Levels Of Subjective Happiness Research Articles

Levels of depression, anxiety and subjective happiness among health sciences students in Croatia: a multi-centric cross-sectional study

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that symptoms of depression and anxiety were highly prevalent among health sciences students. This may lead to other professional and personal difficulties and a decrease in individuals’ well-being. This study aimed to analyze levels of depression, anxiety and subjective happiness among health sciences students in Croatia.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in 10 higher education institutions in Croatia during March 2023. Eligible participants were health sciences students. Participants filled out an online survey consisting of sociodemographic questions and validated scales for determining the levels of depression (9-question Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, GAD-7), and happiness (Subjective Happiness Scale, SHS).ResultsOf 7460 invited students, 2137 students participated in the study (29% response rate). There were 41.4% of students that exhibited at least mild depressive symptoms, with 8% of students exhibiting moderately severe symptoms and 1.8% severe depressive symptoms. Mild anxiety was found in 36.8%, moderate anxiety in 23.9% and severe anxiety in 15.8% of students. The median SHS score was 19 (15.25–22).Women students had significantly higher levels of depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.001) than their men peers. Students in earlier study years showed higher levels of depression, anxiety and lower levels of subjective happiness compared to those in later study years. Students with lower self-assessed financial status had higher levels of depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.001). Students that failed an academic year had higher levels of depression (p < 0.001), but lower levels of anxiety (p = 0.005).ConclusionIn this study, we have shown that health sciences students exhibit high levels of depression and anxiety, at rates exceeding those in the general population reported in other studies. Our results may help educational institutions to put greater effort into the battle against mental health stigma, foster acceptance of mental health issues and encourage students to seek help when needed. Adequate mental health services are needed at universities to promote timely diagnosis and treatment of mental health problems.

Удовлетворённость трудом и субъективное благополучие сотрудников органов внутренних дел

Introduction. The article deals with the job satisfaction, subjective well-being, basic beliefs and stressful life of law enforcement officers. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to analyse the factors influencing police officers’ positive self-perception in order to improve their psychological health, subjective well-being as well as police officers service.&#x0D; Methods. The participants of the study were 60 law enforcement officers, aged 30.21 ± 5.30 serving 7.2 ± 8.41 years in the Russian police. The research methods include an anonymous questionnaire, “Methodology of diagnostics of integral job satisfaction”, “Scale of subjective well-being”, “Satisfaction with life scale”, “Subjective happiness scale”, “Personal beliefs scale”, “Stressfulness of life”. Statistical processing of the results was carried out by methods of a descriptive, comparative and correlation analysis.&#x0D; Results. The study found that 34% of police officers are characterised by a high and moderate level of stress, low life satisfaction, belief that people around them are unfriendly, as well as a low level of subjective happiness. 40% of police officers believe that they are not always able to control their life events, 16% have low confidence in success, 12% of respondents consider the world around them to be unfair, and 10% are convinced of their inability to cope with their life difficulties. Police officers’ satisfaction with their professional activity and career achievements decreases rapidly along with age and work experience. Their social contacts become more limited. Too much stress and unfair punishment reduce the feeling of well-being and job satisfaction. Subjective well-being is positively correlated with basic beliefs about the world’s friendliness and fairness, self-esteem, good fortune, and self-control. Satisfaction with life and the level of health are high among people whose importance of the performed duties prevails over the amount of rewards. In order to increase subjective well-being and job satisfaction of police officers, methods of positive psychology, cognitive-behavioural, rational-emotive, pathogenetic psychotherapy, body-oriented, client-centred, and gestalt therapy can be used.

Exploring Directions for Uzbekistan Pre-service Science Teacher Education on the Ecological Environment

Abstract This study provides a comparative analysis of pre-service science teachers in Uzbekistan and Korea, exploring ecological footprint, ecological worldview, subjective happiness, and pro-environmental behavior. Using a questionnaire whose reliability and validity had been verified, an online and offline survey was conducted targeting pre-science teachers attending teacher education universities: in metropolitan areas in Korea and Uzbekistan. Independent samples t-tests revealed significant findings: Uzbekistani teachers exhibited a lower ecological footprint but shared a similar ecological worldview with their Korean counterparts, while also reporting higher levels of subjective happiness and pro-environmental behavior. The results emphasize the need for science education strategies tailored to Uzbekistan’s context, particularly the development of the new ecological paradigm (NEP). To enhance subjective happiness and pro-environmental behavior, we suggest employing pedagogical approaches such as case-based or phenomenon-based learning. This research underscores the importance of contextualization, with NEP development, and practical methodologies among Uzbekistani students.

College Students’ prescription drug misuse over time and links with their mental health and well-being

Prescription drug misuse (PDM) is a mounting public health concern in the U.S., particularly among college students. The field’s reliance on cross-sectional designs and limited controls for other substance use has failed to capture the specific role of misuse for longer-term health. Therefore, the present study tested associations between trajectories of PDM problems and college students’ mental health and subjective happiness over time. Participants were 300 students who completed a baseline assessment (T1) and follow-ups every 6 months for two years (T2-T5). Participants self-reported problems associated with PDM and mental health. Results from univariate latent growth models indicated that problems with PDM were initially on an increasing trajectory. Based on parallel process models, problems with PDM were concurrently associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, disinhibition, callousness/aggression, and lower levels of subjective happiness at T1. Further, we found support for parallel trajectories between PDM problems and both depressive symptoms and general disinhibition. Participants whose PDM problems were on an increasing (worsening) trajectory at baseline showed an increase in depressive symptoms and general disinhibition over the next two years. Participants whose PDM problems accelerated over time (got worse at a faster and faster rate over time) also showed a significant increase in their depressive symptoms over time. Most findings, however, were no longer statistically significant in sensitivity analyses that controlled for alcohol and other drug problems. Findings highlight college as an important time for interventions to prevent substance use and its associated negative consequence on later young adult mental health.

Comparison of Interdependent and Subjective Happiness between Japanese and Thai College Students: A Research Note

Cross-cultural studies have suggested that happiness in Eastern countries is characterized by a greater extent of relationships and harmony with others than in Western countries; however, happiness levels may differ across Asian countries. A comparison of happiness levels between Japan and Thailand provides a unique opportunity to identify this difference. Thailand has experienced rapid economic growth, going from a low-income to an upper-middle-income country in the span of a single generation. Japan is a high-income country. This study compared levels of interdependent and subjective happiness between Japanese and Thai college students. Participants were 101 Japanese and 157 Thai college students who completed well-established multiple-item scales for interdependent and subjective happiness. The data were collected through online surveys. The level of subjective happiness was significantly higher among Thai college students than their Japanese counterparts, while that of interdependent happiness did not differ. The differences were small based on the effect sizes. These results extend previous findings by using established, multiple-item scales of interdependent and subjective happiness to demonstrate that Thai individuals show higher levels of happiness compared with their Japanese counterparts.

초기청소년기 자녀를 둔 취업모의 일-가정 양립이 주관적 행복감에 미치는 영향에서 사회적 지지의 조절효과

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of work-family compatibility advantages and conflicts on subjective happiness of working mothers with children in early adolescence, and to find out the moderating effect of social support, so that work and family can be improved at the point of family change when children enter adolescence. The purpose of this study is to propose a plan to increase the subjective happiness of working mothers who need to be compatible.&#x0D; Methods For this purpose, data from the 13th year of the Korean Children's Panel of the Child Care Policy Research Institute were used, and 738 mothers who participated in the survey were the subjects of the study. The SPSS 23.0 statistical program was used for data analysis, and a moderating regression analysis was conducted to verify the moderating effect of social support.&#x0D; Results The results of this study are as follows. First, work-family compatibility was found to have a significant positive effect on subjective happiness. Second, work-family compatibility conflict was found to have a significant negative effect on subjective happiness. Third, social support did not play a moderating role in the effect of work-family compatibility on subjective happiness. Fourth, it was found that social support played a moderating role in the effect of work-family balance conflict on subjective happiness.&#x0D; Conclusions Through this study, the relationship between the benefits and conflicts of work-family compatibility and subjective happiness of working mothers with children in early adolescence was investigated, and the influence of the interaction between work-family compatibility benefits and conflicts and social support was investigated. In the relationship between subjective happiness, it was verified that the level of subjective happiness could vary according to the level of social support. This study is meaningful in that it suggested social support measures to reduce work-family balance conflicts and increase subjective happiness of working mothers in early adolescence and provided data for follow-up research. Finally, the limitations of the study and the need for follow-up studies were presented.

Региональная специфика пcихологического благополучия студентов выпускных курсов факультета психологии

The relevance of studying the specifics of the psychological well-being among psychology students is due to the need to prevent their professional burnout and improve the image of the psychology profession. The purpose of the study was to identify differences in the general level and specific indicators of psychological well-being and happiness of final-year students of the psychology department of the capital and regional universities. Ryff's theory of psychological well-being, the provisions of cognitive, positive and personality-oriented approaches were used; in addition to Ryff's multidimensional model of psychological well-being, the M.W. Fordyce scale of happiness and the S. Lyubomirsky &amp; N. Lepper scale of subjective happiness were used. The sample consisted of 200 full-time graduate students from the Faculty of Psychology at two regional universities and a Moscow university. It was shown that the groups differ significantly in eight parameters of psychological well-being and happiness: life goals; self-acceptance; competence; general level of psychological well-being; degree of happiness; time “on the rise”; time of feeling unhappy; level of subjective happiness. The paper concludes that psychology students from a capital university are significantly happier than their peers from regional universities. Methods of autopsychocorrection of negative cognitions are proposed to improve psychological well-being of students. The practical significance lies in the possibilities of using the obtained results to improve course programs as part of the curriculum of the main professional educational program (Psychology), training courses and educational work with students.

Perfect people, happier lives? When the quest for perfection compromises happiness: the roles played by substance use and internet addiction.

Building on the Conservation of Resources Theory and the Stress-Coping Model, the present study explored the relationship between perfectionism (rigid, self-critical, narcissistic) and subjective happiness among youth. In this relationship, we also examined the mediating roles of substance use (i.e., drinking and smoking) and Internet addiction symptoms. Our sample comprised 431 Romanian university students aged 18-25 (M = 20.50, SD = 1.58), and most of them were females (79.81%, self-reported gender). Participants completed self-reported anonymous scales through a web-based survey at the beginning of 2023. Correlation analysis results indicated that all forms of perfectionism were associated with Internet addiction symptoms. Self-critical and narcissistic perfectionism and drinking, smoking, and Internet addiction symptoms were negatively associated with subjective happiness. Path analysis suggested that health-risk behaviors completely mediated the effect of perfectionism on subjective happiness. High levels of perfectionism were associated with high levels of health-risk behaviors, and high levels of addictive behaviors were associated with low levels of subjective happiness. We discuss the present findings considering their practical use regarding students' subjective happiness.

Affirming educational and workplace settings are associated with positive mental health and happiness outcomes for LGBTQA + youth in Australia.

Affirming socio-cultural settings are essential for protecting the mental health and wellbeing of lesbian, bisexual or pansexual, trans and gender diverse, asexual and queer (LGBTQA +) youth. However, limited research has explored the role of affirming educational and workplace settings, as reported by LGBTQA + youth themselves, with respect to their mental health and wellbeing. Moreover, existing research maintains a focus on mitigating poor mental health outcomes, with little attention to positive wellbeing outcomes among LGBTQA + youth. Using data from the largest national survey of LGBTQA + youth aged 14-21 in Australia, multivariable regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between affirming educational and workplace settings and psychological distress and subjective wellbeing among 4,331 cisgender and 1,537 trans and gender diverse youth. Additionally, a series of multivariable regression analyses were conducted to explore individual sociodemographic traits that are associated with reporting affirming educational or workplace settings. Both cisgender and trans or gender diverse participants who reported that their education institution or workplace were affirming of their LGBTQA + identity reported lower levels of psychological distress as well as higher levels of subjective happiness. Additionally, affirming environments were not experienced equally across all subsections of LGBTQA + youth, with reporting of an affirming educational or workplace setting differing most noticeably across gender, type of educational institution and residential location. The findings demonstrate that affirming educational and workplace settings can result not only in better mental health, but also greater levels of subjective happiness among LGBTQA + youth. The outcomes illustrate the importance of ensuring all LGBTQA + youth are afforded the opportunity to thrive in environments where they feel validated and confident to express their identities. The findings further highlight a need to target education institutions and workplaces to ensure the implementation of policies and practices that promote not just inclusion of LGBTQA + youth but affirmation of their identities.

Rekreasyonel İşletmelerde Psikolojik Sermaye, İş Tatmini ve Öznel Mutluluk İlişkisi

In today's dynamic workplace environment, great efforts are made for a sustainable competitive advantage. Therefore, organizational managers are more interested in the psychological state of the employees to get high efficiency and increase their job performance. By the reason of its importance in the organizational context, this study aimed to examine the relationship between subjective happiness, job satisfaction and psychological capital. The data in the study were collected from totally 387 people working in enterprises that provide recreational sports services and determined according to the convenience sampling method. The data were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis of covariance. Results demonstrated that psychological capital had a direct positive effect on job satisfaction and subjective happiness. In addition, job satisfaction influenced subjective happiness. Lastly, psychological capital indirectly and positively affected subjective happiness because of a partial mediating effect of job satisfaction. As a result, it can be said that being able to stand up to the difficulties encountered in the work environment, to realize oneself and to direct one's strength and psychology towards work (psychological capital) is very important in the formation of the general satisfaction of the personnel working in the recreation services towards life. Also, it could be interpreted that the more job satisfaction increases, the more the employee's subjective happiness level improve.

Subjective Happiness, Frequency of Laughter, and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES).

In recent years, positive psychological factors, such as subjective happiness and laughter, have been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examined the relationship of hypertension with subjective happiness and frequency of laughter using the data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES). Of the 138,294 respondents, 26,368 responded to a version of the self-administered questionnaire that included a question about the frequency of laughter in the JAGES 2013. In total, 22,503 (10,571 men and 11,932 women) were included in the analysis after excluding those with missing responses regarding a history of hypertension, frequency of laughter, and subjective happiness. The prevalence of hypertension in this study was 10,364 (46.1%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, female sex, obesity, infrequent chewing, former and current drinker, seeing three to five friends, and the absence of hobbies were positively associated with hypertension. However, infrequent laughter/high level of subjective happiness, frequent laughter/high level of subjective happiness, being underweight, and current smoker were negatively associated with hypertension. As per the findings of this study, it was determined that subjective happiness was negatively associated with hypertension. Therefore, this study suggests that having more opportunities to feel happiness may be important in preventing hypertension.

Impact of a Brief Mindfulness Training on Anxiety, Depression, and Subjective Happiness of the First-Year Psychology Students in Russia: Pilot Case Study of Ural Federal University

According to Russian researchers, university studies is among the most stressful activities for a person. First-year university students are particularly vulnerable to stress. The use of mindfulness-based programs to help students reduce and manage stress is gaining popularity around the world. Previous research has shown that such programs can improve the psychological well-being of students by reducing levels of anxiety and depression. In addition, students in helping majors, such as psychology students, would greatly benefit from mastering the skills of managing stress, as anxiety and stress are pertinent to their future profession. This pilot case study assesses the effectiveness of a brief mindfulness training aimed at improving Russian students’ mental and physical health. The participants were 83 first-year undergraduate students from the Psychology Department of the Ural Federal University named after B.N. Yeltsin. Data collection was completed in November 2019. A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted using a brief mindfulness training. The results show that the participants in the experimental group demonstrated significantly lower levels of depression (η2 = .07, p = .00) and significantly higher levels of subjective happiness (η2 = .02, p = .02) than participants in the control group. Also, the participants in the experimental group showed marginally significant lower levels of anxiety (η2 = .02, p = .06). Frequent mindfulness meditation practice and the study of theoretical materials were associated with higher rates of psychological well-being of students. The findings suggest that mindfulness training may be an effective tool in addressing psychological challenges experienced by first-year students of the Psychology Department of Ural Federal University.

From Passion to Abyss: The Mental Health of Athletes during COVID-19 Lockdown.

The outbreak and pandemic of COVID-19 forced people into extreme isolation and social distancing, with significant limitations on various activity sectors, including sports. This study aimed to assess the psychological health status of athletes during sports lockdown. Additionally, we intend to verify the mediating role of sleep disorders in stress perception and subjective happiness. Our sample was composed of 1492 Portuguese athletes from eight different team sports. During sports lockdown, athletes were found to have high stress levels and low subjective happiness levels and experience sleep disorders. Finally, these results conclude that sports lockdowns harm athletes' psychological health and well-being. Pay cuts to athletes are an extra stress factor that exacerbate these adverse effects on psychological health. Finally, sleep is a mediator variable between stress perception and subjective happiness levels. This study's significant contributions, limitations, and future directions are discussed in the conclusion.

Family or career? Happiness and success of youth through orientation towards professional and family values

This article explores the connection between young people’s focus on professional and family values and their subjective sense of happiness and success. This subject is pertinent in today’s world, where an increasing number of youths prioritize material accomplishments and careers, often neglecting their personal lives and relationships. The empirical findings are derived from the authors’ sociological study involving young participants (aged 14–35) and utilizing a questionnaire as the research method. The findings indicate that young individuals who exhibit strong career orientations are less happy, while those with predominant family values experience greater success and report higher levels of subjective happiness. However, examining the respondents’ family and professional values reveals a complex and multifaceted distribution among “happy”/“unhappy” and “successful”/“unsuccessful” categories, preventing a clear-cut and polarized classification of these groups. Investigating young people’s focus on professional and family values helps us comprehend their influence on happiness, success, and self-realization. The importance of maintaining a balance between work and personal life is emphasized, as seen through the lens of self-perceived happiness and success, ultimately contributing to more comprehensive individual self-realization and improved life satisfaction. This knowledge can assist educational institutions, youth policy implementation divisions, and education departments in devising effective strategies to support young people’s life choices and growth, as well as in establishing conditions that promote more complete self-realization. Examining young people’s orientation towards professional and family values can enable society to better understand and address the changing value orientations of young individuals and implement appropriate measures to support their needs and interests.

Gebelikte cinsel sıkıntı ve öznel mutluluk arasındaki ilişki

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between sexual distress and subjective happiness during pregnancy. MATERIAL and METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted with 420 women who met the inclusion criteria (pregnant women aged 18 years and older, without any health risk) and agreed to participate in the study. Healthy pregnant women who applied to outpatient clinics and met the inclusion criteria were included in the sample of the study by random sampling method. Data were collected with the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Female Sexual Distress Scale–Revised (FSDS-R), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). One-Way ANOVA test was used in groups of more than two, and t-test was used in pairs and independent groups to compare the mean scores of the scale. In addition, Pearson Product Moments Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: In the study, the total score of SHS was 19.59±4.99; The total score of FSDS-R was determined as 24.33±6.39. It was determined that there was a negative significant relationship between the subjective happiness and sexual distress of the pregnant women, while the subjective happiness levels of the pregnant women increased, the mean scores of sexual distress decreased significantly and there was a weak relationship between them (r=-0.378, p&lt;0.001). CONCLUSION: In the study, it was determined that while the subjective happiness levels of the pregnant women increased, their mean sexual distress score decreased. According to these results, identifying the pregnant women who have sexual difficulties and directing them to appropriate resources may help to minimize the sexual problems experienced during pregnancy. Keywords: pregnancy, sexual distress, subjective happiness

A quantitative research study of the effects of Yoga Prana Vidya healing intervention on fatigue and subjective happiness of a sample of university students

Introduction: Yoga Prana Vidya is an integrated and holistic system known to be effective in healing various physical and mental illnesses as complementary and alternative medicine. The objective of this study was to observe the impact of yoga prana vidya healing on the fatigue level and the happiness level of a sample of college students. Methodology: The study design is pre – test and post – test method, with a sample of 25 participants. Quantitative data was collected using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and subjective happiness scale (SHS) and scoring the responses of the participants. A YPV healer was asked to give energy healing intervention to the participants through 5 sessions every alternate day over a period of 10 days. The healing consisted of sessions of 15 minutes of divine healing and few other supportive techniques. Data analysis was done using statistical techniques. Results: Data analysis revealed significant reduction in the total fatigue levels. The physical and the psycho – social components were affected significantly, but the affect in cognitive component was not significant. In case of the subjective happiness level measured using SHS scale, analysis showed no change for the group, with 48% participants showing 16% increase and 52% participants showing 13.3% decrease. Conclusions: YPV healing techniques caused significant reduction in the fatigue levels of the college student sample. In case of subjective happiness there was no significant change. One limitation of this study was small sample size. Further research using appropriate sample and methodology with longer and intensive intervention may be considered.

The Effects of Exergames on Physical and Psychological Health in Young Adults.

Objective: This study aims to examine the effects of Kinect-based exergaming on physical (balance and reaction time) and psychosocial health factors (mental well-being and subjective happiness level) in young adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 22 men aged between 18 and 40, who play sedentary videogames at least once a week, were randomly divided into 2 groups to participate in either a Kinect-based exergame program (experimental group, n = 11) or to continue playing sedentary videogames without making any changes (control group, n = 11). The Kinect-based exergame program, including three exergames (Kinect Adventure: Reflex Ridge, Dance Central 3, Kinect Sports: Volleyball), was implemented with the experimental group for 5 weeks, three times a week, and 45 minutes per session. Balance and reaction time were assessed using SportKAT® 4000 Kinesthetic Ability Trainer and FitLight Trainer™ devices, respectively. To measure mental well-being and subjective happiness level, scales with proven psychometric qualities, whose validity and reliability studies were conducted, were used. Results: Results of the study showed statistically significant improvement for the experimental group on the measures of reaction time [t(10) = -4.69, P = 0.001], subjective happiness [t(10) = 8.94, P = 0.000], and mental well-being [t(10) = 4.62, P = 0.001]. In addition, the difference between the groups in reaction time [t(20) = 1.66, P = 0.01], right leg static balance [t(20) = -2.96, P = 0.008], mental well-being [t(20) = 2.77, P = 0.012], and subjective happiness levels (U = 0.50, P = 0.000) was found to be statistically significant in favor of the experimental group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Kinect-based exergaming positively supports adults' reaction time, mental well-being, and subjective happiness.

The Effect of Health Anxiety on Subjective Happiness: Does Optimism Play a Protective Role?

In this study, health anxiety and optimism were determined as predictors of subjective happiness. A total of 301 individuals, 168 females (55.8%) and 133 males (44.2%) participated in the study carried out based on the correlational model. The research data were collected online due to the pandemic. In the study, Personal Information Form, Health Anxiety Scale, Optimism Scale and Subjective Happiness Scale were used as data collection tools. According to the findings obtained from the study, statistically significant and negative correlations were found between the health anxiety variable and the variables of subjective happiness and optimism. In addition to these results, statistically significant and positive correlations were determined between the optimism variable and subjective happiness variable. Mediation analyses were conducted in the study, and according to the results, it was revealed that optimism had a mediating role in the relationship between health anxiety and subjective happiness. As a result, the indirect effect of health anxiety on subjective happiness was found to be statistically significant. It is believed that the findings of the research will benefit experts who prepare intervention programs for individuals who experience intense anxiety during the pandemic process and who have low levels of subjective happiness.

간호대학생의 자아존중감, 진로정체감, 그릿이 주관적 행복감에 미치는 영향

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to examine the self-esteem, career identify, grit and subjective happiness levels in nursing college students and to confirm the factors of affecting the subjective happiness. Methods : The data collection period in this study was conducted from September 26, 2021 to October 29. The nursing college students who agreed to participate in the study were handed out through URL. And 168 copies were finally analyzed. Data were analyzed through the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program using descriptive statistics, pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. Results : The variables of affecting the subjective happiness were checked the factors of self-esteem(β＝.51, p＜.001), career identity(β＝.15, p＝023), grit(β＝.23, p＜.001). The explanation power of these variables appeared to be 66.6%(F＝42.59, p＜.001). Conclusions: The elements of influencing the subjective happiness in nursing college students were verified self-esteem, career identity and grit. To increase subjective happiness in nursing college students, there is a need to develop a program that enhances self-esteem and career identity and strengthens grit capability.

Morning preference is associated with subjective happiness among Japanese female workers: A moderation analysis by sleep characteristics from the SLEPT study

ABSTRACT Research on mental health in working populations has predominantly focussed on negative outcomes, while studies on the positive aspects of life remain very limited, especially in Japan. Although morningness has recently been considered a factor for being happy, the role of sleep characteristics as it relates to the association between morningness and happiness has not been substantiated. The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between diurnal preference and level of subjective happiness in healthy, full-time, daytime workers in Japan. We also tested the moderation effect of sleep parameters on the relationship between diurnal preference and subjective happiness. This is an exploratory analysis from the cross-sectional data of the SLeep Epidemiology Project at the University of Tsukuba (SLEPT Study). Subjective happiness was evaluated using a single-item question. Diurnal preference was assessed using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), in which higher scores indicate greater tendency to have morning preference. The participants underwent assessment of sleep parameters for 7 consecutive days using a waist-worn actigraphy device and kept a sleep diary. Sleep parameters investigated were subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbance, daytime sleepiness, weekend oversleep, total sleep time, sleep onset time, wake time, and sleep efficiency. A total of 205 males (average 42.6 ± 10.4 years) and 272 females (41.1 ± 9.8 years) were eligible for analysis. Hierarchical liner regression analysis was used to show the relationships of subjective happiness with MEQ score, and the sleep parameters. Further, moderation analysis was conducted by adding the interaction between MEQ score and the sleep parameters. After adjusting for age, psychological distress, self-rated health, and occupational stress, we found that subjective happiness was significantly associated with higher MEQ score and sleep efficiency but only in female. The moderating role of sleep parameters was not found. We discussed the implications of the obtained results and a possible strategy to maintain and improve subjective happiness of female workers who have evening preference.