Level Of Phytase Supplementation Research Articles

54 Effects of a new biosynthetic 6-phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, phytate disappearance and growth efficiency in weaning piglets fed low in calcium and digestible phosphorus diets

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of adding graded levels of a new biosynthetic bacterial 6-phytase on nutrient digestibility, phytate disappearance and growth performance in weaned piglets. A total of 192 male weaned piglets with initial body weight of 8.70 ± kg, distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and 24 replicate pens with 2 animals each for 42 d. The experimental diets included a phosphorus and Ca deficient diet (STTD of P/Ca = 0.21%/0.58% and 0.19%/0.54%, respectively, in post-weaning 1 and 2 diets) containing 0 (a control diet), 500, 1,000 or 1,500 FTU/kg diet. The diets were fed into 2 phases: post-weaning 1 and 2 from 1 to 14 and 15 to 42 d, respectively. Body weight and feed intake were measured at the end of each phase, and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for the overall experimental period. On d 42, ileal digesta samples were collected from 1 piglet/pen (n = 12 samples/treatment) for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca, P, and amino acids and phytate disappearance determination. Supplementation of diet with phytase from 0 to 1500 FTU/kg diet linearly improved (P < 0.01) AID of Ca. Both linear and quadratic effects (P < 0.001) was observed for AID of P and phytate-P. Increasing level of phytase supplementation resulted in linear and quadratic increases of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val, Ala, Asp, Cys, Glu, Ser, Tyr and total amino acids. Phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.0001) linearly Met and Pro, with an AID of Met showing a tendency (P = 0.09) for a quadratic increase. In addition, increasing phytase dose linearly increased (P = 0.006) the overall ADFI and ADG and decreased (P < 0.001) F:G ratio. Also, a tendency (P = 0.07) for quadratic effect of phytase was also observed on F:G ratio. These findings highlight that the supplementation of diets with the new bacterial 6-phytase significantly enhanced the utilization of nutrients, disappearance of phytate and performances of weaned piglets in a dose dependent manner.

Mucosal phosphatase activity, phytate degradation, and mineral digestibility in 6-week-old turkeys and broilers at different dietary levels of phosphorus and phytase and comparison with 3-week-old animals

Female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) and broilers (Ross 308) were compared at 6 wk of age to evaluate the effects of species, dietary P, Ca, and phytase levels on myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) degradation along the digestive tract, gut mucosal phosphatase activity, P and Ca digestibility, and myo-inositol concentrations in the digesta and blood. The environmental conditions and experimental corn-soybean meal-based diets were the same for both species. Four diets with either combination of 2 levels of P and Ca (CaP-: 4.0 g P/kg, 5.4 g Ca/kg and CaP+: 6.0 g P/kg, 8.0 g Ca/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) were fed to the animals for 7d at their sixth wk of age. Each diet was randomly assigned to 6 pens per species, with 10 birds each. After slaughter, blood, digesta from the crop, gizzard, duodenum, lower ileum, and jejunal mucosa were collected. Endogenous mucosal phosphatase activity in the jejunum was higher in turkeys than in broilers. Prececal InsP6 disappearance was also higher in turkeys than in broilers when phytase was not supplemented. Phytase supplementation led to a higher prececal InsP6 disappearance in broilers than in turkeys, likely due to different crop conditions such as moisture content. However, prececal P digestibility was higher in turkeys than broilers. Different relationships between myo-inositol concentration in the ileum digesta and blood were found, depending on the species. A comparison of the results with those obtained in 3-wk-old birds of a companion study showed that in diets with low Ca and P levels, prececal InsP6 disappearance increased with age in turkeys, but not in broilers. This coincided with changes in the conditions of the digestive tract, such as the water content in the crop, gizzard pH, and mucosal phosphatase activity. In conclusion, occurrence of differences in phytate degradation between turkeys and broilers, fed the same feed, depended on age and can be explained by different physiological development of the digestive tract.

Comparison of mucosal phosphatase activity, phytate degradation, and nutrient digestibility in 3-week-old turkeys and broilers at different dietary levels of phosphorus and phytase

A comparison between 3-wk-old female turkeys (B.U.T. 6) and broilers (Ross 308) was performed to study the effects of species, dietary P, Ca, and phytase levels on gut mucosal phosphatase activity, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) degradation along the digestive tract, digestibility of P, Ca, and amino acids, and concentrations of myo-inositol in the digesta and blood. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and identical for both species. Two dietary P and Ca concentrations (CaP-: 4.1 g P/kg, 5.5 g Ca/kg and CaP+: 9.0 g P/kg, 12.0 g Ca/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 1,500 FTU/kg) were used in a 2×2 factorial design and fed to the animals for 7 d in their third week of age. Each diet was randomly assigned to 6 broiler and 6 turkey pens, with 10 birds each. After slaughter, blood, digesta from the crop, gizzard, duodenum, lower ileum, and mucosa from the jejunum were collected. When fed CaP- without phytase supplementation, there were no differences between species in gut mucosal phosphatase activity, prececal InsP6 disappearance, and P and Ca digestibility, indicating a similar intrinsic capacity for phytate degradation in both species. When fed CaP+ without phytase supplementation, turkeys showed higher prececal InsP6 disappearance than broilers. Phytase supplementation increased prececal InsP6 disappearance and digestibility of P and Ca in both species. However, the phytase-induced increase in prececal InsP6 disappearance was more pronounced in broilers than in turkeys, possibly due to more adequate conditions for phytase activity in the broiler crop. In broilers, phytase supplementation increased amino acid digestibility overall, whereas, in turkeys, it increased with CaP+ and decreased with CaP-. In addition, the relationship between myo-inositol concentration in the ileum and blood differed between species, indicating differences in myo-inositol metabolism. It was concluded that 3-week-old turkeys and broilers differ in nutrient digestibility and InsP degradation in some segments of the digestive tract but have similar endogenous InsP6 degradation when fed low P and Ca diets.

Phytase Supplementation under Commercially Intensive Rearing Conditions: Impacts on Nile Tilapia Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility

This study evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation on growth performance and apparent digestibility of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a commercial fish farm setting. Nile tilapia (6300 male, 57.48 ± 1.04 g) were randomly stocked into 42 floating cages. The experimental design was completely randomized, comprising six treatments and seven replications. Fish were fed five phosphorus deficient plant-based diets with graded levels of phytase supplementation (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 UF kg-1) and an additional diet containing phosphorus supplementation to meet the requirement of this fish species (positive control). After 97 days of feeding, growth performance data were collected and 900 fish (500 ± 10 g) were relocated to 6 floating cages for the digestibility assessment. Quadratic polynomial regression analysis indicated 1537.5 and 1593.2 UF kg-1 as the optimum dietary levels for daily weight gain and feed conversion rate, respectively. Including 2000 UF kg-1 resulted in the higher dry matter, crude protein, energy, and ash apparent digestibility coefficient values. Therefore, phytase supplementation from 1500 to 2000 UF kg-1 is recommended to enhance growth performance and nutrient bioavailability of Nile tilapia reared according to industry practices.

Effects of particle size and phytase supplementation on apparent and standardized total tract digestibility of phosphorus in hybrid rye fed to growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of particle size (PS) and levels of phytase supplementation on the apparent (ATTD) and standardized (STTD) total tract digestibility of P in hybrid rye fed to growing pigs. Thirty-six growing barrows (23.6 ± 1.5 kg initial BW) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The six dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of PS and phytase supplementation levels (0, 500, or 2,500 FTU/kg). Hybrid rye was ground using a hammermill mounted with 4.0- and 3.2-mm screens to obtain material with coarse and fine PS, respectively. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 11 d, including 5 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with PS, phytase, and their interaction as fixed effects. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of phytase level in both coarse and fine hybrid rye diets. The ATTD and STTD of P were greater (P < 0.05) in diets with fine than in those with coarse hybrid rye. Increasing levels of phytase supplementation linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.01) improved the ATTD and STTD of P in hybrid rye diets. There were no interaction effects between PS and phytase supplementation on the ATTD and STTD of P in hybrid rye diets. In conclusion, PS reduction improved the digestibility of P in hybrid rye, and supplementing increasing levels of phytase improved P digestibility in linear and quadratic manner in growing pigs fed hybrid rye diets.

Effects of graded levels of phytase supplementation on growth performance, plasma myo-inositol, tibia mineralization and nutrient digestibility of meat ducks fed phosphorus-deficient diets

Two experiments were conducted to explore the effect of reduction in dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) and supplementation of an exogenous phytase on growth performance, plasma myo-inositol, tibia mineralization and nutrient digestibility of meat ducks. Exp. 1 used 450 one-day-old male Cherry Valley ducks over a 42-d period to evaluate growth performance and plasma myo-inositol. The treatments (6 replicates with 15 ducks per pen) included a positive control diet (PC, 4.0 and 9.0 or 3.5 and 8.0 g/kg of nPP and Ca in starter (d 0–21) and grower (d 21–42) period, respectively), a negative control diet (NC, 1.7 g/kg nPP and 1.9 g/kg Ca less from the PC), and the NC diet plus phytase at 1000, 2000 or 3000 FYT/kg feed. Exp. 2 used 600, seven-day-old, male Cherry Valley ducks in a 14-d trial to evaluate growth performance, tibia mineralization and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments (10 replicate cages with 10 ducks per cage) included a PC diet (4.0 and 9.0 g/kg of nPP and Ca, respectively), a NC diet (1.5 and 6.5 g/kg of nPP and Ca, respectively), and the NC diet plus phytase at 500, 1000, 2000 or 3000 FYT/kg feed. In Exp. 1, ducks fed the NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) weight gain (d 0–21 and 0–42), feed intake (d 0–21, 21–42 and 0–42) and body weight at d 21 and 42 compared to those fed the PC diet. There was no effect of diet (P > 0.05) on FCR or plasma myo-inositol. Phytase supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, and body weight; all parameters were equivalent to the PC at 2000 or 3000 FYT/kg. In Exp. 2, ducks fed the NC diet had lower (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed intake, body weight, tibia ash weight and percentage, and P digestibility and higher (P < 0.05) FCR and Ca digestibility compared to those fed the PC diet. Phytase supplementation improved growth measurements (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), tibia ash weight and percentage (linear, P < 0.05) and P digestibility (linear, P < 0.05). Growth measurements and P digestibility were comparable to the PC level with supplemented phytase ranging from 1000 to 2000 FYT/kg, however, tibia ash weight and percent were below the PC, regardless of the dose of phytase. In conclusion, feeding graded concentrations of phytase improved growth performance, tibia mineralization, and P digestibility in ducks. Phytase supplementation at 2000 FYT/kg could fully restore the gain and P digestibility of ducks fed nPP deficient diets to that of a nutrient adequate PC. However, in extremely nPP deficient diets, tibia ash weight and percentage require a higher supplementation of phytase, which was beyond 3000 FYT/kg.

Effect of sodium sources and exogenous phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digesta pH of 21-day-old broilers

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) and NaCl+sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and supplemental phytase (0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 FTU/kg) on performance, nutrient digestibility and utilization, and digesta pH of male broiler chickens were investigated in a 2 × 4+1 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with 6 replicate cages of 8 birds per replicate. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial with contrast between the positive control and the diets containing 0 FTU phytase. Phytase supplementation linearly improved (P < 0.05) average body weigh gain (BWG) and feed intake (d 0–14 and 0–21). Apparent jejunal dry matter (DM) digestibility and digestible energy in birds fed diets containing only NaCl increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation whereas quadratic (P < 0.05) effect was observed in birds fed diets containing a combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Phytase supplementation improved (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) apparent ileal nitrogen and P digestibility. Apparent utilization of DM, nitrogen, energy, and metabolizable energy increased (linear; P < 0.05) with increasing level of phytase supplementation. Apparent P utilization increased (linear and quadratic; P < 0.05) for both sodium sources but calcium utilization only increased (linear; P < 0.05) with the combination of NaCl and NaHCO3. Bone breaking strength (linear and quadratic) and bone ash (linear) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. The combination of NaCl and NaHCO3 resulted in lower (P < 0.05) pH of digesta in the proximal ileum whereas the pH of the digesta in the distal ileum (linear) and the average pH of ileal contents (linear and quadratic) increased (P < 0.05) with phytase supplementation. Results from this study showed that birds’ performance and utilization of nutrients and energy by broilers in the presence of phytase was, in general, not influenced by the source of sodium in the diet. Data from this study showed that NaHCO3 can replace a portion of NaCl in the diet of broilers supplemented with phytase without any significant negative effect on performance and that the 2,000 FTU phytase level resulted in better BWG and feed intake as well nutrient and energy utilization.

Response of Broilers to Dietary Incorporation of Different Sorghum Varieties Fortified with Phytase

Dietary inclusion of local varieties of sorghum in poultry nutrition can greatly lower the cost of production in Sudan. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of different sorghum varieties fortified with phytase enzyme supplementation on broiler performance. A (2 x 5) factorial arrangement was used in a completely randomized design to study the effect of dietary incorporation of different levels sorghum variety Mogod (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) replacing the variety Feterita fortified with two levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 0.05%) on broiler performance. A total of 10 treatments were employed and each treatment was replicated three times with ten birds each. Weight gain (WG), Feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Carcass weights and tibial phosphorus content were measured. Blood samples were collected for blood parameters. The results showed that, FC was not affected by dietary inclusion of Mogod and phytase supplementation. There were significant (p≤0.01) effects of Mogod and phytase on weight gain. The greatest weight gain values were recorded with birds fed on diets contained 100% Feterita (p<0.01). Supplementation of phytase improved WG and FCR (p<0.01). The largest carcass weights were reported with birds fed on diets containing 50 and 100% Mogod (p<0.05). Carcass weight values were increased with phytase supplementation. Tibial phosphorus content was improved by phytase supplementation. Total blood protein, cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus were not affected by phytase treatment. The study concluded that Mogod variety could be used as alternative energy source in broiler diets replacing Feterita variety. Moreover, phytase supplementation improved the broiler performance.

An evaluation of phytase for Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus ) fed all plant-protein diet: Growth performance, nutrient utilization and P equivalency value

This study evaluated the effect and phosphorus equivalency value of dietary microbial phytase based on growth performance and nutrient utilization of Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). An all plant‐protein basal diet containing 7.9 g/kg total Phosphorus (P) (Phytate P of 4.5 g/kg) was supplemented with graded levels 0, 300, 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 U phytase/kg of diet or with 3, 5, 8, 12 g/kg of Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, namely with 0.7, 1.2, 2.0, 3.09 g/kg P as Ca(H₂PO₄)₂. Triplicate groups of Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) juveniles (initial weight, 1.70 ± 0.04 g) were fed the experiment diets for 90 days. The results indicated that dietary phytase supplementation significantly improved growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficient of P and P retention, and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR), faecal P content and P excretion per gain. Line relation was found between the effects of P and phytase supplementation levels, and the linear response equations of the effects of P and phytase levels were generated and used to calculate the P equivalency values. The average function of P equivalency values (Y, g/kg) of microbial phytase (X, U/kg of diet) was developed: Y = 0.1695 + 0.0021X; R² = 0.996. The results showed that about 0.38 g of P/kg diet was released by per 100 U of phytase over the range of 300–2,000 U of phytase/kg diet for Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed all plant‐protein diet.

Effect of phytase enzyme on growth performance, serum biochemical alteration, immune response and gene expression in Nile tilapia

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of low phosphorus diet with or without different levels of phytase enzyme supplementation on growth performance, body composition, nutrient retention efficiency, gene expression, and health status of A. hydrophila challenged fish. A total of 240 monosex males of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with an average body weight of 23.19 ± 0.15 g/fish were used. Fish were randomly chosen and divided into 4 equal groups (60 fish per group), with 3 subgroups containing 20 fish as a replicate. Group 1, was fed on a diet containing 100% P, group 2, was fed on a diet containing 50% P, group 3 and 4, were fed on low P with 500 or 1000 units of phytase/Kg respectively. It was observed that the 50% phosphorus diet significantly reduced body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) compared to Nile tilapia fish fed on the diet containing 100% phosphorus. In contrast, fish fed on the diet containing 50% phosphorus supplemented by 500 or 1000 phytase units/kg significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased final body weight (FBW), total body gain (TBG), average daily gain (ADG), and weight gain compared to Nile tilapia fed on the same diet or fed on the diet containing normal phosphorus without phytase supplementation. Different phosphorus and phytase supplementation levels had no significant effect on serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations, meanwhile, phytase supplementation increased serum calcium and phosphorus levels. Nile tilapia fed on phytase supplementation had an increase in body protein, lipid content, and nutrient utilization efficiency compared to Nile tilapia fed on the diet containing 100% phosphorus. Nile tilapia fed on low dietary phosphorus showed an increase in mortality after infection and a decrease in phagocytosis and neutrophil compared to fish fed on normal phosphorus. Phytase supplementation, made immune response parameters return to its normal values and the pathological lesions of liver, spleen, stomach, and intestine were reduced. Moreover, normal phosphorus significantly up-regulated lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression and down-regulated fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA in Nile tilapia's liver while low phosphorus with or without phytase supplementation reduced LPL expression and relatively up-regulated FAS.

Supplementation of broiler diets with high levels of microbial protease and phytase enables partial replacement of commercial soybean meal with raw, full-fat soybean.

A 3×3+1 factorial, involving three levels of protease (0, 15,000 or 30,000 PROT/kg) and three levels of phytase (1,000, 2,000 or 3,000 FYT/kg), was used to evaluate the effect of replacing commercial soybean meal (SBM) with raw, full-fat soybean (RFSB) at 75g/kg of diet for broilers. A control diet was used for comparison. Each treatment was replicated six times, with nine birds per replicate. The concentration of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) in the test diets was approximately 10,193.4TIU/kg. Regardless of enzyme supplementation, feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) of birds in the control group were superior to those on the test diets. Birds that received the protease-free test diets had reduced FI and BWG, but when supplemented with protease, were similar to the control diet in BWG, FI (except 0-35days) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). When the test diet was supplemented with elevated levels (extradose) of protease and phytase, the BWG was improved during 0-10days (p=.05) and 0-24days (p<.01). Regardless of protease supplementation, the weight of thighs was lower for birds fed the test diets. Birds that received the control diet had smaller weight of pancreas. Increasing the level of phytase supplementation reduced (p<.05) the weight of the pancreas. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and AA was higher in birds on the control diets, but this was also improved in test diets by protease supplementation. The activities of trypsin (7%), general proteolytic (11%) and lipase (12%) were slightly increased because of protease supplementation. Mucosal depth and apparent villus surface areas were increased by about 2.9% and 20%, respectively, due to supplementation of elevated level of phytase. It can be concluded that RFSB could partially replace SBM in broiler diets, provided the diets are supplemented with elevated levels of protease and phytase.

Use of phytase at graded levels for improving nutrient digestibility, growth and hematology of Catla catla fingerlings fed Moringa oleifera seed meal (MOSM) based diet

Present research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and hematological indices of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings fed Moringa oleifera seed meal (MOSM) based diet. Existence of phytate in plant byproducts decreases the bioavailability of nutrients to fish, resulting in low nutrients availability, poor fish growth and hematological indices in fish body. Moringa byproducts such as M. oleifera seed meal (MOSM) was used as test ingredient to formulate experimental diet. Experimental diet was divided into six test diets and were supplemented with graded levels (0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500 FTU kg-1) of phytase. The fingerlings were fed at the rate of 4% of live wet weight twice a day in V-shaped indoor tanks. Phytase supplementation showed significant (p&lt;0.05) improvement in bioavailability of nutrients, growth indices and hematological parameters. Results showed that maximum growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and improved hematological values of C. catla fingerlings were noted at 900 FTU kg-1 level of phytase supplementation in MOSM based test diet. It was concluded that phytase supplementation at 900 FTU kg-1 level was helpful to develop an eco friendly and cost effective fish feed incorparating moringa seed meal.

Effects of phytase, calcium source, calcium concentration and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility and skeletal integrity

The study herein investigated the effect of mean particle size, calcium (Ca) source, Ca concentration and phytase on broiler performance, mineral digestibility and skeletal integrity from 1 to 28 days post-hatch. Sixteen dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of two Ca sources (limestone or a highly soluble calcium, HSC), two Ca concentrations (9.0 or 6.0 g/kg from Day 0 to Day 14 and 8.0 or 5.5 g/kg from Day 15 to Day 28), two Ca particle sizes (&lt;0.5 or &gt;0.5 mm) and two phytase-supplementation levels (0 or 1000 FTU/kg). Overall performance (Days 1–28) showed that the addition of phytase to diets containing 8.0 g/kg total Ca provided by HSC improved feed intake (P &lt; 0.05), but there was no effect of the addition of phytase to birds fed Ca from limestone. Phytase supplementation decreased feed intake in birds fed limestone with a mean particle size &gt;0.5 mm and increased feed intake in birds fed HSC with a mean particle size &gt;0.5 mm, which resulted in a Ca source × Ca particle size × phytase interaction (P &lt; 0.05). Birds fed diets containing HSC had a lower liveweight gain than did birds fed diets containing limestone (P = 0.03). Increasing the dietary Ca concentration from 5.5 g/kg to 8.0 g/kg total Ca decreased liveweight gain (P = 0.01). Phytase supplementation increased final liveweight gain (P &lt; 0.001). Foot ash was observed to be higher in birds that received diets containing 8.0 g/kg Ca (P &lt; 0.05). Phytase supplementation increased foot ash percentage (P &lt; 0.05). Phytase increased Ca digestibility in birds fed diets containing Ca provided by HSC with a mean particle size &lt;0.5 mm and diets containing limestone with a mean particle size &gt;0.5 mm (P &lt; 0.05). Phytase increased Ca digestibility in birds fed 5.5 g/kg Ca, but had no effect on Ca digestibility in birds fed 8.0 g/kg Ca (P &lt; 0.05). The addition of phytase to diets improved the digestibility of phosphorus, especially in birds fed diets containing limestone (P &lt; 0.05), or 8.0 g/kg total Ca (P &lt; 0.05), or diets with a mean particle size &gt;0.5 mm (P &lt; 0.05). The results of the present study are consistent with those of previous studies by the authors, which have shown that low dietary Ca in conjunction with phytase improves broiler performance and mineral digestibility. Phytase improved growth performance, regardless of Ca source or Ca concentration and improved mineral digestibility.

Effects of dietary phytase supplementation on growth performance and apparent digestibility coefficients of Pacific White ShrimpLitopenaeus vannamei

A growth trial and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of phytase supplemented to practical shrimp feeds. The 5 weeks growth trial evaluated the effects of phytase supplementation in replete phosphorus (P) diets on the performances and compositions of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. No significant differences were observed in final biomass, final mean weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention and survival across all the treatments. Shrimp reared on the P deficient diet had significantly higher P retention and lower whole body P levels as compared to shrimp fed the other diets. Copper content in the whole shrimp body was significantly increased in the treatment supplemented with 1,000 IU kg−1 feed phytase. The digestibility trial was conducted to study the combined effects of phytase supplementation levels and diet type (plant-based versus fishmeal-based) on apparent digestibility coefficients of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. There were no effects of diet type so the data was combined. Phytase incorporation at both 500 and 2,000 IU kg−1 significantly improved protein digestibility, whereas P digestibility was enhanced when 2,000 IU kg−1 phytase was supplemented to the diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine were significantly increased when fed diets contained 500 and 2,000 IU kg−1 phytase supplementation. Results of this work demonstrate that under the conditions of the study growth was not enhanced by phytase supplementation in P replete diets. However, nutrient retention for Cu and digestibility of P, protein and a number of amino acids were enhanced.

The influence of meat-and-bone meal and exogenous phytase on growth performance, bone mineralisation and digestibility coefficients of protein (N), amino acids and starch in broiler chickens.

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and phytase inclusion on growth performance, bone mineralisation and apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients in broiler chickens offered wheat-based diets. The feeding study comprised 7 dietary treatments: positive control (PC, 9.0% Ca and 4.5% available phosphorous [AvP] in starter, 7.0% Ca and 3.5% AvP in finisher); negative control (NC, 7.2% Ca and 3.0% AvP in starter, 5.2% Ca and 2.0% AvP in finisher) diets incorporating a 3 × 2 factorial array of 3 MBM inclusions (0, 60, 120 g/kg) and 2 levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 1,000 FYT/kg). Each treatment was allocated to 6 replicated pens with 30 birds per pen in an environmentally-controlled deep litter facility. A total of 1,260 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were offered starter diets from 1 to 14 days post-hatch and finisher diets from 15 to 36 days post-hatch. There were significant (P < 0.05) interactions between MBM inclusions and phytase supplementation on weight gain and feed intake in starter diets. Phytase significantly increased weight gain in diets without MBM and did not influence weight gain in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM. Collectively, increasing MBM inclusion significantly reduced weight gain in starter diets (P < 0.0001). There were dietary interactions (P < 0.01) on toe ash where phytase significantly improved toe ash in diet without MBM and did not influence toe ash in the other two groups of negative control diets. There were no dietary treatment interactions on apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of starch and protein except that diets without MBM had significantly (P < 0.01) lower ileal starch digestibility and diets with 120 g/kg MBM had significantly (P < 0.0001) lower ileal protein digestibility. No dietary influence on ileal fat digestibility was observed. There were dietary interactions on ileal digestibilities of isoleucine, valine and glycine. Phytase significantly increased glycine digestibility in diets with 60 and 120 g/kg MBM but not in diets without MBM. Including 120 g/kg MBM significantly (P < 0.01) depressed apparent digestibility coefficients of 13 ex 16 amino acids in the distal ileum. This study demonstrated the negative impacts of MBM on amino acid digestibility and growth performance. Also, responses to phytase were more pronounced in diets without MBM, which may have been due to their relatively lower available P and higher phytate concentrations in comparison to diets containing MBM.

Effect of optimum level of phytase supplementation in de-oiled rice bran, rice bran and wheat bran based rations on the performance of Japanese quails

Effect of optimum level of phytase supplementation in de-oiled rice bran, rice bran and wheat bran based rations on the performance of Japanese quails

Role of phytase supplementation in improving nutrient digestibility and growth performance for Labeo rohita fingerlings fed on canola meal-based diet

ABSTRACTThe present feeding trial was conducted to assess the optimal level of phytase supplementation required for maximum nutrient absorption and growth performance of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed canola meal-based diet. A standard diet having 30.21% protein and an energy value of 4.26 kcalg−1 was used as reference diet. The experimental diet having similar protein and caloric density was formulated by using 70% reference diet and 30% of canola meal as test ingredient. This experimental diet was then divided into seven test diets and were supplemented by graded levels (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 FTU kg−1) of phytase enzyme. Chromic oxide was used in reference and test diets as an inert marker. Results showed that phytase supplementation at 750 FTU kg−1 level effectively increased apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein (64%), crude fat (76%) and gross energy (68%) as compared to reference and other phytase-supplemented diets. The results of present study showed increased growth and feed performance of fingerlings in response to phytase supplementation. Maximum performance was obtained by the fish fed on test diet having 750 FTU kg−1 level. It was concluded that 750 FTU kg−1 level of phytase supplementation in canola meal-based diet is sufficient for increasing nutrient digestibility and growth performance of L. rohita fingerlings.

The efficacy of a new 6-phytase obtained from Buttiauxella spp. expressed in Trichoderma reesei on digestibility of amino acids, energy, and nutrients in pigs fed a diet based on corn, soybean meal, wheat middlings, and corn distillers' dried grains with solubles

Sixteen cannulated pigs were used to evaluate the effect of a new 6-phytase derived from Buttiauxella spp. and expressed in Trichoderma reesei on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, N, Ca, P, Na, Mg, K, Cl, and energy. Pigs were fed 4 diets for 2 periods in a crossover design. Within each period, there were 4 blocks of 4 pigs per block with each diet represented within each block. The average initial BW in periods 1 and 2 were 22 and 30 kg, respectively. Each period lasted 9 d with fecal collection on d 5 and 6 and a 12-h ileal digesta collection on d 7, 8, and 9. Pigs received a daily feed allowance of approximately 4.5% of their BW. The experimental diets were based on corn, soybean meal, wheat middlings, and corn distillers dried grain with solubles. Phytase was added at 0; 500; 1,000; or 2,000 phytase units/kg of diet to a basal diet that contained 205, 15, 5.4, and 10 g of CP, Lys, total P (1.6 g of nonphytate P), and Ca/kg diet, respectively. The addition of phytase improved (P < 0.05) AID of DM, N, Ca, and P. Increasing phytase supplementation linearly and quadratically increased (P < 0.05) AID of P and Ca, respectively, with AID of Ca showing a tendency for a linear increase (P = 0.053). Phytase supplementation of the basal diet improved (P < 0.05) AID of P from 46 to 62%. Phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, N, Ca, P, Mg, K, and energy. Contrasts showed that phytase supplementation of the basal diet increased (P < 0.05) AID for 8 indispensable AA (Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr, and Val), 6 dispensable AA (Ala, Asp, Cys, Glu, Ser, and Tyr), as well as for total AA. Furthermore, phytase supplementation to the basal diet showed a tendency (P < 0.10) to increase ileal digestibility of Gly. Ileal digestibility of Met, Trp, and Pro were not affected by phytase supplementation. Increasing the level of phytase supplementation resulted in linear increases (P < 0.05) in AID of 6 indispensable AA (Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Val) and 1 dispensable AA (Asp) with 4 AA (His, Cys, Glu, and Tyr) showing a tendency for linear increase (P < 0.10) in AID of AA. The results from this study showed that in addition to increasing P and Ca utilization, the new Buttiauxella 6-phytase expressed in Trichoderma reesei enhanced ileal digestibility of N and several AA in growing pigs in a dose-dependent manner.

Effects of phytase supplementation on mineral digestibility in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on sunflower meal-based diets

Present research work was conducted to assess the effects of phytase supplementation on minerals digestibility in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings fed on sunflower meal based diets supplemented with graded levels (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 FTU kg-1 ) of phytase. Six experimental diets were used including reference diet and five test diets. Reference diet was fed to the fingerlings to provide appropriate nutrients for normal growth. Test diets were consisted of 70% reference diet and 30% test ingredient i.e. sunflower meal. Chromic oxide was added in the feed at 1% concentration as indigestible marker for determination of minerals digestibility. Highest digestibility values (%) of P, Mg, Na, K, Cu and Zn were observed at 1000 FTU kg -1 level of phytase supplementation and these values differed significantly (p<0.05) from the reference diet and other test diets. Hence, it is concluded that phytase supplementation in sunflower meal based diets at 1000 FTU kg -1 level is enough to release sufficient chelated minerals to improve overall performance of Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings.

The interplay of dietary nutrient specification and varying calcium to total phosphorus ratio on efficacy of a bacterial phytase: 1. Growth performance and tibia mineralization

A 14-d experiment was conducted to study the effects of 2 dietary variables on efficacy of a 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii on broiler growth performance and tibia mineralization. Diets were formulated with or without nutrient matrix values for phytase as negative or positive control (NC or PC, respectively) and with 2 Ca:total P (tP; 2:1 or 2.5:1). The diets were supplemented with 0, 1,000, or 2,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg, thus producing a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Birds and feed were weighed on d 7 and 21, and tibia bones were collected from all the birds on d 21. The main effects of nutrient matrix, Ca:tP, and phytase supplementation were significant (P < 0.05) for all the growth performance responses (except for G:F for which there was no effect of matrix). The Ca:tP × phytase and matrix × phytase interactions were significant (P < 0.05) for weight gain. In the PC diets, phytase increased weight gain (P < 0.05) relative to the control only in diets with 2,000 FYT/kg, whereas in NC diets weight gain increased (P < 0.01) only from 0 to 1,000 FYT/kg levels. Broilers consuming diets with 2.5:1 Ca:tP had lower (P < 0.05) tibia ash, whereas phytase increased (P < 0.01) tibia ash, Ca, P, and Zn but decreased (P < 0.01) tibia K. Phytase supplementation of diets with 2:1 Ca:tP increased (P < 0.05) tibia P in birds receiving 1,000 FYT/kg relative to the control with no further increase at 2,000 FYT/kg, whereas each level of phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) tibia P in the diets with 2.5:1 Ca:tP. It was concluded that the best response to lower phytase supplementation (1,000 FYT/kg) was in NC diets with narrow Ca:tP, whereas the best response to higher level of phytase supplementation (2,000 FYT/kg) was achieved in diets in PC diets with wide Ca:tP.