Levels Of Psychological Flexibility Research Articles

Emotions, coping and psychological flexibility in earthquake survivors: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Earthquakes may play a role in the development of several psychological distresses or psychopathologies. Nevertheless, protective factors such as positive emotions, psychological flexibility, and coping mechanisms may be helpful for earthquake survivors in coping. On the other hand, the role of both positive and negative emotions of earthquake survivors in psychological flexibility and coping remains elusive. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the relationship between emotions, coping, and psychological flexibility levels of earthquake survivors considering positive and negative emotions together. A total of 330 adult participants of the cross-sectional study completed the Participant Information Form, Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT), Psychological Flexibility (PF), and Positive-Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scales. Participants were aged between 20 and 68 years (Mean ± SD = 42.42 + 12.88). It was determined that as the PACT levels increased, the PF and negative emotion levels increased yet positive emotion levels decreased. As the PF levels increased, the negative emotion levels increased yet the positive emotion levels decreased (p < 0.01). According to the established model, it was concluded that the PACT was related to positive-negative emotion levels and values, being in the moment, and dissociation sub-dimensions of PF were unrelated to contextual self and acceptance (p > 0.05). In conclusion, positive-negative emotions and PF were found to have a mediating role in the coping of earthquake survivors. Mental health professionals may contribute to increasing PACT in earthquake survivors through interventions aimed at maintaining positive emotions, recognizing negative emotions, and increasing PF.

Psychological Flexibility and Parenting Stress in Divorced Parents

This study aims to determine the psychological flexibility of divorced parents in predicting parenting stress and to evaluate their psychological flexibility according to their demographic characteristics. The study participants were 206 officially divorced mothers and fathers living with their children. Between June and July 2024, the data were collected using the Psychological Flexibility Scale, Parenting Stress Scale, and a demographic information form created by the researchers. The differences between the psychological flexibility levels of the participants according to their gender, income level, number of children they have, and the number of children under their custody were analyzed by t-test for independent samples, and the differences between the psychological flexibility levels according to their age, education level and the time elapsed since ANOVA analyzed the official divorce for independent samples. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the extent to which participants' psychological flexibility levels predicted parenting stress. As a result of these analyses, it was found that the psychological flexibility sub-dimensions of values and acting in line with values, being in the moment, acceptance, contextual self, and defusion significantly predicted the participants' parenting stress, and these sub-dimensions explained 21% of the change in the participants' parenting stress. The findings showed that the psychological flexibility levels of male participants were higher than those of female participants, participants aged between 36-45 years were higher than those aged between 20-35 years, and participants who had been divorced for 48-60 months were higher than those who had been divorced for less than one year. No significant difference was found in the psychological flexibility levels of the participants according to the level of education and income and the number of children owned and under custody.

Relationships Between Psychological Flexibility, Psychological Capital and Marital Quality Amongst Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

ABSTRACTThis study aims to explore the differences in psychological flexibility, psychological capital and the perception of marital quality between parents of children with and without autism and to examine whether psychological capital could serve as a moderator of the association between psychological flexibility and the perception of marital quality. One‐hundred fifty parents of children with autism and 192 parents of children without autism completed an online survey. Parents of children with autism had lower psychological flexibility and psychological capital than the comparison group. The levels of psychological flexibility and psychological capital were also found to be significantly and positively correlated with the perception of marital quality of parents in both groups. Amongst parents of children with autism, hope significantly moderated the association between psychological flexibility and the perception of marriage quality. Hope buffers the relationship between psychological flexibility and the perception of marital quality amongst parents of children with autism. Designing unique, specific and tailored therapeutic interventions for parents of children with autism is recommended.

Value-consistent rehabilitation is associated with long-term psychological flexibility and quality of life after traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT Meaningful steps have been taken toward using holistic approaches in outpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury (TBI) (i.e., treating the whole individual); however, research and practice continue to disproportionately focus on adapting to physical and cognitive changes. Research suggests treatment focusing on individual values may be important for psychological adjustment after TBI. The current study sought to explore individual values across multiple life domains in those with TBI as well as what values outpatient rehabilitation was helpful for, and to examine discrepancies between these factors (i.e., value-consistent rehabilitation) in relation to important long-term treatment outcomes. 215 adults with a history of TBI who had participated in outpatient rehabilitation completed online surveys assessing how consistent outpatient rehabilitation was with individual values, psychological flexibility, and quality of life. The life domains with the greatest discrepancies between individual importance and rehabilitation helpfulness were spirituality, intimate relations, and family relations. Greater value-consistent rehabilitation was associated with higher levels of psychological flexibility and quality of life beyond demographics and injury characteristics. Our findings provide further support in favour of holistic, client-centred approaches that are facilitated by neurological rehabilitation programs.

Resilience in the face of pandemic: exploring the influence of psychological flexibility on turnover intentions and burnout among critical care nurses in COVID-19 hospitals

AimAssess the levels of psychological flexibility, burnout, and turnover intention among critical care nurses and assess the impact of psychological flexibility on burnout, and turnover intention among critical care nurses.BackgroundBurnout and turnover intentions among critical care nurses are rapidly increasing because of the challenges of COVID-19. There is a need for evidence-based interventions like psychological flexibility to be addressed in research to overcome those challenges.MethodsA descriptive correlational research. A convenient sample of 200 critical care nurses working in COVID-19 hospitals from two governorates in Egypt. The sociodemographic and clinical data sheet, the work-related acceptance and action questionnaire, the Copenhagen burnout inventory, and the adopted version of the staff nurses’ intention to leave the nursing profession questionnaire were used.ResultsThe majority of critical care nurses reported a moderate level of psychological flexibility (75.5%, Mean = 31.23), a moderate level of burnout (65.5%, Mean = 59.61), and low to moderate levels of intention to leave (73%, Mean = 5.95). Psychological flexibility has a statistically significant negative correlation with burnout (PC = -0.304, Sig = 0.000) and the intention to leave (PC = -0.258, Sig = 0.000). In addition, psychological flexibility has a predictable effect on decreasing burnout (R2 = 0.232) and intention to leave (R2 = 0.127) among critical care nurses.Conclusioncritical care nurses in COVID-19 hospitals reported varied levels of burnout and an intention to leave that must be considered. The effect of psychological flexibility on burnout and intention to turnover highlighted the importance of improving it among critical care nurses by applying acceptance and commitment therapy as a management intervention.

ENHANCING PSYCHOLOGICAL FLEXIBILITY AND MENTAL HEALTH OF CHINESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS THROUGH CURRICULUM-BASED INTERVENTIONS

This study aims to explore integrating new teaching methods and interventions from acceptance-commitment therapy designed to improve the psychological flexibility of Chinese university students through a required university student mental health education course. Psychological flexibility is a protective factor for mental health. The low level of psychological flexibility is one of the reasons for the high incidence of depression, anxiety and other psychological problems at university. This longitudinal study used a pre and post-test design to test some freshmen in a particular grade at Huangshan University using the AAQ-II, CFQ-F and SCL-90. Then, a new teaching method was implemented in the courses. Systematic sampling was conducted at the end, with a sample of 287 subjects selected (M = 19 years, SD = 0.73 years; 46.6% male,53.3% female) and was followed up to analyse the psychological test data before the course teaching and after one year. The results showed that after controlling for gender, there was a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test, with a substantial increase in the level of psychological flexibility (P&lt;0.001), and essential psychological symptoms were significantly reduced (p&lt;0.001). It is concluded that the new curriculum and teaching methods can dramatically improve psychological flexibility and mental health. Based on the core concept of improving psychological flexibility, reforms should be carried out in the required curriculum of Chinese university students' mental health education, incorporating new teaching methods and interventions to help students solve their psychological distress, alleviate psychological symptoms, and promote mental health.

Individual factors as predictors of secondary traumatic stress and burnout in forensic inpatient staff.

Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is the indirect traumatisation of a person through the stress of helping or knowing about other's trauma. Burnout is gradual exhaustion in response to long-term work-related stress. Both have negative psychological, physiological and/or organisational consequences; however, the existing research in forensic health care professionals (FHCPs) is limited. One study explored STS in FCHPs and found that lower psychological flexibility (ability to adapt) was a predictor of greater STS. Existing research on burnout in FHCPs suggests that individual differences, such as the ways in which we cope (talking to people vs. using substances), may predict burnout levels. Prevalence findings add to the recent evidence base, which also found moderate levels of burnout. However, this study is the first to find high levels of secondary traumatic stress in FHCPs. Similar to existing literature, the study's findings suggest that FHCP's with lower levels of psychological flexibility and more maladaptive coping strategies may experience greater STS and burnout symptoms, while staff who use more adaptive coping strategies may experience less burn-out. Unexpectedly, staff who reported a more anxious attachment style were burnt-out; however, there are limitations to this finding. Policies and practices in forensic settings should reflect the risk of STS and burnout. Practices or interventions should enhance adaptive coping strategies and psychological flexibility, such as Resilience Enhancement Programmes or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). INTRODUCTION: Secondary traumatic stress (STS) and burnout literature in inpatient forensic health care professionals (FHCPs) is limited, despite the psychological, physiological and organisational consequences. This study aimed to further this limited evidence base, investigating predictors of STS and burnout in FHCPs. 98 healthcare professionals working in two UK forensic inpatient settings completed measures assessing: burnout, STS, psychological flexibility, coping style, attachment style and a demographic questionnaire recording length of service and the sex of staff. Results indicated high STS and moderate burnout levels. The main predictors of STS and burnout were poorer psychological flexibility and greater maladaptive coping styles, whereas lower burnout was predicted by greater adaptive coping styles and an anxious attachment style. This study has contributed towards a limited evidence base and indicates poorer psychological flexibility and greater maladaptive coping may be risk factors for STS and burnout in FHCPs, whereas greater maladaptive coping may be a protective factor. The findings suggest that interventions such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and coping skills interventions, may offer protective benefits to inpatient forensic healthcare professionals.

Psychological Flexibility Profiles and Mental Health Among University Students with Left-Behind Experience: A Latent Profile Analysis.

The left-behind experience as an adverse childhood experience has a negative impact on the mental health of university students. Psychological inflexibility mediated the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and mental disorders, but no similar findings were drawn in psychological flexibility (PF). More research is needed to understand the relationship between PF and mental health of university students with left-behind experience. To investigate the relationship between PF profiles and mental health and sleep quality of university students with left-behind experience based on latent profile analysis. A sample of 1988 Chinese university students with left-behind experience were recruited to complete an online survey. Participants provided demographic information and completed validated measures of PF and mental health. Latent profile analysis was used to identify patterns of PF, and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationships among these variables. We found four PF profiles among participants, with the largest number being the moderately flexible profile (n = 808, 40.6%). The level of PF was positively correlated with mental health and sleep quality (all P < 0.001). Females, being left behind at a young age and for a long time, and having little contact with parents were associated with low PF (all P < 0.05). Our study highlights the importance of focusing on the PF of university students with left-behind experience and left-behind children, and the need for interventions to improve their PF and thus their mental health.

Adherence to Masculinity Norms and Depression Symptoms Among Israeli Men: The Moderating Role of Psychological Flexibility.

Being a man has been recognized as a salient risk factor for suicide. Adopting uncompromised masculine perceptions (i.e., conforming to the masculine gender role norms) may restrict emotional expressiveness in men, which, in turn, may contribute to depression and somatization symptoms. We examined the moderating role of psychological flexibility and alexithymia in the relationship of masculinity with depression and somatization symptoms. A sample of 119 men completed measures of masculinity, alexithymia (difficulty identifying and delivering subjective feelings), psychological flexibility, depression, and somatization symptoms in a cross-sectional design study. Psychological flexibility levels moderated the relationship between masculinity and depression symptoms: Masculinity contributed as positively associated with depression symptoms when psychological flexibility was low, but no such association was found at moderate or high levels of psychological flexibility. As a cognitive factor promoting adaptive emotional regulation, psychological flexibility might reduce depression symptoms among inflexible masculine men. Clinical implications relate to diagnosing at-risk subgroups and their treatment.

Psychological Flexibility Training for Community Corrections Staff: A Pilot Project Examining Impact on Burnout

ABSTRACT Corrections staff experience high levels of stress due to large caseloads and difficulty managing the challenges of being both a rule enforcer and agent of behavior change. These factors can contribute to myriad professional and personal challenges including burnout. Very few existing interventions have been examined to improve burnout in community corrections staff. The current study examined the impact of a brief psychological flexibility training (PFT) program for burnout among community-based corrections staff. This novel program was based on principles of acceptance and mindfulness and delivered via 3 virtual sessions over 8 weeks. This pilot test of PFT was conducted with a sample of corrections staff (N = 99) by collecting pre-intervention and follow-up data on self-reported psychological flexibility and burnout. Results indicated that burnout decreased from pre-treatment to follow-up, and psychological flexibility increased. Levels of psychological flexibility at follow-up predicted decreased burnout. This small exploratory pilot indicates that PFT has potential for improving psychological flexibility and burnout in corrections staff.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Diabetes Acceptance and Action Scale (DAAS-K)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Diabetes Acceptance and Action Scale-Revised (DAAS-R) for Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The survey was conducted from September 1, 2021, to September 30, 2021, through a survey institution for patients diagnosed with diabetes who understood the purpose of the study and voluntarily agreed to participate. A total of 231 individuals with type 2 diabetes participated in this study. After performing forward and backward translations of the original version of the Diabetes Acceptance and Action Scale-Revised (DAAS-R) into Korean, its constructive validity (confirmatory factor analysis), concurrent validity and reliability were assessed. Concurrent validity was confirmed through the correlation between acceptance and action, quality of life, diabetes self-stigma, and experiential avoidance. Results: Construct validity, measured using confirmatory factor analysis, showed a good fit. The DAAS-K was positively correlated with acceptance and action, quality of life, and negatively correlated with diabetes self-stigma and experiential avoidance. As for internal reliability, the Cronbach’s α of the DAAS-K was .95. Conclusion: The DAAS-K can be applied to assess diabetes acceptance and action in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes and to compare the levels of psychological flexibility of patients with diabetes internationally.

Psychological flexibility in somatic symptom and related disorders: A case control study

A key diagnostic criterion of Somatic Symptom and related Disorders (SSD) comprises significant distress and excessive time-and-energy consuming thoughts, feelings, and behavior pertaining to somatic symptoms. This diagnostic criterion is lacking in central sensitivity syndromes (CSS), such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome. This strong emphasis on disturbed psychological processing of somatic symptoms, suggests that psychological flexibility is low in SDD. Psychological flexibility is defined as the ability to approach difficult or challenging internal states (thoughts, emotions, and bodily sensations) in a non-judgmental, mindful way, and being committed to pursue one's values. To clarify the potential significance of psychological flexibility in SSD, we examined its levels in 154 people referred to specialized treatment for SDD, as compared to reference groups from the general population encompassing 597 people with CSS and 1422 people without SSD or CSS (controls). Mean levels of psychological flexibility (adjusted for demographic covariates) were lowest for SSD and highest for controls (F = 154.5, p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.13). Percentages of people with low psychological flexibility (<0.8 SD below the mean of controls) were: SSD 74%, CSS 42%, controls 21%. In SSD, higher psychological flexibility was associated with better mental health (β = 0.56, p < 0.001), but interaction analysis rejected that psychological flexibility preserved health when having more severe somatic symptoms (β ≤ 0.08, p ≥ 0.10). The results indicate that lower psychological flexibility is a prevalent problem in SSD that is associated with lower mental health. This suggests that it is worthwhile to take account of psychological flexibility in SSD in screening, monitoring, and therapy.

Neuro-linguistic Programming and Its Relationship with Psychological Flexibility Among Secondary School Students in Najran Region

There is an increasing interest in Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) and its impact on teaching and learning. Exploring its use as a supportive method to enhance students' capabilities is crucial. Through the literature review concerning NLP, its role in PF, and student learning, it is evident that it has not been examined. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) and Psychological Flexibility (PF) levels among high school students in Najran region. The study sample consisted of 634 male and female students, selected using convenience sampling. The NLP scale by Abu-Ruman [1] and the PF scale by Singh and Nan yu [2] were utilized after ensuring their validity and reliability. The study results revealed a low level of NLP and a high level of PF among high school students in Najran Region. In addition, the results indicated a significant correlation between NLP (as a whole and its dimensions) and PF. Studying NLP and its connection to PF in secondary school students can contribute to improving educational programs and psychological interventions aimed at supporting students in developing language skills and psychological adaptation. This connection can help students enhance their communication and adaptability to psychological and social challenges. In addition, this relationship can lead to the development of more effective educational and psychological support strategies for students in this crucial stage of their lives.

Investigating an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Exposure Therapy Intervention in Treatment-Refractory OCD and Related Disorders: Changes in Psychological Flexibility, Treatment Engagement, and Treatment Perceptions.

While exposure therapy is the most effective psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, and traumatic stress-related disorders, it is not universally effective, indicating a need for further treatment optimization. This study investigated a shift in approach to exposure therapy with 29 treatment-refractory adults in an OCD clinic not responding to standard treatment, comprising habituation-based exposure therapy. Participants completed standard exposure as a continuation of standard clinic treatment, followed by an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) consultation session to assess psychological inflexibility processes interfering with treatment progress, and then an ACT-based exposure targeting behavior change through increasing psychological flexibility. After each exposure, participants and independent raters reported levels of psychological flexibility, rituals, distress, treatment engagement, and treatment perceptions. We observed that the shift to ACT-based exposure was associated with greater psychological flexibility, treatment engagement, treatment acceptability, and treatment preference. These findings suggest that there may be situations where ACT-based exposure has particular utility.

Predicting Marital Adjustment by Psychological Flexibility and Frustration Discomfort

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the predictive roles of psychological flexibility and frustration discomfort on marital adjustment among married women. Specifically, it sought to assess how these psychological constructs influence marital satisfaction and cohesion. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional design was employed, sampling 350 married women from various counseling centers in Tehran in 2023. Participants completed standardized questionnaires measuring marital adjustment (Dyadic Adjustment Scale), psychological flexibility (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire – II), and frustration discomfort (Frustration Discomfort Scale). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27 to explore the predictive value of psychological flexibility and frustration discomfort on marital adjustment, adjusting for potential confounders such as age and gender. Findings: The results revealed that both psychological flexibility (β = 0.25, p &lt; 0.01) and frustration discomfort (β = 0.29, p &lt; 0.01) significantly predicted marital adjustment, accounting for 42% of the variance in marital adjustment scores. These findings indicate that higher levels of psychological flexibility and lower levels of frustration discomfort are associated with better marital satisfaction and cohesion. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of psychological flexibility and frustration discomfort in influencing marital adjustment. It suggests that interventions aimed at enhancing psychological flexibility and reducing frustration discomfort may contribute to improving marital satisfaction and stability. These findings highlight the need for a holistic approach in marital counseling and therapy that considers these psychological constructs.

Self-Differentiation, Psychological Flexibility, and Difficulties in Practice in Social Workers and Social Work Students.

Practicing social work involves unique difficulties, which may vary with seniority. This study aimed to identify these difficulties among social workers and social work students and to examine the associations between psychological flexibility (PF), self-differentiation (SF), and difficulties in practice in both groups. Ninety-one social work students and seventy-five social workers completed the following questionnaires: Difficulties in Practice, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and Differentiation of Self Inventory. Results showed higher difficulties among social work students regarding their professional competence. Social workers demonstrated higher levels of PF, while no significant difference was found in SF. SF and PF were positively correlated, and both were negatively correlated with difficulties in practice in both groups. Among social work students, a moderating effect of PF was found for the association between SF and difficulties in practice. The current study emphasizes the importance of developing SF and cultivating PF during social work education to enhance professional competence and reduce difficulties in practice.

The relationship between the work-related strain, psychological flexibility and psychological resilience levels of nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic process

Purpose:This research was conducted to define relationship between the work-related strain, psychological flexibility, psychological resilience levels of nurses in COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Material and Methods: This cross-sectional, correlational research was carried out with 359 nurses. The data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Work-Related Strain Inventory, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II and Brief Resilience Scale. &#x0D; Results: The mean work-related strain score of the participants was 41.45±6.51 (min:18, max: 72), while their mean psychological resilience score was 18.57±4.72. &#x0D; Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was determined that, as psychological resilience levels of nurses increased, their psychological flexibility levels also increased.

Dysfunctional parenting and emotional problems and substance misuse: Enhancing psychological flexibility in college students

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between dysfunctional parenting (i.e., dysfunctional parent modes) and emotional problems and substance misuse among Turkish college students. Participants were 466 undergraduate students (69% female) aged between 18 and 45 years (M = 21.46, SD = 3.31) from a public university in Turkey. The majority of participants in the study reported never or infrequent use of tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drugs, with daily or almost daily use reported by less than a quarter of the sample for each substance. Results showed that higher levels of dysfunctional parent modes were associated with increased emotional problems and substance misuse. Moreover, psychological flexibility mediated the relationship between dysfunctional parent modes and emotional problems, as well as both mediated and moderated the relationship between dysfunctional parent modes and substance misuse. Results from the study also showed that people in the at-risk group for substance misuse reported higher levels of dysfunctional parent modes and emotional problems, as well as lower levels of psychological flexibility than the typical group. These results suggest that psychological flexibility may play a significant role in the link between dysfunctional parent modes and emotional problems and substance misuse among Turkish college students. Future research should investigate whether interventions targeting psychological flexibility could be effective in reducing emotional problems and substance misuse among students with dysfunctional parent modes.

Exhausting and difficult or easy: the association between psychological flexibility and study related burnout and experiences of studying during the pandemic

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic caused a decline in students’ well-being, but on the other hand, students’ experiences of online learning and studying vary widely. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between psychological flexibility and study-related burnout and to explore whether students with different levels of psychological flexibility have experienced burnout and online studying during COVID-19 differently.MethodsThe data was collected from first-year life-science students (N = 296) in spring 2021. The relationship between psychological flexibility and study-related burnout was explored with Pearson’s correlation and linear regression. Students’ open-ended responses about their experiences of online learning were analyzed with inductive content analysis and the categories were quantified. Three different groups (high, middle, and low) were made based on respondents’ psychological flexibility, and the differences in their study-related burnout were analysed with ANOVA and Tukey’s test, and differences in online learning experiences were analysed with a Chi-square test.ResultsThe results showed that there was a negative relationship between psychological flexibility and study-related burnout. In addition, experiences of study-related burnout and online studying differed statistically significantly between the different groups.DiscussionThe results show that psychological flexibility is an important factor in enhancing students’ well-being and learning during the pandemic.

The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between ACEs and coercive family processes for Justice-Involved individuals

High rates of adversity in the lives of justice-involved individuals often co-occur with social and family dysfunction. Psychological flexibility is a construct that describes an individual’s ability to respond adaptively to emotions, thoughts, and environmental demands. This study aimed to explore the role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and coercive family processes in a sample of justice-involved individuals. The sample comprised 715 men and women who are currently on probation or parole. Participants completed questionnaires assessing adverse childhood experiences, psychological flexibility, coercive couple interactions, and coercive parent-child interactions. Direct and indirect effects were found, with ACEs affecting couple coercive processes directly, and indirectly, through psychological flexibility. In the subset of participants with children, lower levels of psychological flexibility were also related to more coercive parent-child interactions. The results provide further support for correctional programs that target psychological flexibility among justice-involved individuals.