstream sites supported moderately tolerant and tolerant taxa demonstrating water quality impairment. The lowest Ethiopian biotic score was recorded at the river-mouth of the upper Awash. The study sites below Metehara demonstrated severe ecological impairment since highly tolerant taxa were abundant and had strong correlations with temperature, TSS, and TDS levels. Pollutants from agricultural farms and domestic and industrial wastes from Addis Ababa, Metehara, and Merti towns most likely affect the impaired sites. This study demonstrated that the middle Awash experienced substantial ecological deterioration, indicating the need for restoration works to fit the water for socio-economic development.

Efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles and wax coatings on maintaining post-harvest quality of “Murcott” mandarins

Because of its high degree of biodegradability, chitosan is widely used as a component in food packaging. However, its poor physical properties, such as permeability, limit its applicability. Consequently, applying nano chitosan is regarded as the most effective solution to this issue. In the current study, we studied the effect of using different materials in the coating process on the quality of “Murcott” mandarin during cold storage. We used different concentrations of nano chitosan (50 and 100 ppm) without wax and 100 ppm nano chitosan with wax. We investigated the impact of these compounds on the chemical composition and quality of fruits. The most successful treatment for preventing weight loss from discarded fresh fruit was a combination of wax and 100 ppm nano chitosan. This combination also prevented the deterioration of vitamin C, maintained the fruit pulp, and preserved the fruit's superior taste during cold storage and shelf life. It also maintains a better total soluble solids and total acidity level than other treatments. In addition, the total antioxidants and enzymes levels indicates no degradation of plant tissues compared to those not coated with nano chitosan. It also reduces the microbial load on the coated fruits. Consequently, this coating combination could suggest prolonging post-harvest life and increasing the marketing period of mandarin fruits.

Effect of comparison ratio of additives on changes in pH levels, TSS, Fe, and Mn metals in the acid mine water treatment process at KPL BB 13 PT bukit asam, tbk.

Mining activities with an open system at PT Bukit Asam Tbk. have the potential to produce acid mine drainage due to contamination by rocks with sulfur content. Acid mine drainage treatment is carried out by the active method in the Mud Settling Pond (KPL). Addition of alum (Al2(SO4)3) and quicklime (CaO) to increase pH levels and reduce water turbidity. Management is carried out to meet environmental quality standards, namely with a pH value of 6-9, a maximum TSS value of 400, and for Mn and Fe a maximum of 4 and 7 mg/L, respectively. Jar Tests were conducted on samples from KPL BB-13 with mixed doses of alum and quicklime used were 0.02 and 0.10 grams; 0.03 and 0.12 grams; 0.04 and 0.14 grams; 0.05 and 0.16; 0.06 and 0.18; and 0.7 and 0.20. The best test results are at a mixed dose of 0.02 grams of alum and 0.10 grams of quicklime to obtain a pH value of 7 (neutral), besides that TSS and Fe metal levels have decreased. Mn metal also decreased, but did not meet environmental quality standards. Increased doses for field scale under actual conditions of observation required alum as much as 1.00 g/s and quicklime as much as 5.0052 g/s. The evaluation results show that the acid mine drainage treatment carried out by the company is more effective and efficient than the dose of laboratory test results.

Quality of Liquid Waste at the General Hospital in Makassar

Hospital waste is all waste produced by hospital activities and other supporting activities. Considering the impacts that may arise, good management efforts are needed including tools and facilities, finances and organizational procedures that are determined with the aim of obtaining hospital conditions that meet environmental health requirements. The research used was observational with a descriptive approach, namely to determine the quality of liquid waste in hospitals in Makassar. This research was conducted from 20 to 27 June 2021 at the Hospital in Makassar. The population is liquid waste in hospitals in Makassar in 2021. The sample in this study is hospital effluent waste in Makassar in 2021. Waste water that is not handled properly will result in negative impacts, especially for health, so it needs good management so that when it is disposed of in A certain area does not cause pollution which is supported by the wastewater treatment plant (IPAL) owned by the hospital itself. It was concluded that the DO levels in the liquid waste produced were at a vulnerable level. The BOD level in liquid waste in the morning is at a moderate level and in the afternoon it is at a heavy level. COD levels in Makassar liquid waste in the morning are at moderate levels and in the afternoon at heavy levels. TSS levels in liquid waste in the morning are at moderate levels and in the afternoon they are at heavy levels. The pH level in liquid waste meets the requirements. TEMPERATURE levels in liquid waste meet the requirements.