Levels Of Segregation Research Articles

A matter of measurement? Segregation and all-cause mortality in Sweden’s three metropolitan regions

Abstract Background Residential segregation can be operationalized and measured in many ways, along distinct dimensions. There are multiple mechanisms through which segregation and health mutually affect each other. Consequently, contextual health effects of segregation may vary depending on how segregation is measured. Methods We used longitudinal Swedish register data to compare associations between local measures of residential segregation (migrant density, migrant isolation, and the mutual information index) and all-cause mortality among the adult migrant and native-born populations in Sweden’s three largest metropolitan regions between 2004-2016. Results Among migrants, modest positive mortality gradients were observed across measures of migrant density and isolation, where a higher level of segregation was associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality (Q5 RR ranged from 1.08-1.20 across cities and measures). However, these effects were largely attenuated by individual-level socioeconomic factors, and reversed when further controlling for neighborhood economic deprivation (Q5 RR ranged from 0.74-0.87). Among the native-born, a positive gradient for mortality was found (Q5 RR ranged from 1.31-1.45), although this was reduced when accounting for neighborhood deprivation (Q5 RR ranged from 1.01 -1.11). For both migrants and the native-born, the mutual information index showed no clear association with mortality, although a mortality advantage is observed for migrants in the most segregated areas after individual and neighborhood level adjustments (Q5 RR ranged from 0.73-0.86). Conclusions Our findings show that the manner in which residential segregation is conceptualized and operationalized alters associations with health. However, individual and other contextual level confounders are important determinants which influences the patterns. Much of the negative health effects of residential segregation can be perceived through the lack of economic opportunities. Key messages • Associations between segregation and all-cause mortality depends on how segregation is conceptualized and measured. • The mortality disadvantage observed in local areas with high migrant density may be attributed to the lack of economic opportunities in the neighborhood.

Dynamical Evolution of Four Old Galactic Open Clusters Traced by Their Constituent Stars with Gaia DR3

We investigate the evolutionary stages of four open clusters—Berkeley 39, Collinder 261, NGC 6819, and NGC 7789—of ages ranging from 1.6 to 6 Gyr. These clusters have previously been classified into dynamically young and intermediate age groups based on the segregation level of BSS with respect to red-giant-branch stars and main-sequence stars, respectively. We identify members of these four clusters using the ML-MOC algorithm on Gaia DR3 data. To examine the relative segregation of cluster members of different evolutionary stages, we utilize cumulative radial distributions, proper motion distributions, and spatial distributions in galactocentric coordinates. Our analysis shows that Berkeley 39 and NGC 6819 exhibit moderate signs of population-wise segregation from evolved to less-evolved members. NGC 7789 shows signs of mass segregation only in the cumulative radial distributions. On the other hand, Collinder 261 exhibits high segregation of BSS in the cumulative radial distribution, while other populations show the same level of segregation.

New Evidence From Census 2020 on the Residential Segregation of Same-Sex Households: A Research Note

The 2020 decennial census provides new insights into the demography of same-sex households and can shed light on ongoing debates in urban and gayborhood studies. Although the U.S. Census gives a vast undercount of the LGBTQ population, it is still the largest source of nationally representative data on same-sex households and is accessible over three time points (2000, 2010, 2020). In this research note, we use 2020 census data to examine the residential patterns of same-sex households down to the neighborhood level. By employing the index of dissimilarity, we present results for the 100 largest U.S. cities and 100 largest metropolitan areas that demonstrate moderate yet persistent segregation. In a continuation of prior trends, male same-sex households remain more segregated from different-sex households than do female same-sex households. We find moderate levels of within-group segregation by gender and marital status—representing new demographic trends. Finally, metropolitan areas have a higher dissimilarity index than cities, revealing greater levels of segregation when factoring in suburban areas. We discuss these trends in light of debates regarding the spatial organization of sexuality in residential contexts and outline future avenues for research utilizing recently released 2020 census data.

The Role of Ethnic Diversity and Residential Segregation in Shaping Anti-Immigrant Sentiment and Support for Brexit

This article explores the relationship between ethnic structure of local areas, anti-immigrant sentiment and Brexit vote among White British in England. We focus on two indicators of ethnic structure: ethnic minority outgroup share and minority–majority segregation. Our findings suggest that local minority share plays a key role in shaping anti-immigrant sentiment and Brexit support. However, how it affects these outcomes is conditional on levels of local residential segregation. It is only residents living in high minority share areas that are residentially segregated who report higher anti-immigrant sentiment and Brexit support. In fact, living in high minority share areas that are residentially integrated appears to improve attitudes and reduce Brexit support.

Economic segregation is associated with reduced concerns about economic inequality

Economic segregation is the geographical separation of people with different economic means. In this paper, we employ an archival study of attitudes in regions with varying degrees of economic segregation and a series of experimental studies measuring reactions to hypothetical levels of segregation to examine how segregation affects concerns about inequality. Combining correlational and experimental methods and examining attitudes about economic inequality in both the United States and South Africa, we show that when individuals of different means are segregated from each other, people are less likely to engage in economic comparisons and are therefore less concerned by inequality. Moreover, we find that this is true even when people are exposed to (and are aware of) the same levels of inequality, suggesting that segregation in and of itself affects attitudes about inequality. Our findings highlight the importance of economic segregation in shaping public attitudes about organizational and societal economic inequality.

Determining the dynamical age of the LMC globular cluster NGC 1835 using the ‘dynamical clock’

In the context of the study of the size–age relationship observed in star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the investigation of its origin, we present the determination of the structural parameters and the dynamical age of the massive cluster NGC 1835. We used the powerful combination of optical and near-ultraviolet images acquired with the WFC3 on board the HST to construct the star density profile from resolved star counts, determining the values of the core, half-mass, and tidal radii through comparison with the King model family. The same data also allowed us to evaluate the dynamical age of the cluster by using the ‘dynamical clock’. This is an empirical method that quantifies the level of the central segregation of blue stragglers stars (BSSs) within the cluster half-mass radius by means of the Arh+ parameter, which is defined as the area enclosed between the cumulative radial distribution of BSSs and that of a reference (lighter) population. The results confirm that NGC 1835 is a very compact cluster with a core radius of only 0.84 pc. The estimated value of Arh+ (0.30 ± 0.04) is the largest measured so far in the LMC clusters, providing evidence of a highly dynamically evolved stellar system. NGC 1835 fits nicely into the correlation between Arh+ and the central relaxation time and in the anti-correlation between Arh+ and the core radius defined by the Galactic and Magellanic Cloud clusters investigated to date.

Unraveling Dry Jigging: Insights into Pulsation, Energy Consumption, and Stratification Dynamics

The increasing concerns regarding water usage in mineral processing have led to a growing interest in dry jigging in recent years. However, there is still a need for a more comprehensive examination of the operational aspects of the technique. In this sense, this study focused on three main elements: (a) examining the air pulse pattern during dry jig operation; (b) assessing the evolution of the stratification profile over time using partition analysis; and (c) evaluating the specific energy consumption of batch dry jigging during operation. Also, an innovative operational strategy known as “transient pulsing” was proposed and analyzed, involving varying the intensity and frequency of the air pulse throughout the stratification process. All tests were conducted using density tracers spread across 11 density ranges (0.4–2.4 g/cm3) and a base bed (gravel) to analyze their separation in a batch, pilot-scale dry jig. Pressure drop and active power data were collected to measure the pulse characteristics and energy consumption. The airflow curves, obtained through pressure drop data, indicated that the pulsation process is more unstable as the airflow increases, possibly due to the pressure fluctuations experienced by air during valve closure. For the pulsation conditions used in the tests, the specific energy consumption was 10.66 Wh/kg of jigged material, with most of it related to the blower drive system. Analysis of the stratification evolution over time showed an oscillatory behavior, alternating between states of better (Ep < 0.1) and worse (Ep > 0.1) separation, especially for the near-gravity material (NGM). Results of the transient pulsation tests suggested that progressively increasing the vertical displacement of the bed during stratification resulted in slightly better segregation levels and more stable jigging evolution over time in comparison to stationary pulse conditions.

Local language proficiency, school segregation and school adaptation of migrant children in urban China

Using the two-wave China Education Panel Survey, this study investigates the effect of local language proficiency on migrant children’s school adaptation, and the moderating role of school segregation in contemporary urban China. Our analysis delineates three pivotal aspects of school adaptation: learning adaptability, interpersonal relationships, and psychosocial maladjustment. Utilizing two-level mixed-effects models, we uncover that the influence of local language proficiency on school adaptation exhibits variability across different segregation levels in both low and high migrant concentration counties. The effects are acting as a double-edged sword. In counties with low migrant concentration, high language proficiency can enhance migrant children’s learning adaptability, self-efficacy, yet it could also bolster their depression levels. In counties with high migrant concentration, high language proficiency improves interpersonal relationships, however, it also increases their school change desire particularly in highly segregated schools. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between language proficiency and the contextual factors affecting migrant children’s school adaptation. It suggests the importance of designing educational interventions that not only enhance language acquisition but also address the broader emotional and social challenges faced by migrant children.

Residential segregation in two cities in Peru’s southern macro-region

Studies on residential segregation in Peru have privileged the study of the capital city, to the detriment of cities with other scales and contexts. This article analyzes the residential segregation levels and patterns in two Peruvian cities in the southern macro-region: Arequipa and Tacna. Based on data provided by the 2007 and 2017 censuses, synthetic and spatial segregation indicators were analyzed in both cities, taking as reference the educational level of the head of household and calculating the data on the block, census area, and district scales. The results show that inherited segregation patterns are maintained, while at the same time, the growing middle-class sectors are included in the more consolidated working-class settlements. In addition, processes that reinforce segregation were identified, such as the modification of the role of central areas, urban land production for the upper-class areas, and homogeneity of disadvantages in new areas of urban expansion, which are linked, particularly in the city of Arequipa, to the occupation of risk areas. The study suggests that these processes shape a low-scale urban segregation or fragmentation pattern in both cities, which coexists with inherited patterns.

Surface Bubbles Emergence as an Indicator for Optimal Concrete Compaction.

Compaction quality significantly influences the strength and durability of concrete in structures. Under-compacting can retain entrapped air, reducing strength, while over-compacting can lead to segregation, creating local variances in strength distribution and modulus of elasticity in the concrete structure. This study examines the widely adopted concept that compaction is optimal when bubbles cease to emerge on the concrete surface. We recorded the surface activity of six comparable concrete specimens during the compaction process using a 4K video camera. Four specimens were compacted using a table vibrator and two with a poker vibrator. From the video frames, we isolated the bubbles for analysis, employing digital image processing techniques to distinguish newly risen bubbles per frame. It was found that the bubbles continuously rose to the surface in all specimens throughout the compaction process, suggesting a need for extended compaction, with some specimens showing a slow in the rate of the bubbles' emergence. However, upon examining the segregation levels, it was discovered that all the specimens were segregated, some severely, despite the continued bubble emergence. These findings undermine the reliability of using bubble emergence as a principle to stop compaction and support the need for developing online measurement tools for evaluating compaction quality.

Association of geographical disparities and segregation in regional treatment facilities for Black patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States.

This study investigates geographic disparities in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) care for Black patients and aims to explore the association with segregation in treatment facilities. Understanding these dynamics can guide efforts to improve healthcare outcomes for marginalized populations. This cohort study evaluated regional differences in segregation for Black patients with aSAH and the association with geographic variations in disparities from 2016 to 2020. The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was queried for admission data on aSAH. Black patients were compared to White patients. Segregation in treatment facilities was calculated using the dissimilarity (D) index. Using multivariable logistic regression models, the regional disparities in aSAH treatment, functional outcomes, mortality, and end-of-life care between Black and White patients and the association of geographical segregation in treatment facilities was assessed. 142,285 Black and White patients were diagnosed with aSAH from 2016 to 2020. The Pacific division (D index = 0.55) had the greatest degree of segregation in treatment facilities, while the South Atlantic (D index = 0.39) had the lowest. Compared to lower segregation, regions with higher levels of segregation (global F test p < 0.001) were associated a lower likelihood of mortality (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82-1.00, p = 0.044 vs. OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.68-0.83, p < 0. 001) (p = 0.049), greater likelihood of tracheostomy tube placement (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.22-1.73, p < 0.001 vs. OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.59-2.21, p < 0.001) (p < 0. 001), and lower likelihood of receiving palliative care (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76-0.93, p < 0.001 vs. OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.59-0.77, p < 0.001) (p = 0.029). This study demonstrates regional differences in disparities for Black patients with aSAH, particularly in end-of-life care, with varying levels of segregation in regional treatment facilities playing an associated role. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and policy changes to address systemic healthcare inequities, reduce segregation, and ensure equitable access to high-quality care for all patients.

Opportunity Hoarding and Elite Reproduction: School Segregation in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Abstract School integration is an important indicator of equality of opportunity and racial reconciliation in contemporary South Africa. Despite its prominence in public and political discourse, however, there is no systemic evidence on the levels and patterns of school segregation. Drawing on the literature on the post-apartheid political settlement and sociological theories of opportunity hoarding, we explain how the small White minority and, to a lesser extent, the new Black middle class monopolized access to South Africa’s most prestigious schools following the abolition of de jure segregation in 1994. Using the 2021 Annual School Survey—an administrative dataset covering all South African schools—and the 2019 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study school survey, we find very high levels of school segregation along racial as well as socioeconomic lines. White students almost exclusively attend former White schools, have little exposure to the low-income Black majority, and are vastly overrepresented in elite public and private schools. We argue that in South Africa and other contexts with under-resourced education systems, elite capture of the few high-performing schools serves to reproduce race and class privilege.

Changes in segregation patterns in medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo between 2000 and 2010

Brazil underwent political and economic changes that led to a reduction in social inequalities between 2000 and 2010. Studies indicated that during the same period, there was an increase in the level of residential segregation in metropolitan spaces, as opposed to a reduction accompanying the inequalities. This paper contributes to this body of studies, by analyzing residential segregation in medium-sized cities, quantitatively and spatially, during the period between 2000 and 2010. The study aims to quantify the degree of segregation in five medium-sized cities in the state of São Paulo and analyze the evolution of their spatial patterns, via a comparative perspective. The measurement of segregation, using global and local spatial indices, has indicated an increase in residential segregation similar to those identified by studies for metropolitan areas, in which the highest and lowest income groups are markedly the most segregated. However, this was not the case for all cities, an unchanged degree and pattern of segregation were also identified during the same period in one of the cities. These results are discussed within the context of the urban changes that have taken place in medium-sized cities, such as the valorization of real estate in specific sectors of the cities, amidst the continued process of peripheralization of the low-income population.

Socio-spatial analysis of migrant school students according to Bourdieu's capitals in Santiago de Chile (2017–2020)

Chile has experienced a substantial immigration boom in the last 10 years. The urban areas of this nation present high levels of residential segregation, represented in its main city, Santiago. This article presents results of an exploratory analysis of the relationship between residential segregation, immigration rate by educational institutions and changes in school performance. Based on the generation of clusters characterized by cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital, an analysis of the changes in school performance in those schools that received the greatest number of migrants is generated.

The glass ceiling effect in Spanish advertising creative departments

The representation of women in advertising creative departments has been studied worldwide. The findings have shown a low representation that does not favor the emergence of a critical mass of women, who could contribute with alternative visions to make advertising more inclusive. The underrepresentation, above all, occurs in managerial positions where they do not usually reach 35%. This study aims to update and report quantitatively on the phenomenon of the glass ceiling in Spain. In addition, in order to contextualize the level of segregation, these departments are compared with available international data. The results of a content analysis of the credit forms of 839 Spanish campaigns published in 2019 (a sample of 1,311 creatives) revealed gender dynamics, with a balanced starting group of creatives in non-managerial positions (just over 40% are women), but a figure of just 18% of women in managerial roles A higher glass ceiling effect was also found when European and global data were compared. The results analyzed through the perspective of the proportional representation theory (Kanter, 1977a, 1977b, 1987), suggest the need to raise awareness of gender inequalities within creative departments; this would foster the equality demanded by today’s society, of which advertising should not be oblivious.

Urban form and socioeconomic deprivation in Isfahan: An Urban MorphoMetric approach

Studies on urban deprivation date back to the 19th Century but remain important today due to rising levels of inequality and social segregation. However, while social causes of deprivation have been investigated, the role of the built environment remains neglected. Existing studies either provide broad coverage at the expense of detailed morphological descriptions or offer meticulous accounts of small-scale areas without capturing the broader context. This paper addresses such a gap by investigating the relationship between urban form, measured at the building level, and deprivation across the entire city of Isfahan, Iran. By doing so, we position this study in the tradition of urban morphology. Operationally, we, first, identify urban types (UTs), that is, distinctive patterns of urban form, by clustering 200+ morphological characters; second, we explore the relationship between proportion of buildings belonging to each UT, in each neighbourhood, and deprivation; third, we offer detailed descriptions of the UTs most strongly associated with deprivation, discuss possible drivers for the observed correlations, and link findings to relevant literature in the field. Twelve UTs are identified, with four showing the strongest impacts on predicting deprivation. This study brings novel insights on the morphology of deprivation of Isfahan, while contextualising them with respect to domain-specific studies, which have predominantly focused on Western cities. The proposed methodology can be replicated to explore morphologies of deprivation in different contexts, further our understanding of the topic, and potentially inform planning and policy making.

Simulation, Structural, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the FeTiTaVW High Entropy Alloy

Developing new materials to be applied in extreme environments is an opportunity and a challenge for the future. High entropy alloys are new materials that seem promising approaches to work in nuclear fusion reactors. In this work, FeTaTiVW high entropy alloys were developed and characterized with Molecular Dynamic and Hybrid Molecular Dynamic Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results show that phase separation originates a lower potential energy per atom and a high level of segregation compared to those of a uniform solid solution. Moreover, the experimental diffractogram of the milled powder shows the formation of a body-centred cubic-type structure and the presence of TiO2. In addition, the microstructure of the consolidated material evidenced three phases: W-rich, Ti-rich, and a phase with all the elements. This phase separation observed in the microstructure agrees with the Hybrid Molecular Dynamic Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, the consolidated material’s thermal conductivity and specific heat are almost constant from 25 °C to 1000 °C, and linear expansion increases with increasing temperature. On the other hand, specific heat and thermal expansion values are in between CuCrZr and W values (materials chosen for the reactor walls). The FeTaTiVW high entropy alloy evidences a ductile behaviour at 1000 °C. Therefore, the promising thermal properties of this system can be attributed to the multiple phases and systems with different compositions of the same elements, which is exciting for future developments.

Neighbourhoods and Social Cohesion: Why Neighbourhoods Still Matter

This study analyses the connection between neighbourly relations and social cohesion. These concepts obviously overlap to a certain degree, but it is not clear how they are related. The crucial questions are if and how neighbourly relations can promote social cohesion. To answer this, a qualitative study based on interviews (n = 4 0) was conducted to examine neighbourly relations in two urban districts in Germany. Both districts are characterized by high levels of social segregation and cultural diversity but differ from each other in terms of the extent of resident turnover, the availability of local social service organizations, and their respective urban development profiles. The results show that there is a close connection between residents' perceptions of social cohesion and inclination for social participation in the neighbourhood. Local social service organizations and associations can play a critical role in facilitating the social encounters that create such perceptions. Basically, neighbourly relationships are influenced by the local conditions, especially by the extent of fluctuation but also by neighbourly behaviour, which promotes social cohesion at the neighbourhood level.

7-day patterns in Black-White segregation in 49 metropolitan areas

While residential segregation is a persistent attribute of metropolitan areas, recent studies find segregation levels fluctuate throughout the day, reaching their lowest levels during daytime hours. This paper shows hourly variations in Black-White segregation from Monday through Sunday for the top 49 most populated metropolitan areas with Global Positioning System (GPS) data collected from mobile phones from October 2018. I find that segregation levels are higher on average over weekends compared to that of weekdays. I use models to identify the characteristics of neighborhoods with higher levels of segregation on weekends, which include all demographic variables and nearly a third of 35 sectors of businesses and organizations, such as retail, personal care, and religious organizations. I also find more than a third of the sectors are associated with higher levels of segregation during business hours on weekdays, including academic institutions, health care, manufacturing, and financial institutions. Findings from this paper display the significance in the distinction between weekdays and weekends with where people spend their time and how this relates to racial segregation. Specifically, Black people, on average, stay in their home census tracts and visit non-White neighborhoods for organizational resources more so than White people. Significant patterns of associations between racial segregation and the majority of businesses demonstrate the salience of race for more industries than previously understood.

Born on the wrong side of the tracks: Exploring the causal effects of segregation on infant health

Prior research has found that a high level of residential racial segregation, or the degree to which racial/ethnic groups are isolated from one another, is associated with worsened infant health outcomes, particularly among non-Hispanic (NH) Black infant populations. However, because exposure to segregation is non-random, it is unclear whether and to what extent segregation is causally linked to infant health. To overcome this empirical limitation, we leverage exogenous variation in the placement of railroad tracks in the 19th century to predict contemporary segregation, an approach first introduced by Ananat (2011). In alignment with prior literature, we find that residential segregation has statistically significant associations with negative birth outcomes among Black infant populations in the area. Using OLS methods underestimates the negative impacts of segregation on infant health. We fail to detect comparable effects on health outcomes among NH White infant populations. Further, we identify several key mechanisms by which residential segregation could influence health outcomes among Black infant populations, including lower access to prenatal care during the first trimester, higher levels of anti-Black prejudice, greater transportation barriers, and increased food insecurity. Given that poor birth outcomes have adverse effects on adults’ health and well-being, the findings suggest that in-utero exposure to residential segregation could have important implications for Black–White inequality over the life course.