Levels Of State Anger Research Articles

Investigating the Role of Anger and Cognitive Malfunction in Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Exploration Paving the Way for a Subsequent Experiment

The functional outcomes associated with subjective well-being (SWB) and the detrimental aspects of psychological distress (PD) make it essential to explore contributing factors. The present study investigated a model about the existing gap in the determining role of trait anger (TA), state anger (SA), cognitive reappraisal (CR), rumination and cognitive failure (CF) as predictors of SWB and PD. The study contributes by exploring the interaction of dispositional, situation factors and emotional regulation strategies in shaping SWB and PD in the Indian Sample. A cross-sectional survey design was employed wherein 600 young adults aged 18–40 (Mage = 22.13, SDage = 4.06) were recruited from Uttar Pradesh, India using a multi-level cluster sampling method. The data were collected using questionnaires in the field setting during August–December 2021. Regression and path analysis revealed that the proposed predictors explained significant variance in SWB and PD, i.e., R 2 = 0.24, F (5, 594) = 38.03, p < 0.01, Cohen f 2 =0.31 and R 2 = 0.35, F (5, 594) = 66.40, p < 0.01, Cohen f 2 = 0.53, respectively. The models also fit well with the statistical indices. Except CR, all predictors emerged as significant risk factors. The findings suggest that the interventions to reduce PD and enhance SWB may consider inculcating CR and reducing higher levels of TA, SA, rumination and CF to enhance an individual’s adaptive functioning. The findings pave the way for conducting a pre-planned experiment to study the outcomes of various levels of TA in regulating incidental anger (SA) employing CR and rumination.

The impact of psycho-education on school-children’s homophobic attitudes

Homophobic bullying is a major social issue, especially in the school settings. This may be particularly common in many Western countries but it appears globally. Bullying causes both short and long-term problems hence its prevention must be seen as a relevant and urgent step in educational settings. Psycho-educational programs should be promoted in order to help eliminate school-children’s prejudices and bias about gay and lesbian peers, homophobic bullying. 191 school-children (n = 101 females, n = 90 males), aged 12–14 years old, attending a secondary school in Foggia (Italy) were recruited and assessed at baseline (T0) and 2 months (T1) after receiving a systematized, repeated psycho-education aimed to promote their awareness on sexual variations, and reduce homophobic prejudices and stereotypes. They were assessed for their empathy quotients, their knowledge of gender– related stereotypes, homophobic attitudes, anger, emotional regulation, before (T0) and after the intervention (T1) in a standardized manner. The psychoeducational program significantly reduced homophobia levels towards gays (−9.38%) and lesbians (−5.42%,) as well as improved emotional adjustment (+25.9%) and pro-sociality (+3.85%) among school-children (0.0486≤ all p < 0.0001). Also, a statistically significant improvement of empathy (+11.3%) and levels of state anger (+0.35%) has been significantly reported. This study reports on the benefits of a repeated, systematic, prospective psycho-educational intervention conducted in the school-setting leading to an improvement of empathy, pro-sociality, emotional regulation and a reduction of homophobic attitudes and anger among students.

The experience and expression of anger in posttraumatic stress disorder: the relationship with metacognition

Background: Anger experience and expression are a common issue in those experiencing PTSD. However, it remains unclear what variables affect anger and its expression in PTSD.Aims: To explore the relationships of synthetic forms of metacognition and metacognitive beliefs with anger experience and expression in PTSD, independent of the effects hyperarousal and depression symptoms.Method: Participants were 51 veterans with diagnosed with PTSD. Metacognition was assessed using the Metacognition Assessment Scale-Abbreviated (MAS-A) and the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ). Depression, PTSD symptom severity, and seven domains of anger expression were also assessed.Results: Correlations showed after controlling for overall levels of hyperarousal, higher MAS-A total scores were related to lower levels of State Anger, Feeling Angry, Expressing Anger Physically, and Anger Expression in. Lower MCQ scores were related to lower State anger, Expressing anger verbally, and Expressing anger physically. Higher levels of depression were related to higher levels of Trait anger, Expressing anger physically, Anger expression out, and Anger expression in. Multiple regressions suggested that the MAS-A and MCQ predicted unique portions of the variance in anger experience and expression.Conclusions: Metacognitive deficits may affect anger experience and expression in those with PTSD and may be an important treatment target.

Anger, Smoking Behavior, and the Mediator Effects of Gender: An Investigation of Heavy and Moderate Smokers

ABSTRACTBackground: The existing literature suggests the presence of a possible relationship between high anger levels and smoking behavior; however, there are no available data highlighting possible differences between moderate and heavy smokers and the putative effect of gender on smoking behavior. Objectives: The aims of the current study were to assess the relationship among anger, depression, and anxiety and smoking patterns taking into account the possible mediator role of gender. Methods: 150 smokers and 50 nonsmokers volunteers were recruited from the staff of the University of Messina, Italy. The final sample consisted of 90 smokers, divided in 50 heavy smokers (HS: more than 40 cigarettes per day), 40 moderate smokers (MS: 10–30 cigarettes per day), and 42 nonsmokers (NS). All subjects were assessed by State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2, Self-Rating Depression Scale, and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. Results: On anger, depression, and anxiety measures the HS group scored higher than MS and NS groups. HS showed higher than expected levels of trait-anger, a greater tendency to control anger reactions and to access to anger-management techniques. A moderate consumption of cigarettes (10–30 cigarettes per day) was not associated with negative emotions, as MS only showed higher than expected levels of state-anger. Cigarettes consumption was related to gender-specific anger features. Conclusions/Importance: Our study highlighted the importance of anger in smoking behavior and its related gender differences. Recognizing the link among anger, gender differences and smoking behavior could improve the knowledge for future-focused interventions on smoking cessation.

An Exploration of the Relationship Between Spirituality and State and Trait Anger Among Medical Students.

There is a dearth of studies exploring spiritual attitudes of medical students from developing countries and its relationship to anger. This study was conducted to assess spiritual attitudes and their relationship with anger in a set of medical students in southern India. In this cross-sectional observational study, medical students who were undergoing clinical rotations were offered participation. Selected demographic data were obtained. The participants were rated using the Spiritual Attitudes Inventory [SAI, which comprises of Duke Religiosity Index, Existential Well-Being Scale (EWBS), Negative Religious Coping and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale] and State and Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2. Out of 98 students approached, 82 participated (response rate 83.6%). The mean age of sample was 20.7 years (±0.9 years) with a slight preponderance of females (54.9%). SAI scores correlated well significantly with subscale scores. Gender had no difference on the SAI or subscale score. Differences were found between self-reported religion and EWBS scores (Kruskal-Wallis χ(2) = 8.891, p = 0.012). Total SAI score had a significant negative correlation with state anger, trait anger and anger expression. High levels of spirituality may be correlated with lower levels of state anger, trait anger and anger expression in medical students.

Factores moduladores de la respuesta agresiva en la exposición a videojuegos violentos

The influence of violent video games has been associated with aggressive and/or criminal behaviours in several situations. The present research pretends to emphasize an effect of the exposure to a violent car video game on the activation of aggressive response and post-exposure anger levels. For this, a sample of 47 adolescent people was selected and exposed to a violent video game and a non violent one during 30 minutes. Self-reported anxiety and anger levels were measured before and after the video game exposures, moreover the performance in an indirect task of aggression. A main effect of the age and interaction of this with sex, and the kind of video game were found in the aggressive task. Likewise, a pre-postest effect on state anger levels was observed. On the other hand, a predictor model of the aggressive response elicitation was found with the age and pre-exposure anger as factors. In conclusion, it is outstanding the short term priming effect of violent video games on the aggressive behaviour after violent video game exposure. The existence of modulating factors on the effects of violent contents could clarify their features and help to predict criminal behaviours.

Anger and Stress

Anger and stress management have become important issues in the modern workplace. One out of four American workers report themselves to be chronically angry, which has been linked to negative outcomes such as retaliatory behavior, revenge, interpersonal aggression, poor work performance, absenteeism, and increased turnover. We hypothesized that people who work in office environments decorated with aesthetically engaging art posters would experience less stress and anger in response to task-related frustration. Two hundred and ten college students were randomly assigned to different office conditions where abstract and nature paintings were hung on the walls. Participants performed four mild anger-provoking computer tasks and then reported their levels of state anger and stress. Results indicate that different office conditions had a significant influence on state anger and stress for males but not for females. Males experienced less state anger and stress when art posters were present. Through mediation analysis, we found that increased proportions of nature paintings decreased state anger because of decreased levels of stress.

Family Cohesiveness, Flexibility and Maternal Anger

The present chapter examines the relationship between family structure, as expressed in cohesion and adaptability, as well as the emotional state-parental anger-with children's behavior problems. Specifically, divorced mothers and one of their adolescent children were tested in a multiple respondent design in which both mothers and children rated children's behavior problems. High levels of family cohesion and adaptability were predicted to be related to fewer behavior problems. It was also predicted that high anger levels in mothers would be associated with more behavior problems in children than medium levels, while low levels of anger were examined post hoc. The predictions with regard to family structure were confirmed with the highest level of cohesion and adaptability related to the fewest behavior problems, while the lowest level was related to the most behavior problems when mothers rated these problems, as predicted. In contrast, when children performed the ratings they indicated the most behavior problems at high levels of cohesion and adaptability. As for parental anger, an interaction was found between state-anger and gender. Girls had more behavior problems at higher levels of maternal state-anger, as predicted. In contrast, boys were found to have few behavior problems at high levels of maternal anger. In both cases this occurred whether mothers or children rated behavior problems. There were also respondent differences, with mothers rating their boys' behavior problems higher at medium versus low levels of state-anger, while boys tended to rate their behavior problems as higher at low versus high levels of maternal anger. These findings were explained in terms of adolescent children's needs for clear role hierarchies, stability, and parental assertiveness to promote optimal adjustment.