Priority Levels Research Articles

A search method for a hypersonic gliding vehicle based on early warning information guidance

The high speed and high manoeuvrability of a hypersonic gliding vehicle (HGV) pose a severe challenge to the existing early warning detection system. Optimising the search resources of a phased array radar to improve the HGV detecting efficiency has become a practical problem. In this study, a HGV search method based on a hybrid optimisation algorithm is proposed with the early warning information guidance as a priori condition. Firstly, the HGV priority judgement model is established, and the priority quantification equations for height, velocity and distance are designed. Secondly, the search parameters of the radar are optimised with the maximum cumulative detection probability, the shortest average discovery time and the highest priority level as the objective functions, and a radar search model is established. Finally, to overcome the problem that particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is easy to fall into local optimal solution, a hybrid optimisation algorithm based on differential evolution (DE) and PSO is proposed. The performance of the proposed method is verified in two simulation scenarios, and the results show that the proposed method outperforms existing mainstream search methods and can reasonably allocate search resources according to the priority of HGV.

Research on the Satisfaction Degree Characteristics of Residential Public Resources under Lockdowns for Pandemic Prevention and Control: A Case Study in the Changchun

In order to improve the ability of residential disaster prevention, control, and governance, it is important to objectively measure how nearby residents’ needs match the public resources of the residential area, and to understand the factors affecting the satisfaction of residents’ needs at the time of lockdowns. Taking Changchun City as an example, this paper used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)-logit and Importance–Satisfaction (I–S) evaluation methods to discuss the impact mechanism and improvement strategies of residential public resource elements on the satisfaction of residents’ needs during the lockdown period. The results showed the influencing factors and the degree of importance of the satisfaction of residents’ needs under different types of settlements have obvious differentiation characteristics. The level of resource management can better affect the overall evaluation of residents in newly built settlements, and the quality of the conditions of the space environment is more important for the old residential communities. The satisfaction of residents in settlements has a more significant impact. Finally, the study explained the renovation proposals and their priority levels that meet the needs of residents to provide beneficial support for the resilience of urban settlements.

Fluid limits for shortest job first with aging

We investigate fluid scaling of single-server queues operating under a version of shortest job first (SJF) where the priority level undergoes aging. That is, a job’s priority level is initialized by its size and varies smoothly in time according to an ordinary differential equation. Linear and exponential aging rules are special cases of this model. This policy can be regarded as an interpolation between FIFO and SJF. We use the measure-valued Skorokhod map to characterize the fluid model and establish convergence under fluid scale. We treat in detail examples of linear and exponential aging rules and provide a performance criterion based on our main result.

Cardiac Transplantation Italian Allocation System Analysis: Single Center Results

<h3>Purpose</h3> Analyze the characteristic of donors and recipients in our center and the results of heart transplantations for the two different levels of priority according to Italian previous allocation system, urgent patients and elective ones. <h3>Methods</h3> From 2006 to August 2020, 306 heart transplantations were performed at our institution. Of them 54 (17.6%) in urgency. Reasons for urgency were: 24 patients on ECMO support, 8 on IABP and 13 on intravenous inotropes, 4 arrhythmic storms and 5 complicated LVAD. <h3>Results</h3> In the urgent population, recipients were predominantly male (68.5 % vs 77.4 % in the elective p=0.17) and significantly younger (46.4 vs 52.2 years, p=0.001). More patients were on ECMO support (42.6% vs 1.7% p=0.000), IABP (42.6 vs 6.7% p=0.000) and mechanically ventilated (46.2% vs 6% p=0.000) pre transplant. The donors of urgent patients were younger than donors of the elective ones (38.9 vs 42.4 years (p=0.06). Donor's gender (68% males) and cause of brain death (brain trauma 44,4%, and cerebral hemorrhage 35,2%) were comparable in the two groups. Mean ischemic time was longer in urgent cases (211 vs 191 minutes, p=0.01) as donations came from across the whole country. Severe Early Graft Failure (EGF) requiring ECMO occurred in 9.4% of patients in the urgent population vs 3.6% in the elective with no significant difference (p=0.076), as well as in hospital mortality that was 11.5% in urgent vs 8.3% (p=0.429). Recipients' risk factors for in-hospital mortality were age [OR 1.05 (1.01;1.09), p=0.028] and Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) < 40 ml/min [2.68 (1.04;6.92), p=0.047]. No donors' variable resulted to be a risk factor for in-hospital mortality. Episodes and grade of rejection did not diverge between groups, and so did follow up mortality (16.7% in urgent vs 22.4% in electives p=0.444) Mean follow up time for urgent population was shorter (53.6 vs 75.6 months (p=0.007). Overall 5 and 10 years' mortality was 79.7% and 62% vs 88.1% and 72.8% for urgent and elective patients respectively (p=0.721). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This retrospective analysis of our transplantation activity with the different priority regimen shows little differences in terms of mortality and complications. Despite the worse clinical characteristics of the urgent recipients and the longer ischemic time, results do not significantly differ from the elective population, underlying the importance of donation quality.

Toward Autonomous and Distributed Intersection Management with Emergency Vehicles

Numerous approaches have attempted to develop systems that more appropriately manage street crossings in cities in recent years. Solutions range from intelligent traffic lights to complex, centralized protocols that evaluate the policies that vehicles must comply with at intersections. Such works attempt to provide traffic-control strategies at intersections where the complexity of a dynamic environment, with vehicles crossing in different directions and multiple conflict points, pose a significant challenge for city traffic optimization. Traditionally, a traffic-control system at an intersection gives the green light to one lane while keeping the other lanes on red. But there may be situations in which there are different levels of vehicle priority; for example, emergency vehicles may have priority at intersections. Thus, this work proposes a distributed junction-management protocol that pays special attention to emergency vehicles. The proposed algorithm implements rules based on the distributed intersection management (DIM) protocol; such rules are used by vehicles while negotiating their crossing through the intersection. The proposal also seeks to affect the traffic flow of non-priority vehicles minimally. An evaluation and comparison of the proposed algorithm are presented in the paper.

Performance Evaluation and Measurement of SMEs King of Honey Using the Green SCOR Metho

Assessment of the application of the concept of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in each business unit is something that is important to do considering that currently environmental issues are a very urgent matter. Therefore, this study will focus on assessing the GSCM process and measuring performance to determine the value of GSCM performance in King of Honey SMEs. The method used in this research is Green SCOR with 6 management processes, namely plan, source, make, delivery, return, and waste. From the research conducted, the priority level of GSCM indicators and the value of GSCM performance on King of Honey SMEs are generated. The results of this study showed that the total performance value of GSCM King of Honey in September was 86.03, October was 86.45 and November was 86.48.

Energy-Aware QoS MAC Protocol Based on Prioritized-Data and Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received considerable interest in recent years. These sensor nodes can gather information from the surrounding environment and transmit it to a designated location. Each sensor node in WSN typically has a battery with a limited capacity. Due to their large number and because of various environmental challenges, it is sometimes hard to replace this finite battery. As a result, energy-efficient communication is seen as a critical aspect in extending the lifespan of a sensor node. On the other hand, some applications that require large coverage and generate various sorts of data packets require multi-hop routing and quality of service (QoS) features. Therefore, in order to avoid network failure, these applications need an energy-efficient QoS MAC protocol that can support multiple levels of data packet priority and multi-hop routing features while focusing on energy conservation. An energy-aware QoS MAC protocol based on Prioritized Data and Multi-hop routing (EQPD-MAC) is proposed in this article. The EQPD-MAC protocol offers a simple yet effective cross-layer communication method. It provides timely delivery of multi-priority packets, uses an adaptive active time to limit idle listening, and integrates a robust routing protocol. Finally, the EQPD-MAC protocol’s performance was evaluated and compared to three other well-known QoS MAC protocols. The simulation findings show that the proposed protocol significantly decreases sensor node energy consumption by up to 30.3%, per-bit energy consumption by up to 29.6%, sink node energy consumption by up to 27.4% and increases throughput by up to 23.3%.

Energy efficiency based lifetime improvement for wireless body area network

The efficient selection of cluster head nodes for the transmission of the data to the sink node is the major requirement of the wireless body area network. The present work deals with the efficient selection of the cluster head node and uniform rotation of the cluster head based on the four important parameters, i.e. residual energy of the node, mean value of the Euclidean distance, priority level based on data sensitivity, and device physical capability. The proposed energy-efficient Bayesian clustering algorithm uses naïve Bayesian approach for the appropriate selection of the cluster head node. The selected cluster head node collects the data from the sensor nodes in each round. The collected data is first aggregated and then transmitted to the base station. In the steady-state phase, the proposed algorithm follows energy-analysed-TDMA based energy-efficient data transmission method which further reduces the energy consumption as compared to the standard LEACH protocol. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared to the existing protocol on the MATLAB simulator. The proposed scheme increases the overall lifetime of the network by approximately 1.5 times and also reduces the average energy consumption of the network.

Performance Modeling and Analysis of LTE/Wi-Fi Coexistence

In wireless communications, the fundamental challenge facing mobile operators nowadays is the scarcity of the spectrum and the license fees. Because of the increased traffic, critical performance analysis becomes important to overcome such issues. To tackle these issues and improve the network performance and capacity, a coexistence model of LTE and Wi-Fi with two virtual zones is suggested. The inner zone is the secondary zone, which represents Wi-Fi with an unlicensed spectrum to serve the best effort user data and the outer zone is the primary zone, which represents LTE with licensed spectrum to serve all data connections. The numerical solution of the model is presented using MOSEL-2 simulation and the mathematical solution is derived to validate the model. A threshold minimum bit rate established the user admission. Based on a priority level of the service, most of the traffic is served by the primary LTE zone, however, low priority traffic is moved from the primary LTE zone to the secondary Wi-Fi zone so that the traffic of the entire network is balanced. Although this coexistence sometimes harms LTE performance, the simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model in balancing the load over the network, and, consequently, the network performance is improved.

The accuracy of nurse-led triage of adult patients in the emergency centre of urban private hospitals.

Background: Triage is applied in emergency centres (ECs) to assign degrees of urgency to illnesses or injuries to decide in which order to treat patients, especially when there are many patients or casualties, facilitating the allocation of scarce medical resources. A triage nurse determines triage priority by assessing patients using an established triage tool with specific criteria. The South African Triage Scale is widely used in South African ECs. Although the South African Triage Scale has been adopted and implemented in both private and public healthcare ECs in South Africa, few studies have assessed the accuracy of nurse-led triage in private ECs.Aim: To determine the accuracy of nurse-led triage in ECs in urban, private hospitals.Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, retrospective study was done. Three private hospitals with similar average patient volumes were purposively selected. We sampled the nursing notes as follows: 1) we stratified nursing notes by nurse qualification and then 2) for each category of nurse we stratified nursing notes according to triage priority level and 3) then systematically randomly selected the recommended number of notes from each triage priority level for each nurse category. We retrospectively audited 389 EC nursing notes to determine the accuracy of nurse-led triage. For each note, we independently applied the South African Triage Scale, and then determined agreement between our score and the score determined by the triage nurse.Results: We recorded 342 triage errors, consisting of triage early warning scores (TEWS) errors (n = 168), discriminator errors (n = 97) and additional investigation errors (n = 77). Overall agreement between the triage nurses and our scores was 71.7% (n = 279). Triage errors (n = 110) consisted of 3.9% (n = 15) over-triage errors and 24.4% (n = 95) under-triage errors. The highest level of agreement was between our scores and the scores of the emergency trained registered nurses (85%) and enrolled nursing assistants (78%).Conclusion: In South African ECs, the South African Triage Scale is not always correctly applied, which can lead to almost a quarter (24.4%) of cases being under-triaged and not receiving timeous care. Our results suggest that emergency trained registered nurses are well equipped to be triage nurses, and that this skill should be developed in South African nursing curricula.

Wayback Machine: A tool to capture the evolutionary behavior of the bug reports and their triage process in open-source software systems

The issue tracking system (ITS) is a rich data source for data-driven decision-making. Different characteristics of bugs, such as severity, priority, and time to fix, provide a clear picture of an ITS. Nevertheless, such information may be misleading. For example, the exact time and the effort spent on a bug might be significantly different from the actual reporting time and the fixing time. Similarly, these values may be subjective, e.g., severity and priority values are assigned based on the intuition of a user or a developer rather than a structured and well-defined procedure. Hence, we explore the evolution of the bug dependency graph together with priority and severity levels to explore the actual triage process. Inspired by the idea of the “Wayback Machine” for the World Wide Web, we aim to reconstruct the historical decisions made in the ITS. Therefore, any bug prioritization or bug triage algorithms/scenarios can be applied in the same environment using our proposed ITS Wayback Machine. More importantly, we track the evolutionary metrics in the ITS when a custom triage/prioritization strategy is employed. We test the efficiency of the proposed algorithm using data extracted from three open-source projects. Our empirical study sheds light on the overlooked evolutionary metrics – e.g., overdue bugs and developers’ loads – which are facilitated via our proposed past-event re-generator.

Implementation evaluation of a stepped approach to home care assessment using interRAI systems in Ontario, Canada.

In Ontario, new home care clients are screened with the interRAI Contact Assessment and only those expected to require longer-term services receive the comprehensive RAI-Home Care assessment. Although Ontario adopted this two-step approach in 2010, it is unknown whether the assessment guidelines were implemented as intended. To evaluate implementation fidelity, the purpose of this study is to compare expected to actual client profiles and care co-ordinator practice patterns. We linked interRAI CA and RAI-HC assessments and home care referrals and services data for a retrospective cohort of adult home care clients admitted in FY 2016/17. All assessments were done by trained health professionals as part of routine practice. Descriptive analyses were used to evaluate congruency between recommended and actual practice. Adjusted cause-specific hazards and logistic approaches were used to examine time to RAI-HC assessment and being a high-priority client. Of 225,989 unique home care clients admitted to the publicly funded home care program, about three-quarters of clients were assessed with the interRAI CA only (27.9% completed the Preliminary Screener only and 46.6% completed both the Preliminary Screener and Clinical Evaluation). There was substantial agreement between the skip logic and completion of the Clinical Evaluation section (Cohen's kappa=0.67 [95% CI: 0.66-0.67]). One-quarter of clients were assessed with both the interRAI CA and RAI-HC. As expected, RAI-HC assessed clients were older, reported more health needs, and often received home care services for >6months. Clients in higher Assessment Urgency Algorithm (AUA) levels were significantly more likely to receive a RAI-HC assessment and be assigned to a higher home care priority level; however, 28.3% of clients in the highest AUA level did not receive a RAI-HC assessment. We conclude that the use of the interRAI CA and RAI-HC balances the investment of time and resources with the information and tools to deliver high-quality, holistic, and client-centred care. The interRAI CA guides the care co-ordinator to screen every client for a broad range of possible needs and tailor further assessment to each client's unique needs. We recommend integrating the AUA into provincial assessment guidelines as well as developing a new quality indicator focused on measuring access to the home care system.

Developing a National Trauma Research Action Plan: Results from the Pediatric Research Gap Delphi Survey.

In 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine trauma report recommended a National Trauma Research Action Plan to "strengthen trauma research and ensure that the resources available for this research are commensurate with the importance of injury and the potential for improvement in patient outcomes." With a contract from the Department of Defense, the Coalition for National Trauma Research created 11 expert panels to address this recommendation, with the goal of developing a comprehensive research agenda, spanning the continuum of trauma and burn care. This report outlines the work of the group focused on pediatric trauma. Experts in pediatric trauma clinical care and research were recruited to identify gaps in current clinical pediatric trauma research, generate research questions, and establish the priority of these questions using a consensus-driven Delphi survey approach. Using successive surveys, participants were asked to rank the priority of each research question on a 9-point Likert scale categorized to represent priority. Consensus was defined as >60% agreement within the priority category. Priority questions were coded based on a dictionary of 118 National Trauma Research Action Plan taxonomy concepts in 9 categories to support comparative analysis across all panels. Thirty-seven subject matter experts generated 625 questions. A total of 493 questions (79%) reached consensus on priority level. Of those reaching consensus, 159 (32%) were high, 325 (66%) were medium, and 9 (2%) were low priority. The highest priority research questions related to surgical interventions for traumatic brain injury (intracranial pressure monitoring and craniotomy); the second highest priority was hemorrhagic shock. The prehospital setting was the highest priority phase of care. This diverse panel of experts determined that most significant pediatric trauma research gaps were in traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic shock, and the prehospital phase of care. These research domains should be top priorities for funding agencies. Therapeutic / Care Management; Level IV.

Neuro-Ophthalmology Practice During Covid-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Ophthalmology practice including neuro-ophthalmology (NO) adopted the American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendation to provide only urgent or emergent care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: This report aimed to present demographical and patient visit data regarding the characteristic of outpatient in neuro-ophthalmology clinic and to evaluate the patients regulation and priority mitigation according to IOA guideline during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Retrospective study using medical record data of neuro-ophthalmology outpatients at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from April-June in 2019 and 2020. Result: There were 207 visits from 160 patients during the pandemic, which was 33.9% of the total visits before pandemic. Most patients were reffered from internal referral (54.5%). However, new patients from external referral mostly came with onset of more than 2 weeks (40.6%). Most common diagnosis during pandemic were NAION (12.6%), toxic optic neuropathy (8.7%), and paretic eye movement disorder (7.7%). The diagnosis were classified further into neuro-ophthalmology clinic guideline and IOA guideline based on diagnosis and tele-ophthalmology. The most common category were non-priority patients (55.6%), 3B priority level (26.5%), and first priority level (59,9%), respectively. Conclusion: A major difference characteristic of neuro-ophthalmology outpatients during pandemic was the number of patients visit. New patients mostly came from internal and local (Jabodetabek) referral which can be caused by mobility limitation, new hospital regulation and patients insecurity due to COVID-19. Priority mitigation in this study found non-priority patients were the majority who visited the clinic during COVID-19 pandemic, which may need further evaluation on referral and triage systems.

Prioritization of ICU beds with renal replacement therapy support by court order and mortality in a Brazilian metropolitan area

The shortage of intensive care unit (ICU) resources, including equipment and supplies for renal replacement therapy (RRT), is a critical problem in several countries. This study aimed to assess hospital mortality and associated factors in patients treated in public hospitals of the Federal District, Brazil, who requested admission to ICU with renal replacement therapy support (ICU-RRT) in court. Retrospective cohort study that included 883 adult patients treated in public hospitals of the Federal District who requested ICU-RRT admission in court from January 2017 to December 2018. ICU-RRT was denied to 407 patients, which increased mortality (OR 3.33, 95% CI 2.39–4.56, p ≪ 0.01), especially in patients with priority level I/II (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.04, p ≪ 0.01). Of the requests made in court, 450 were filed by patients with priority levels III/IV, and 44.7% of these were admitted to ICU-RRT. In admitted patients, priority level III priority level I/II was associated with a low mortality (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.32–0.69, p < 0.01), and not. The admission of patients classified as priority levels III/IV to ICU-RRT considerably jeopardized the admission of patients with priority levels I/II to these settings. The results found open new avenues for organizing public policies and improving ICU-RRT triage.

A Dynamic and Scalable User-Centric Route Planning Algorithm Based on Polychromatic Sets Theory

Existing navigation services provide route options based on a single metric without considering user&#x2019;s preference. This results in the planned route not meeting the actual needs of users. In this paper, a personalized route planning algorithm is proposed, which can provide users with a route that meets their requirements. Based on the multiple properties of the road, the Polychromatic Sets (PS) theory is introduced into route planning. Firstly, a road properties description scheme based on the PS theory was proposed. By using this scheme, users&#x2019; travel preferences can be quantified, and then personalized property combination schemes can be constructed according to these properties. Secondly, the idea of setting priority for road segments was utilized. Based on a user&#x2019;s travel preference, all the property combination schemes can be prioritized at relevant levels. Finally, based on the priority level, an efficient path planning scheme was proposed, in which priority is given to the highest road segments in the target direction. In addition, the system can constantly obtain real-time road information through mobile terminals, update road properties, and provide other users with more accurate road information and navigation services, so as to avoid crowded road segments without excessively increasing time consumption. Experiment results show that our algorithm can realize personalized route planning services without significantly increasing the travel time and distance. In addition, source code of the algorithm has been uploaded on GitHub for this algorithm to be used by other researchers.

Teacher Quality Improvement by Reinforcing Organization Support, Training Effectiveness, and Collaboration in B-Accredited Private Elementary Schools in Bogor Regency

Teacher quality refers to the level of teachers’ capability in providing education for their students by taking into account the capability of each student. However, according to a pre-survey, teacher quality in B-accredited private elementary schools in Bogor regency was still considered low. This concern intrigued the researcher to formulate several new methods and strategies which could be implemented in order to improve teacher quality by identifying and developing certain affecting variables which included organization support, training effectiveness, and collaboration. This study involved 710 teachers from 73 B-accredited private elementary schools in Bogor Regency as the population. Proportional random sampling method was administered for this study while the samples were taken by using Slovin formula with the sampling error rate of 5%. The final samples were 256 teachers from 38 schools. The method of this study was quantitative method with SITOREM analysis. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relation between organization support and teacher quality with correlation coefficient (RY1) of 0.759 (strong), there is a positive and significant relation between training effectiveness and teacher quality with correlation coefficient(RY1) of 0.726 (strong), and there was a positive and significant relation between collaboration and teacher quality with correlation coefficient(RY1) of 0.591 (medium). These result simplied that teacher productivity and quality can be improved by reinforcing the variables of organization support, training effectiveness, and collaboration. Based on SITOREM analysis from these research variables, there are sixteen indicators that need to be adjusted in order to improve teacher quality. On the level of priority, they are; 1) commitment to improve employees’ welfare, 2) work rewards, 3) contribution, 4)environmental circumstances, 5)cost effectiveness, 6) behaviours, 7) feedbacks, 8) organization results, 9)shared perceptions, 10)priority on common interest, 11)benefits,12)interactions,13) integrity, 14) creativity, 15) inspirations, and 16) professionalism. Meanwhile, some indicators that should be well-maintained include improvement on employee’s motivation, learning, honesty, and positive attitudes.

Factors Determining Suitable Landfill Sites for Energy Generation from Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of Jabodetabek Area, Indonesia.

Most municipal solid waste (MSW) is found to be dominated by organic debris, which has excellent potential as an energy source. However, the main problems of this material are poor planning, urban expansion, and lack of management skills. All these problems are presently being encountered by the regional governments of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi city (known locally as Jabodetabek), Indonesia. In the MSW management system, a vital planning protocol is reportedly assessing suitable landfill sites for energy generation, although this selection process is still a complex task that should consider various factors, such as environmental, social and safety, and economic variables. Therefore, this study aims to examine various factors in determining a suitable location for landfills. It also aims to identify the various factors required for MSW energy generation. Based on this study, a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach was applied to weigh the factors determining the appropriate location. This approach is popular in decision-making due to evaluating the complexity of multidimensionality factors. The results showed that 3 factors and 14 subfactors were formulated and structured in the MCDA hierarchy, with their information obtained to create pairwise comparisons by 10 involved experts. In this study, the MCDA output was the weight value associated with a systematic priority level, indicating that the environment was the highest factor in determining a suitable landfill site for energy generation. In addition, the weight factors were used for overlay analysis, in determining the suitable site for future energy generation studies.

Tracking traffic congestion and accidents using social media data: A case study of Shanghai

Traffic congestion and accidents take a toll on commuters' daily experiences and society. Locating the venues prone to congestion and accidents and capturing their perception by public members is invaluable for transport policy-makers. However, few previous methods consider user perception toward the accidents and congestion in finding and profiling the accident- and congestion-prone areas, leaving decision-makers unaware of the subsequent behavior responses and priorities of retrofitting measures. This study develops a framework to identify and characterize the accident- and congestion-prone areas heatedly discussed on social media. First, we use natural language processing and deep learning to detect the accident- and congestion-relevant Chinese microblogs posted on Sina Weibo, a Chinese social media platform. Then a modified Kernel Density Estimation method considering the sentiment of microblogs is employed to find the accident- and congestion-prone regions. The results show that the 'congestion-prone areas' discussed on social media are mainly distributed throughout the historical urban core and the Northwest of Pudong New Area, in reasonably good agreements with actual congestion records. In contrast, the 'accident-prone areas' are primarily found in locations with severe accidents. Finally, the above venues are characterized in spatio-temporal and semantic aspects to understand the nature of the incidents and assess the priority level for mitigation measures. The outcomes can provide a reference for traffic authorities to inform resource allocation and prioritize mitigation measures in future traffic management.

A roadmap for developing educational actions using food safety culture assessment – A case of an institutional food service

Food safety (FS) culture has been recognised as a phenomenon that can shape food safety behaviour. Specific educational actions can improve food safety behaviour. This study aimed to build a roadmap to guide the development of educational actions based on the assessment of the prevailing FS-culture. The study was conducted in an institutional food service in the Brazilian air force. A previously-developed mixed-methods and data triangulation approach was used to assess the FS-culture based on eight elements (leadership, communication, knowledge, commitment, risk perception, work pressure and normative beliefs, work environment, and management systems, styles, and process). The roadmap was designed based on a combination of the FS-culture element score (1-reactive, 2-active, and 3-proactive) and priority levels (highest, moderate, lowest, and no priority) of proposed topics to be included in educational actions. Such topics were based on specific literature about food safety culture and the behaviour of food handlers. The FS-culture diagnosis in the air force food service demonstrated an “active to proactive” FS-culture; the element “work pressure and normative beliefs” showed the highest score (3 – proactive), whereas “risk perception” and “management systems, styles, and process” indicated the lowest scores (1–2 – reactive to active). Based on the weaknesses and strengths in the prevailing FS-culture, the roadmap revealed that the topics showing the lowest scores, “risk perception” and “management systems, styles, and process,” had the highest priority to be included in the educational actions. The designed roadmap may support food services in making decisions about food safety education towards a proactive FS-culture.