Relative Humidity Levels Research Articles

Assessing the Moisture Resilience of Wood Frame Wall Assemblies

Resilience has been used as a building performance metric that measures the building’s capability of absorption, response, and recovery from one or a series of disruptive events, e.g., extreme weather events or power outage events. With respect to resilience, in relation to the moisture performance of the building envelope (moisture resilience), this aspect has not yet been thoroughly explored nor defined. Given the expected increase in annual precipitation in certain regions of Canada as induced by climate change effects occurring both currently and in the future, the moisture resilience of building envelops will require immediate attention given that wall assemblies of buildings are predicted to be subjected to excessive moisture loads in the coming years. In this study, the moisture resilience of wood frame wall assemblies to mould growth was described from three aspects: (i) absorption—the ability of the wall to maintain a low level of relative humidity on the OSB; (ii) response—the fluctuation of the relative humidity on the OSB; and (iii) recovery—the rate at which the relative humidity recovers to an acceptable level. The metrics used to demonstrate the relative impact of these factors on moisture performance were also developed. The results have revealed a robust correlation between moisture performance and the relative influence of various newly defined aspects of moisture resilience.

Indoor environmental conditions and likelihood of reported violence and aggression in a purpose-built residential dementia hospital

This study, conducted on purpose-built NHS dementia wards, investigates correlations between patient aggression and indoor temperature and humidity. Temperature and humidity, measured at 3-min intervals, on male and female wards, over 12–15 months, were compared against staff-recorded incidents (n = 299; females n = 100; males n = 199). Linear regression was used to assess potential correlations. Binomial analysis measured relative risk of incidents outside comfortable thermal (22–24 °C) and humidity (30%–60%) ranges. Temperatures ranged from 17 to 27oC and humidity ranged from 16 to 70%. On the male ward, both extremes of temperature were correlated with increased incident likelihood (R2 = 0.473) and relative risk of incidents was 1.89 (p = 0.0015) at temperatures <22oC and 1.73 (p < 0.001) at temperatures >24oC. On the female ward, increasing temperature was correlated with increased incident likelihood (R2 = 0.568) and relative risk of incidents was 1.99 (p < 0.001) at temperatures >24oC. Strong associations between relative humidity levels and incidents were not identified. Extreme temperatures were associated with significantly increased risk of incidents of agitation, suggesting relevance of environmental conditions in the formulation of agitation in dementia.

Effects of relative humidity on carbonation kinetics and strength development of carbonated wollastonite composites containing sodium tripolyphosphate

Assessing the impact of relative humidity (RH) on carbonation kinetics is crucial for the sustainable and high-strength advancement of CO2-activated Ca-bearing materials incorporating phase-controlling additives. This work focuses on the carbonation kinetics, mechanical properties, and microstructure evolution of carbonated wollastonite composites containing sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) when exposed to various RH levels. Results show that RH plays an important role during the carbonation of wollastonite, functioning both as a reaction material and accelerating role for wollastonite carbonation. The carbonation rate and the phase transition reaction of poorly crystalline CaCO3 is accelerated at RH ranging from 70% to 95%, favouring to cementitious behaviour of CaCO3 and results in denser microstructure, especially for 85% RH. The carbonation reaction is composed of two distinct stages, namely, wollastonite dissolution and precipitation of the stage-1 and ion-diffusion controlling of stage-2. Among them, the addition of STPP prolong the carbonation duration of stage-1. The degree of carbonation (DOC) of the internal layer sample is higher than that of the outermost layer sample. CaCO3 and silica gel are evenly distributed indirectly, which reduces the elastic modulus at 85 % RH. However, regardless of RH, the cementitious efficiency of poorly crystalline CaCO3 is the highest, followed by calcite and silica gel. Consequently, STPP modified carbonated wollastonite shows highest strength when exposed to 85% RH (67.3 MPa at 7 days). Our study provides a unique way toward developing the STPP-containing carbonated wollastonite system for high performance carbonated materials.

Moisture desorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of ecalyptus globulus wood

This paper aimed to analyze the moisture desorption isotherms and specific thermodynamic properties of Algerian Eucalyptus globulus wood using the static gravimetric method. The study was conducted at height temperatures and relative humidity levels ranging from 5% to 90%. The desorption isotherms exhibited a sigmoidal shape, categorized as "type II." A suitable "thermodynamic" equation was chosen to describe the desorption isotherms under controlled conditions. The Clausius-Clapeyron relationship was employed to determine the isosteric heat of desorption. The results demonstrated that, for equilibrium moisture content below 4%, the differential enthalpy and entropy decreased exponentially with increasing moisture content. Specifically, the differential enthalpy decreased from 36 kJ/mol to 5 kJ/mol, while the entropy decreased from 76 J/ (mol K) to 13 J/ (mol K). The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory in the desorption reaction was validated by the observed difference between the isokinetic temperature and the harmonic temperature. Moreover, the wood-water desorption process was spontaneous, as confirmed by the negative value of Gibbs free energy (-1690 J/mol). With increasing temperature, the spreading pressure dropped; at 40°C, it was 2.47978 J/m², and at 80°C, it was 0.82328 J/m². Conversely, the rate of increase was 0.11% J/m² per relative humidity as the water activity increased.

Comprehensive Advanced Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Human Cell Culture Assessment of BMS-202: A Novel Inhibitor of Programmed Cell Death Ligand

Background/Objectives: BMS-202, is a potent small molecule with demonstrated antitumor activity. The study aimed to comprehensively characterize the physical and chemical properties of BMS-202 and evaluate its suitability for topical formulation, focusing on uniformity, stability and safety profiles. Methods: A range of analytical techniques were employed to characterize BMS-202. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to assess morphology, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) provided insights of thermal behavior, and Hot-Stage Microscopy (HSM) corroborated these thermal behaviors. Molecular fingerprinting was conducted using Raman spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, with chemical uniformity of the batch further validated by mapping through FTIR and Raman microscopies. The residual water content was measured using Karl Fisher Coulometric titration, and vapor sorption isotherms examined moisture uptake across varying relative humidity levels. In vitro safety assessments involved testing with skin epithelial cell lines, such as HaCaT and NHEK, and Transepithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER) to evaluate barrier integrity. Results: SEM revealed a distinctive needle-like morphology, while DSC indicated a sharp melting point at 110.90 ± 0.54 ℃ with a high enthalpy of 84.41 ± 0.38 J/g. HSM confirmed the crystalline-to-amorphous transition at the melting point. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, alongside chemical imaging, confirmed chemical uniformity as well as validated the batch consistency. A residual water content of 2.76 ± 1.37 % (w/w) and minimal moisture uptake across relative humidity levels demonstrated its low hygroscopicity and suitability for topical formulations. Cytotoxicity testing showed dose-dependent reduction in skin epithelial cell viability at high concentrations (100 µM and 500 µM), with lower doses (0.1 µM to 10 µM) demonstrating acceptable safety. TEER studies indicated that BMS-202 does not disrupt the HaCaT cell barrier function. Conclusions: The findings from this study establish that BMS-202 has promising physicochemical and in vitro characteristics at therapeutic concentrations for topical applications, providing a foundation for future formulation development focused on skin-related cancers or localized immune modulation.

Surface chemistry characterization of AA2014 aluminum alloy powder through triboelectric charging

Traditional characterization techniques for powders primarily focus on bulk properties, often neglecting the critical role of surface chemistry variations that influence the performance in applications such as additive manufacturing. The method presented in this work addresses this gap by utilizing triboelectric charging concept to gain a comprehensive understanding of powder surface state under varying environmental conditions. In particular, the study investigates the detection of surface chemistry variations of AA2014 powder caused by an exposure to various relative humidity (RH) levels through a change in triboelectric charging behavior. The surface variations are analyzed in parallel with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The findings reveal a direct correlation between elevated RH and increased hydroxide species content at the surface of the powder. The triboelectric charging experiments demonstrated a significant RH-dependent variations of charge accumulation, with higher humidity levels leading to reduced static charge buildup on the powder particles. The charge accumulation behavior in the powder was fitted with the compressed exponential relaxation model. The results showed that each surface chemical species exhibits a distinct correlation between charging rate and charge accumulation, confirming the method's effectivity to detect subtle variations in surface chemistry. The variations in the exponent of the fitted model were shown to be characteristics to the surface scale of the powder particles.

IAQ and ventilation measurements at the “ZEB Laboratory” office building in Norway

This study aims to assess indoor environmental quality (IEQ) within a Zero Emission Building (ZEB) office in Norway, focusing on occupant impact (CO2, temperature, humidity) and materials/substances influence (formaldehyde, particulate matter (PM2.5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). It presents a detailed data collection spanning 14 months from March 30th, 2022, to June 1st, 2023.Occupancy varied significantly, affecting measured indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters, with the lowest temperatures recorded on the second floor and specific areas like the canteen experiencing temperature drops during low usage times. Relative humidity levels remained over 20% in winter despite the building's low occupancy, a notable aspect given Norway's dry winters. PM2.5 levels stayed below World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, indicating effective pollution management.The study also evaluates the impact of reducing the ventilation rates on IAQ, noting no significant IAQ compromise. An analysis correlating IAQ measurements with building occupants' satisfaction post-intervention revealed that temperature is the most significant factor affecting satisfaction levels, excluding acoustic satisfaction. Occupants generally reported satisfaction with the indoor environmental quality (IEQ), with specific dissatisfaction tied to thermal environment and IAQ, suggesting the importance of temperature control in occupant perception.This research not only provides valuable insights into IEQ management in Zero Energy and Zero Emission office buildings but also emphasizes the critical role of indoor temperature and the potential of wooden structures to stabilize humidity levels, contributing to occupant comfort and satisfaction.

Enhanced water molecule sensitivity on defective WS2 monolayers through (ZnO)12 spherical nanocages decoration: A theoretical study

The adsorption of water molecules on sulfur vacancies (VS and V2S2) and gold atoms embedded in the sulfur vacancies (AuS) of tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers (ML) decorated with zinc-oxide (ZnO)12 nanocages were studied using dispersion-corrected density functional theory. Since the WS2 monolayer is predominantly inert, the introduction of defect states into the mid-bandgap region is significant due to its chemical and physical implications. The possibility of turning from an electron acceptor (p-type) to an electron donor (n-type) semiconductor character, when the sulfur vacancy density is varied or if the sulfur vacancies are filled with gold atoms, was demonstrated. The binding energy of the Au atom forming the AuS defect and the diffusion energy barrier from the VS defect to an adjacent site for Au were determined as 2.99 and 2.16 eV, respectively. Consequently, the substitutional defect AuS remains attached to the ML. The adsorption energy showed that the water molecule is chemisorbed on AuS defect on WS2 (n-type). Also, the density of states suggests a clear response as the chemiresistive sensor. Besides, how zinc-oxide spherical nanocages behave as sensors for different relative humidity levels was discussed. The response to water molecules was significantly enhanced by the chemisorption of the (ZnO)12 spherical nanocage on WS2-AuS. These composed systems formed WS2-ZnO heterojunctions with differences in the electronic structure. The study provides a comprehensive outlook on analyte interactions with WS2 (n-type) and WS2-ZnO surfaces, which have been utilized in the design of semiconductor gas sensors.

Population dynamics of the main necrophagous Diptera in the sub-Sudanese zone of Côte d’Ivoire

The objective of this work was to identify the population variation of the main necrophagous Diptera in the sub-Sudanese zone of Côte d'Ivoire. Three traps, inspired by Upton's and using pig liver and viscera as bait were placed on the site of the Botanical Garden of Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University and Lataha located 10 km from the Botanical Garden. Weekly captures were taken from October 4, 2018 to October 3, 2019. In total, 194,853 individuals from the Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae and Muscidae were collected. Calliphoridae represented 48%, Sarcophagidae 24% and Muscidae 28% in the Botanical Garden site and in Lataha, Calliphoridae presented 52%, Sarcophagidae 27% and Muscidae 21%. Chrysomya albiceps, Sarcophaga carnaria and Musca domestica were the majority species. The numbers of these three species were higher at relative humidity levels reaching 70 to 85%. A correlation between relative humidity and the numbers of these three species was observed. Apart from relative humidity, these results show that other climatic parameters have a weak influence on the activity of Chrysomya albiceps, Sarcophaga carnaria and Musca domestica. During this study, temperature and rainfall had little influence on the variation in the numbers of these three main species of necrophagous insects. However, the numbers of the three species were correlated with relative humidity levels.

Investigating the role of temperature and moisture on the degradation of 3D-printed polymethyl methacrylate dental materials through molecular dynamics simulations

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the degradation behavior of 3D printed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental materials, with a specific focus on the influential factors of temperature and moisture, by employing molecular dynamics simulations. Owing to their aesthetic properties, 3D-printed PMMA dental materials play a pivotal role in dental applications. However, understanding their degradation mechanisms, particularly in the context of temperature and moisture variations, is crucial for their long-term durability. A Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) was utilized for the molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation setup included temperature variations from 300 to 600 K and relative humidity (RH) levels ranging from 20 to 100%. Various mechanical properties and structural changes were analyzed to determine the degradation behavior. Energetic profiling during equilibration and the subsequent temperature variations were studied. The spatial distribution of the mean squared displacement, non-bond energy, Young’s modulus, bending stress, and volume expansion coefficient of the particles were quantitatively analyzed, revealing temperature- and moisture-dependent trends. The study concluded that temperature and moisture significantly affected the degradation behavior of 3D-printed PMMA dental materials. Higher temperatures and increased humidity levels contribute to reduced mechanical strength and altered structural properties, emphasizing the importance of controlling environmental conditions during fabrication.

Effect of heat stress, determination of temperature-humidity index

Relevance. Increased values of temperature and relative humidity of the external environment lead to negative consequences for the animal body, forcing the thermoregulation processes to be turned on. These mechanisms allow the animal organism to adapt to new environmental conditions at the expense of productivity. In these cases heat stress is observed. It is established that its manifestation is observed after 17 hours and there is a possible decrease in productivity by 35–40%. To identify the effect of heat stress, accurate determination of temperature-humidity index (THI) is necessary.Methods. The materials and methods contain the most common formulas for determining the temperature and humidity index. The equipment and software package used for the research are presented.Results. A graph of the results of South Korean studies is presented to compare the effects of heat stress on productivity. The results and discussions display a modernized formula for determining the heat stress index and figures showing the level of heat stress at different temperature and relative humidity levels.

Study and optimization of the selectivity of an odorant binding protein-based bioelectronic nose

Over the past two decades, the use of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) for the development of biosensors and bioelectronic noses (bioeNs) aimed at detecting and analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been the subject of considerable research. However, there is a lack of fundamental studies for better understanding the interaction between OBPs and VOCs in gas phase. In this work, we investigated the effect of two key factors, namely relative humidity (RH) level and immobilization technique, on the selectivity of two OBP-based biosensors in gas phase. Concerning the effect of RH, the results showed that our active OBP (wild-type rat OBP3) lost its selectivity at 0% RH but retained good selectivity at 30% and 50% RH. To better understand the effect of this parameter, the hydration mechanism of the OBP was studied both experimentally and through molecular dynamics simulations. The effect of a cysteine residue, genetically added to the N-terminus of OBPs to control their orientation after immobilization on the chip, was evaluated. A significant reduction in selectivity was observed in the absence of cysteine. As expected, the introduction of this amino acid enabled to control the orientation of OBPs, making their binding pocket more accessible to VOCs and favoring specific interactions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that combining OBP-based biosensors with different properties can improve the discrimination capability of our bioeN. Finally, the ability of our system to detect essential oil vapors was tested, providing preliminary evidence that our bioeN is capable of detecting VOCs in complex media.

Experimental investigation on the application of cold-mist direct evaporative cooling in data centers

The rapid development of the internet era has driven the construction of numerous data centers worldwide. In hot climate, data centers consume significant energy for cooling. Cold-mist direct evaporative cooling offers a natural cooling solution that can help reduce this energy consumption. This study investigates the temperature and relative humidity changes of natural high-temperature air after being cooled using a cold-mist direct evaporative cooling test bench. The effects of several control factors such as spray angle, spray flow rate, and air speed on the cold-mist direct evaporative cooling performance was systematically examined. The findings revealed that: (1) the optimal spray angle for cold-mist direct evaporative cooling treatment air is 65°; (2) high-temperature air between 27 °C and 37 °C can be cooled to 23.57 °C – 25.58 °C after cold-mist direct evaporative cooling treatment, with relative humidity levels of 67.0 % – 78.8 %, meeting the air supply requirements for data centers; (3) the proposed approach could reduce the data center energy consumption by 14 % – 41 %, while extending the annual natural cooling period by 3.16 % – 20.45 %.

Integrated One-Step Fabrication of Protonic Sensing Devices for Respiratory Monitoring.

The development of direct fabrication routes with seamless integration of both the macro/micropatterning process and nanostructure synthesis is crucial for the commercial realization of cost-effective nanoscale sensor devices. This, if realized, can liberate us from the conventional limitations inherent in nanoscale device manufacturing. Specifically, such fabrication routes can, in principle, address the challenges such as the complexity, multistep nature, and substantial costs associated with existing technologies, which are not suitable for widespread market adoption in everyday-use devices. Herein, we propose a novel yet facile one-step fabrication approach that simultaneously accomplishes both patterning and nanostructure synthesis by employing low-power, cost-effective laser technology with a minimal environmental footprint. Versatile in nature, this approach can enable the incorporation of diverse functionalities spanning a broad spectrum of technologies, encompassing fields such as sensors, catalysts, photonics, energy storage, and biomedical monitoring devices. As a proof of concept, using our approach, we fabricated an ultra responsive, high-speed protonic sensing device for real-time respiratory monitoring. The enhanced temporal characteristics of our as-fabricated device, particularly in the relative humidity levels of interest in breath monitoring (typically over 55%), exhibited a superior response/recovery time in rapid humidity fluctuations. We envisage that the advantages brought by the presented fabrication approach can pave the way to establish a new method for inexpensive large-scale functional-material-based device fabrication.

The impact of relative humidity on the nanoindentation relaxation in calcium silicate hydrates

Despite extensive research efforts, understanding the time-dependent behavior of concrete remains an enigma due to the complex nature of cement microstructure. In this study, the statistical nanoindentation was employed to investigate the influence of relative humidity (RH) on the relaxation behavior of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) in a cement paste. Our experiments, performed at RH levels of 33 % and 86 %, revealed significant enhancements in both the indentation modulus and hardness of the C-S-H as RH increased. Remarkably, the internal water exerted a significant influence on the asymptotic relaxation behavior, displaying a clear power-law fashion. Further analysis identified the presence of short- and long-term viscoelastic behaviors within the C-S-H, distinguished by a transition observed within the initial seconds. These findings advance the understanding of nanoscale mechanisms driving concrete creep under different humidity conditions.

Advancing lettuce physiological state recognition in IoT aeroponic systems: A meta-learning-driven data fusion approach

Automatically identifying key physiological factors in plants, such as leaf relative humidity (LRH), chlorophyll content (Chl), and nitrogen levels (N), is vital for effective aeroponic management and improving growth, yield, quality, and sustainability. Meta-learning (MetaL) solutions utilize data fusion and intelligent processing, ensuring fast and consistent outcomes. This paper aims to develop a novel MetaL framework that leverages multimodal data sources—including spectral, thermal, and IoT environmental data—to enable real-time, non-invasive identification of LRH, Chl, and N content in aeroponically grown lettuce. The research examined various spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) and thermal indicators from plant characteristics. Model-based feature selection was implemented using back-propagation neural networks (BPNN), decision trees (DT), and gradient boosting machines (GBM) to identify key attributes and optimize hyperparameters. The experimental findings indicated that deploying GBM-based top variables as the foundational model, combined with BPNN as the meta-model, significantly improved the accuracy of analyzing the assigned factors. The prediction scores (R²) for LRH, Chl, and N increased to 0.875 (RMSE=0.879), 0.886 (RMSE=0.694), and 0.930 (RMSE=0.184), respectively, compared to applying BPNN-based features alone as a standalone model. Overall, the designed methodology contributes to more accurate predictions of plant physiological states, enabling proactive steps toward sustainable aeroponic agriculture.

Development of smart control system for leakage warning in compact roofs

Smart sensor technologies to monitor temperature and moisture conditions in building components can be used to give automatic warnings for abnormal high levels of moisture. Flat compact roofs are of particular interest in this context, especially due to their vulnerability to rain leakages through the roofing membrane. Installing moisture sensors in such roofs measuring relative humidity (RH) and free water may give an early warning of rain leakages or condensation owing to air leakages from indoors before damage occurs. One challenge is, however, that normal moisture redistribution in the insulation layer over the season or a day may give very high levels of RH in the top or bottom part of the insulation. A sensor system must be able to distinguish between these normal RH levels and leakage events. Together with a sensor technology and control system producer, a semi-quantitative system that defines typical or normal RH levels in the insulation layer of the roof during the year has been developed. To investigate the applicability of such a system, measurements from the compact roofs of two pilot buildings located in Norway have been analysed. The objective has been to identify connections between measured data, occurring climate conditions and seasonal variations. Results may be used to further develop and improve the algorithms of the leakage warning system.

Classroom indoor air quality and noise level assessment of different educational institutions in a university area in Bangladesh

Introduction: The classroom environment is crucial for fostering effective learning and safeguarding teacher-student health. This study assessed the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and noise levels in classrooms across three institutions: a university, a secondary and higher secondary school (called a school and college), and a primary school. Materials and methods: Various IAQ parameters such as Particulate Matters (PM2.5 and PM10), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC), and temperature, Relative Humidity (RH), light, and noise levels were measured using calibrated instruments from February to March 2024. Results: The air pollutants and noise levels varied among the institutions. The mean values of PM 2.5 (76.6 µg/m3) and PM (116.7 µg/m3) were highest The mean values of PM 2.5 (76.6 µg/m3) and PM (116.7 µg/m3) were highest in the primary school, while CO (0.82 ppm), light (92.9 lux), temperature (27.6 °C), and noise levels (77.6 dB) peaked in the school and college. University classrooms showed the maximum concentrations of CO2 (804.9 ppm), TVOC (32.9 ppb), and RH (58.6%). In all institutions, PM2.5, PM10, and noise levels exceeded WHO-recommended limits, whereas CO, CO2, RH, and temperature remained within their respective standards. Light levels were below Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between PM2.5 PM10, and CO. Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for PM 2.5 and PM10 exceeded 1.0, indicating potential health risks. Variations in pollutants and noise levels among institutions may be due to classroom facilities, student density, ventilation systems, and student activities. Conclusion: Long-term exposure to IAQ pollutants and noise levels could impair cognitive function, respiratory health, and overall well-being of the students and educators. Implementing proper ventilation (e.g., HEPA filters) systems, soundproofing acoustic panels, and continuous IAQ monitoring is recommended for a safer classroom environment.

Visual and Gravimetric CO2 Sensing at High Humidity Levels Enabled by MOF‐804 Cofunctionalized with Ionic Liquid and m‐Cresol Purple

AbstractReal‐time monitoring of carbon dioxide (CO2) is imperative for medical diagnosis and effective environmental preservation. Despite the formidable challenge posed by the inherent chemical inertness of CO₂ molecules, a pioneering CO2 sensor based on MOF‐804 cofunctionalized with ionic liquid (IL) and m‐cresol purple (mCP) is successfully developed. By ingeniously integrating hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic properties within the sensitive layer, the sensor achieves a state‐of‐the‐art sensitivity (Δf = 384 Hz), an exceptionally vast detection range spanning 400–80 000 ppm, and remarkable stability with minimal sensitivity drift even at relative humidity (RH) levels exceeding 80%. Furthermore, the inherent gasochromic property, stemming from the zwitterionic mechanism, paves the way for innovative self‐sustaining CO2 test strips and groundbreaking applications, including CO2 tracking and CO2‐encrypted security labeling technology. Collectively, the realization of this ultra‐sensitive and robust CO2 monitoring approach, coupled with its CO2‐triggered visual and multifunctional capabilities, opens up novel avenues for dynamic CO2 detection, advanced military encryption strategies, and enhanced health management systems.

Utilizing IoT and Cloud Computing for Weather-Health Monitoring Application

In an era defined by increasing climate changes and an increasing importance of accurate weather information, there is a need for a smart IoT- based weather monitoring system. This paper proposes an innovative system that uses Internet of Things (IoT) technology to advance weather monitoring and global data accessibility using Cloud computing. By seamlessly connecting multiple devices, such as sensors, electronic gadgets, and automotive electronics, to the internet, this system offers a complete solution for monitoring environmental conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and rain levels. Specialized sensors collect data, which is then transformed into graphical interface using an app, enabling real-time weather information access worldwide. This technology has the ability to rethink how we convey and analyze environmental data with optimal efficiency and reach in industries including agriculture, urban planning, and environmental research.