Levels Of Oxidative Stress Parameters Research Articles

Salicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride Seed Priming: A Prominent Frontier in Inducing Mineral Nutrition Balance and Antioxidant System Capacity to Enhance the Tolerance of Barley Plants to Salinity.

The current investigation aims to underline the impact of salicylic acid or calcium chloride seed pre-treatments on mineral status and oxidative stress markers, namely levels of electrolyte leakage (EL) and lipid peroxidation levels, measured as thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in roots and leaves of plants in two barley species grown under various salt treatments. Overall, our results revealed that salinity inhibits essential nutrient absorption such as iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium and stimulates the absorption of sodium. Also, this environmental constraint induced oxidative stress in plants in comparison with the control conditions. This state of oxidative stress is reflected by an increase in TBARS content as well as the stimulation of EL values. In addition, salinity induced disturbances in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which were mainly dependent on the applied salt concentration and the species. In addition, Hordeum marinum maintained high antioxidant enzyme activity and low levels of oxidative stress parameters, which reinforces its salt-tolerant character. Importantly, salicylic acid or calcium chloride seed priming alleviated the mineral imbalance and the oxidative damage induced by salinity. Moreover, seed priming improves iron, calcium magnesium and potassium content and limitsthe accumulation of sodium. Also, both treatments not only decrease TBARS levels and limit EL, but they also stimulate the antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves and roots of the stressed plants as compared with stressed plants grown from non-primed seeds. Interestingly, the beneficial effects of the mentioned treatments were more notable on Hordeum vulgare species.

Naringenin mitigates aluminum toxicity-induced learning memory impairments and neurodegeneration through amelioration of oxidative stress.

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is a potent neurotoxic substance known to cause memory impairment and oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration. Naringenin (NAR) is a dietary flavonoid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which was implemented against AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity to ascertain its neuroprotective efficacy. Experimental neurotoxicity in mice was induced by exposure of AlCl3 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) followed by treatment with NAR (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for a total of 63 days. Assessed the morphometric, learning memory dysfunction (novel object recognition, T- and Y-maze tests), neuronal oxidative stress, and histopathological alteration in different regions of the brain, mainly cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. AlCl3 significantly suppressed the spatial learning and memory power which were notably improved by administration of NAR. The levels of oxidative stress parameters nitric oxide, advanced oxidation of protein products, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, and the activity of acetylcholine esterase were altered 1.5-3 folds by AlCl3 significantly. Treatment of NAR remarkably restored the level of oxidative stress parameters and maintained the antioxidant defense system. AlCl3 suppressed the expression of neuronal proliferation marker NeuN that was restored by NAR treatment which may be a plausible mechanism. NAR showed therapeutic efficacy as a natural supplement against aluminum-intoxicated memory impairments and histopathological alteration through a mechanism involving an antioxidant defense system and neuronal proliferation.

Columbianadin ameliorates experimental acute reflux esophagitis in rats via suppression of NF-κB pathway.

Reflux esophagitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophagus, resulting from the backflow of stomach acid and other gastric contents into the esophagus. Columbianadin is a coumarin derivative that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we tried to scrutinize the protective effect of Columbianadin against acute reflux esophagitis in rats. RAW 264.7 cells were utilized to assess cell viability and measure the production of inflammatory parameters. The rats received anesthesia, and reflux esophagitis was induced via ligation of pylorus and fore stomach and corpus junction. Rats received the oral administration of Columbianadin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and omeprazole (20 mg/kg). The gastric secretion volume, acidity, and pH were measured. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress parameters, cytokines, and inflammatory markers were determined. At the end of the study, mRNA expression was assessed. Columbianadin remarkably suppressed the cell viability and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and prostaglandin (PGE2). Columbianadin treatment remarkably suppressed the secretion of gastric volume, total acidity and enhanced the pH level in the stomach. Columbianadin remarkably altered the level of hydrogen peroxidase, free iron, calcium, and plasma scavenging activity, sulfhydryl group; oxidative stress parameters like malonaldehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase; inflammatory cytokines viz., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; inflammatory parameters including PGE2, iNOS, COX-2, and nuclear kappa B factor (NF-κB). Columbianadin remarkably (P < 0.001) suppressed the mRNA expression TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Columbianadin demonstrated a protective effect against acute reflux esophagitis via NF-κB pathway.

Cobalt's role in modulating antioxidant systems and semen quality in males.

The present study investigated associations between environmental exposure to cobalt (Co) and the levels of oxidative stress parameters and the antioxidant defense system in the seminal plasma of fertile males. The study population consisted of 117 healthy, non-smoking, fertile men from the southern region of Poland. The study was carried out in 2021–22. Based on the median cobalt levels in seminal plasma, subjects were divided into two groups: those with low (Co-L) and high (Co-H) cobalt concentrations. Semen parameters assessed according to WHO 2021 recommendations. After the analysis of spermiograms, observed reduction in progressive motility after 1hour was found in the Co-H group. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the Co-H group had lower activity and GR higher activity. The OSI (Oxidative stress index) were higher in the group with high cobalt concentration in semen. The concentrations of redox balance parameters: TOS, TAC and OSI significantly were higher in the Co-high group as well as GR activity. Environmental exposure to cobalt decreases sperm motility in both normal and abnormal semen. The findings from this study affirm that cobalt can induce oxidative stress and alter oxidative stress markers in semen.

Amentoflavone Mitigates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity: Involvement of -SIRT-1/Nrf2/Keap1 Axis, JAK-2/STAT-3 Signaling, and Apoptosis.

Background and objectives: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent that is used for the management of various types of malignancies and as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of immunological disorders. However, its use is limited by its potential to cause a wide range of pulmonary toxicities. Amentoflavone (AMV) is a flavonoid that had proven efficacy in the treatment of disease states in which oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis may play a pathophysiologic role. This study investigated the potential ameliorative effects of the different doses of AMV on CPA-induced pulmonary toxicity, with special emphasis on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-modulating effects. Materials and methods: In a rat model of CPA-induced pulmonary toxicity, the effect of AMV at two dose levels (50 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day) was investigated. The total and differential leucocytic counts, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were estimated. Also, the levels of oxidative stress parameters, sirtuin-1, Keap1, Nrf2, JAK2, STAT3, hydroxyproline, matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9, autophagy markers, and the cleaved caspase 3 were assessed in the pulmonary tissues. In addition, the histopathological and electron microscopic changes in the pulmonary tissues were evaluated. Results: AMV dose-dependently ameliorated the pulmonary toxicities induced by CPA via modulation of the SIRT-1/Nrf2/Keap1 axis, mitigation of the inflammatory and fibrotic events, impaction of JAK-2/STAT-3 axis, and modulation of the autophagic and apoptotic signals. Conclusions: AMV may open new horizons towards the mitigation of the pulmonary toxicities induced by CPA.

Evaluation of the Protective and Regenerative Properties of Commercially Available Artichoke Leaf Powder Extract on Plasma and Liver Oxidative Stress Parameters.

Hepatocellular damage by the harmful effects of xenobiotics, which increase the production of free radicals, is a widespread phenomenon. The extract from the leaves of Cynara scolymus L. available as an artichoke preparation (natural source) of antioxidants may serve as a potential hepatoprotective factor. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the protective and regenerative properties of artichoke preparation on the liver in three extract doses: 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g/kg bw/day. The evaluation was conducted by measuring the levels of oxidative stress parameters, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferases (GST), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), SH- group, nitrosylated protein (RSNO), as well as such liver enzymes as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the plasma and liver homogenate of rats with liver damage induced by CCl4 (1 mL/kg bw). Measurements were taken in plasma and liver homogenate. The results have demonstrated that the artichoke preparation, owing to its high antioxidative potential, exhibits protective and regenerative effects on the liver. This is supported by the observation of higher GSH levels in the plasma of rats treated with artichoke extract for two weeks before CCl4 exposure. Furthermore, the artichoke extract has shown regenerative properties, as evidenced by lower ALT, AST, and SOD activity in the group treated with artichoke extract after CCl4 exposure. These findings suggest that the in vivo administration of artichoke preparation may be beneficial for the protection and regeneration of the liver.

Evaluation of Antidepressive-like Behaviours and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Mice Receiving Imipramine-Zinc Complex Compound.

The study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of an imipramine-zinc (IMI-Zn) complex compound on mice and assess the level of oxidative stress parameters. The research also investigated whether the IMI-Zn complex showed superior antidepressant activity compared to individual treatments of both compounds at effective doses and their joint administration at subtherapeutic doses. The study was conducted on mice. Forced swim (FST), tail suspension (TST), and locomotor activity tests were used for behavioral studies. The results demonstrated the IMI-Zn complex's dose-dependent antidepressant potential when orally administered to mice. Its efficacy was similar to the separate administration of therapeutic doses of imipramine (IMI) and zinc (Zn) and their joint administration at subtherapeutic doses. Moreover, subjecting mice to acute stress did not significantly affect the activity of on glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and total antioxidant status (TAS), possibly due to the short exposure time to the stress stimulus. By developing the IMI-Zn complex, it might be possible to simplify the treatment approach, potentially improving patient compliance by combining the therapeutic effects of both IMI and Zn within a single compound, thus addressing one of the contributing factors to non-compliance in depression therapy. The IMI-Zn complex could be a valuable strategy to optimize therapeutic outcomes and balance efficacy and tolerability.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of lavender oil in experimentally induced thrombosis

BackgroundLavender oil (LO) possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, sedative, cardio-protective, and antinociceptive properties. Thrombosis and inflammation are interplayed processes that interact and influence one another. Our research compared three routes of administration to assess the efficacy of pretreatment with LO on carrageenan-induced thrombosis in rat tail.Materials and methodsWistar-Bratislava white rats were randomly divided into five groups of ten rats each and pretreated 3 consecutive days prior the inducement of thrombosis to with one dose of LO (150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)): per os by gavage (TLOPO group), intraperitoneal (TIPLO group) and subcutaneous (TSCLO group). We also have a control (C, received saline solution 0.9% and DMSO (vehicle) 1 ml intraperitoneal (i.p.)) group and a group with thrombosis (T group, received saline solution 0.9% plus vehicle 1 ml i.p.). Histopathological examinations were conducted together with measurements of the circulating levels of three oxidative stress markers, antioxidant effect (TAC and THIOL), and three proinflammatory cytokines (TNF- α, RANTES, and MCP-1).ResultsWhen administered intraperitoneally, lavender oil has the best efficacy on circulating levels of oxidative stress parameters (MDA, NOx, TOS), one oxidative stress marker (THIOL), and all studied proinflammatory cytokines (p-values < 0.02). Moreover, TIPLO displayed the closest values for bleeding and clotting time to the C group, as well as the lowest length of the thrombus than the T, TPOLO, and TSCLO groups (p-values < 0.001). The TIPLO group has histological appearance comparable to the C group, with the exception of the presence of oedema.ConclusionsLavender oil pretreatment with intraperitoneal administration as three days, one-dose per day, showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy in experimentally induced thrombosis.

Effect of nanostructure lipid carrier of methylene blue and monoterpenes as enzymes inhibitor for Culex pipiens

Solid lipid nanoparticles second generation, nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC), is one of the most important biodegradable nanoparticles. Nanostructure Lipid carrier (NLC) was used to encapsulate methylene blue (MB) dye, carvacrol and citronellal and their efficacy as insecticidal against Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) were distinguished. The prepared nanoformulation revealed very good physicochemical properties, especially the homogeneity of the particle size. Transmission electron microscope showed spherical shaped nanoparticles within range less than 200 nm. The prepared NLC-MB-MT system showed a very competitive insecticidal activity and high virulence against the mosquito larvae with higher mortality rate of LC50 of 0.141 µl/mL, in addition to high level of Oxidative stress parameters obtained through all the tested enzymes including hydrogen peroxide (4.8 ppm), protein carbonyl amount (0.12 OD/mg protein), ascorbic acid (0.15 mg) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed strong increasing (0.09 OD/mg protein/min) at 6 µg/mL, respectively. Whereas paradoxical results of the oxidative stress enzymes were obtained from different concentration of nanoformulation that introduce a convenient reason for their potential insecticidal effect. The cytotoxic effect of NLC-MB-MT was evaluated using WI38 human lung cell lines, the LC50 was 6.4 mg/mL. The low cytotoxic reactivity towards the tested cell line makes the NLC-MB-MT nanoformulation has its promising insecticidal efficacy. Molecular docking study for each component were done against acetylcholine esterase protein and accepted binding modes achieved by the three compounds.

Modulatory effect of Picralima Nitida on oxidative stress: Cobalt, thiol, total protein in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to lead

Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as fruit fly, vinegar fly, is a small model organism used in the study of various disciplines. D. biochemical, neurological and physiological sim ilarities with human beings and has about 75% functional homologs of genes causing diseases in humans. Picralima nitida is a diseases in humans. Picralima nitida is a therapeutic herb used in ethnomedicine for the management of several disease conditions. Theobjective of this study is to induce oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster using lead and determine its effect on the levels of selected oxidative stress parameters. Determining the potential modulatory effect of Picralima nitida on selected oxidative stress parameters in lead-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster was also known in this study. The phytochemicals of Picralima nitida, and survival rate in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to different concentrations of lead and/or Picralima nitida in meal were also studied. A total of 250 Drosophila melanogaster flies were seen in each of the 9 groups (A-I). Group A was used as the control group and was fed with normal standard meal with water only. Group B were fed with 0.25mg/dl lead acetate meal, group C were fed with 1mg/dl lead acetate meal, group D were fed with 10mg/kg Picralima nitida meal, group E were fed with 100mg/kg Picralima nitida diet, group F were fed with 0.25mg/dl lead acetate and 10mg/kg Picralima nitida diet, group G were fed with 1 mg/dl lead acetate and 10mg/kg Picralima nitida diet, group H were fed with 0.25mg/dl lead acetate 100mg/kg Picralima nitida meal and group I were fed with 1mg/dl lead acetate and 100mg/kg Picralima nitida diet. After about 5 days, flies were homogenized and the supernatant recovered were then used for the various biochemical and survival assay, Cobalt was determined with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry, total protein was determined with Lowrys method and total thiols was determined with Ellman's method. The results showed that lead at various concentrations had a toxic effect on the level of oxidative stress parameters (cobalt, thiols, total protein) in Drosophila melanogaster. While Picralima nitida a medicinal plant had a modulatory effect on the level of oxidative stress parameters (Cobalt, total thiols, total protein) in lead- induced Drosophila melanogaster, although it can become toxic when taken in high concentration. All varying concentrations of lead acetate or/and Picralima nitida reduced the survival rate in the flies. From this study it could be deduced that at low concentration Picralima nitida has modulatory effect on oxidative stress.

Alterations in Hepatocellular, Reproductive, and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Female Albino Rats Exposed to Crude Oil

Aim: To study the effect of exposure to crude oil on the liver, ovary, and some oxidative stress parameters in albino rats.&#x0D; Study Design: A total of 50 female albino rats were used in the experiment. The rats were grouped into three: The control group which consisted of 10 rats, the low dose group which consisted of 20 rats, and the high dose group also consisted of 20 rats. The low dosage group was orally administered 1.5 mL crude oil mixed with 300 grams of rat feeds (0.005 mL/g) and the high dosage group was orally administered 3.0 mL crude oil mixed with 300 grams of rat feeds (0.01mL/g), while the control group was fed with normal rat feeds. The treated feeds were given once a day for 35 days.&#x0D; Place of Study: The study was carried out in the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.&#x0D; Methodology: On the 36th day, the rats were sacrificed and then 5mL of blood from each rat was collected by cardiac puncture into labeled lithium heparin bottles for liver enzymes assay, hormonal assay, and oxidative stress parameters assay, while the livers and ovaries were harvested and fixed in 10% formal saline before tissue processing and histological examinations using H&amp;E staining technique. The collected blood specimens were spun; the plasma was extracted and analyzed in the laboratory for Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin, Malondialdyde (MDA), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad prism version 8.02.&#x0D; Results: Significantly higher plasma levels of AST, ALT, and MDA in the treated groups, except for ALP which was only significantly higher in the high-dose group. FSH, LH, Prolactin, and SOD indicated significantly lower levels in the crude oil-treated rats. The histological examinations showed marked distortion in the architecture of the livers and ovaries of the treated groups, also, there was a reduction in ovarian cellularity and massive degenerated tissues.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is shown that exposure to crude oil contaminants orally could have a significant effect on the plasma level of hepatocellular enzymes, reproductive hormones, and oxidative stress parameters which in turn could lead to hepatocellular dysfunction, infertility, or impaired reproduction in mammals and cellular injuries caused by excess free radicals as signaled by plasma level of oxidative stress parameters.

Genistein attenuates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and improves cognitive impairment in a rat model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy: potential role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Oxidative stress and inflammation seem to be the main factors responsible for cognitive impairment in sepsis. Genistein (GEN) is claimed to exert many beneficial effects on health, however, its possible effects on brain sepsis remains unclear. Here, we assess the influence and underling mechanisms of GEN on cognitive impairments in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic model. Rats were randomly divided into Sham, Sham + GEN, CLP, CLP + GEN gropus. Rats were treated with GEN (15mg/kg at 0 and 12h after CLP, i.p). Twenty-four hours after CLP, protein levels of cytokines, NF-kB and Nrf2, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of Nrf2-target genes were evaluated in the hippocampus. At 10 days after sepsis induction, behavioral tests were conducted to evaluate cognitive impairment. The results indicate that GEN can enhance survival percentage and improve cognitive function. Genistein administration significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels, MPO activity and protein level of NF-kB in the hippocampus of septic rats. Genistein also decreased the levels of oxidative stress parameters (MDA and protein carbonyls) and elevated the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in septic rats. Furthermore, nuclear Nrf2 and the expression of HO-1 and NQO-1 were also elevated by GEN treatment. These findings suggest that GEN improves cognition impairment in septic rats via decreasing inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, and activation of the Nrf2 pathway.

Physico-Morphological Characteristics and Oxidative Markers of Fresh Semen of Gir Bulls

The present investigation was undertaken on four mature Gir bulls (4-6 years) maintained at University farm, Junagadh for 4 months during hot summer season. Semen (n=6 ejaculate/bull) was collected using artificial vagina once a week from each bull. The fresh ejaculates were evaluated for physical attributes and oxidative stress markers in the seminal plasma. The overall mean values recorded based on 24 ejaculates for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, mass motility (0-5 scale), individual motility, sperm viability, sperm abnormality, plasma membrane integrity (HOST reactive sperm), and acrosome integrity were 6.20 ± 1.27 mL, 1316.83 ± 155.07 million/ mL, 3.75 ± 0.20, 84.83 ± 0.94 %, 87.58 ± 1.07 %, 9.63 ± 0.83 %, 79.58 ± 1.01 % and 91.21 ± 0.52 %, respectively. There was a significant P&lt;0.001) difference in ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and sperm abnormality between bulls. The levels of oxidative stress parameters, viz. lipid peroxidation and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the seminal plasma were 5.51 ± 0.26 μmol/mL and 16.30 ± 2.14 nmol/ mL/min, respectively. Individual motility, viability, HOST reactive spermatozoa, and acrosomal integrity were positively correlated, suggesting that any one or two attributeslike motility or HOS test can predict the semen quality. The semen quality generally was in normal physiological range including oxidative markers even during heat stress.

Combined Therapy of Yishen Zhuanggu Decoction and Caltrate D600 Alleviates Postmenopausal Osteoporosis by Targeting FoxO3a and Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Background Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease in women. Yishen Zhuanggu (YSZG) decoction and Caltrate D600 reportedly affects bone formation. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of YSZG decoction combined with Caltrate D600 in PMO treatment. Methods Ovariectomy-induced PMO rat model was treated with YSZG or/and Caltrate D600 for 12 weeks. Femur bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis-related protein expression, and serum parameters were measured. Pathological features of femur bone tissues were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Serum levels of oxidative stress parameters were measured using corresponding commercial kits. The mRNA and protein expression of FoxO3a, Wnt, and β-catenin was detected using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Results The BMD and ultimate load of PMO rats were increased after treatment with YSZG. YSZG treatment promoted the bone trabeculae formation of PMO rats. YSZG treatment also induced bone differentiation and suppress oxidative stress in PMO rats, evidenced by the increased BALP, Runx2, OPG, SOD, and CAT levels, as well as the decreased TRACP 5b, RANKL, ROS, and MDA levels. Additionally, YSZG treatment downregulated the FoxO3a expression and upregulated the levels of Wnt and β-catenin in PMO rats. Caltrate D600 addition showed an auxiliary effect for YSZG. Conclusion YSZG decoction exerts the antiosteoporotic effect on PMO by restraining the FoxO3a expression and activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which has an impressive synergistic effect with Caltrate D600.

Simvastatin alleviates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and oxidative stress of high glucose-induced lens epithelial cells in vitro by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling.

Diabetic cataracts (DC) is one of the main causes of blindness among patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of simvastatin on lens epithelial cells in DC and the underlying mechanism. The viability of SRA01/04 cells treated with different concentrations of simvastatin was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay before and after high glucose (HG) treatment. The expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in addition to RhoA, Rho-associated kinases (ROCK)1 and ROCK2, proteins related to RhoA/ROCK signaling, were also measured in SRA01/04 cells treated with HG and simvastatin, with or without U46619, using western blot analysis. DCFH-DA dyes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) kits were used to measure the levels of oxidative stress parameters in SRA01/04 cells treated with HG and simvastatin with or without U46619. The cell viability of SRA01/04 cells treated with simvastatin was found to be significantly elevated after HG treatment. The protein expression levels of E-cadherin were increased but those of N-cadherin, Vimentin and α-SMA decreased after HG and simvastatin treatment, and this was reversed by U46619. The levels of SOD and GSH-GSSG were found to be increased whereas reactive oxygen species levels were decreased, effects that were reversed by U46619. Additionally, the protein expression levels of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 were markedly decreased. These findings provided evidence that simvastatin increased HG-induced SRA01/04 cell viability and exerted inhibitory effects on EMT and oxidative stress that occurs during DC.

Bacillus subtilis- and Pseudomonas fluorescens-Mediated Systemic Resistance in Tomato Against Sclerotium rolfsii and Study of Physio-Chemical Alterations.

The present study is a comparative study between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) signaling and antioxidative enzymatic signaling and deals with induced systemic resistance (ISR) in enhancing the disease resistance in typical tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) infected by the collar rot fungus, Sclerotium rolfsii (Teleomorph: Athelia rolfsii) by priming with Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and their microbial consortia by a single strain of Bacillus subtilis, and P. fluorescens as well as by developed microbial consortium with both bacteria. Leaf samples were collected after different durations of pathogen inoculation, i.e., 1, 2, 3, and 4 days, and the systemic level of oxidative stress parameters, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), photosynthetic apparatus, superoxide radicals, and enzymatic antioxidants, were studied. Plant mortality under various treatments in two different seasons was calculated. The highest H2O2 was scavenged by the microbial consortium-treated plants (B1P1) and the lowest in pathogen-challenged plants (PC) compared to the untreated control. Cellular damage and reduction in the chlorophyll pigments were the highest at 48 h, and the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) was evaluated from 24 to 96 h; the lowest values were observed for pathogen-challenged plants and the highest for B1P1. Enzymatic antioxidants showed the maximum value for B1P1 and the minimum for PC compared to the unchallenged control. Furthermore, an analysis of variance and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted to examine the effect of the evaluation time (ET) and inoculation conditions (ICs) alone and in combination (ET × IC) on the physiological and biochemical parameters; accordingly, the score and the loading plots were constructed. Tomato root sections inoculated with different treatments were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to validate the potentiality of primed biocontrol agents in controlling the invasion of the pathogen. Further studies on the potential of this isolate to enhance the plant growth at the field level would strengthen the possibility of using the isolate as an alternative for organic fertilizers and pesticides.

Investigation of the Possible Toxicological Effects of Paracetamol on Lung in the Trimesters; An Experimental Study

Paracetamol (PAR) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug that is frequently used during pregnancy in many countries of the world. Although the fetal and maternal effects of toxic or long-term therapeutic doses used during pregnancy are known, the data on fetal effects during trimesters are insufficient. In this study, the possible effects of PAR exposure on both maternal and fetal tissues were investigated during pregnancy and in different trimester periods. Pregnant rats were exposed to different doses of PAR (low dose: 50 mg/kg and high dose: 500 mg/kg) in first trimester (1-7th days), second trimester (8-14th days) and third trimester (15-21st days) of pregnancy. On the 21st day, fetuses were removed by cesarean section under anesthesia. Maternal and fetal lung tissues samples were taken for biochemical analysis. PAR exposure decreased antioxidants levels and increased oxidative stress parameters levels in maternal and infant lung tissues. TBARS and TOS values increased compared to the control group, and it was statistically significant in all groups except the 1LD group (p &lt;0.05). SOD, CAT, GPX, TAS, and GSH parameters decreased compared to the control group, which was statistically significant in maternal lungs (p &lt;0.05). In infant lungs, it was also statistically significant for all groups in SOD, CAT, and TAS parameters. This experimental study demonstrates that exposure to PAR during pregnancy caused toxic damage to both maternal and fetal lung organs, especially in long-term usage during pregnancy, and in the third trimester.

The Comparative Effects of Inulin and Bacillus clausii on LPS-Induced Endotoxemic Rat Liver

ABSTRACT Background This paper sought to investigate the modifies of inulin and Bacillus clausii on the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) inducing oxidative stress signaling pathway in the endotoxemic rat model. Methods Wistar albino male rats (n = 36), divided into six groups, were formed randomly in the following stages: the control group; the prebiotic group (Inulin; 500 mg/kg); the probiotic group (Bacillus clausii; 1x109 CFU); the LPS group (1.5 mg/kg) as the endotoxemic model; the prebiotic group + LPS; and the probiotic group + LPS as treatment groups. Results The reactive oxygen species (ROS), advanced oxidation products of protein (AOPP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) levels increased in LPS-induced toxicity. Prebiotic treatment decreased LPS-induced hepatotoxicity on rat liver as observed in the decrease in the levels of oxidative stress parameters, such as ROS, TBARS, TOS, and OSI. The effect of the probiotic treatment on the ROS, AOPP, TOS, OSI levels was not statistically significant. However, it was determined that probiotic application was effective in the TBARS, TAS, and GSH levels. When the biochemical results of the prebiotic and probiotic treatment applications were compared, it was found that the prebiotic treatment was more effective on oxidative stress parameters (ROS, TBARS, TOS, and OSI). In addition, the histological damage score and MPO-staining results of the prebiotic treatment group were found to be more effective than the probiotic group. Conclusion In this first study, where inulin and Bacillus clausii spores are used against liver damage caused by LPS, inulin provides much more effective protection than Bacillus clausii spores.

Toxicity Effect of Cu2+ Contaminated Kitchen and Vegetable Wastes on Oxidative Stress Response of Black Soldier Fly Larvae, Hermetia Illucens

Environmental pollution sources including waste or metal accumulation, industrial and agricultural activities can be dangerous. Also, contaminated organic waste (COW) with metals especially, copper ions (Cu2+), can cause toxicity to various ecosystem components, enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently cause oxidative stress. The biochemical effect of the COW was monitored by assessing the oxidative stress parameters (OSP) using hydrogen peroxides (H2O2), protein carbonyls (PC), lipid peroxides (LP), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant ability (TAA); β-esterase (β-EST); and total amount of protein (TAP) levels on the organic waste (kitchen and vegetable wastes); Hermetia illucens larvae; and larval excreta collected from 7-day post-treated kitchen and vegetables wastes with (1:10; g:mL) distilled water (DW) or 100 mg/mL Cu2+. The OSP levels were significantly higher in the experimental samples from Cu2+ groups than in the control one. Besides that, the OSP levels of H. illucens larvae feed on vegetable waste was significantly higher than those feed on kitchen waste except for β-EST, PC, and TPA. The best, cheap and easy parameters of antioxidants to ensure the entomoremediation ability are total antioxidant capacity. Possible impacts of accumulated and Cu2+ contaminated organic waste on H. illucens larvae were discussed. Also, the ability of insects to produce more antioxidants than input or output sources was approved. The potential use of the OSP as a bioindicator method of the bioremediation ability of H. illucens was proposed.

Comparative Proteomics of Lipid Transport Proteins and Assessment of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Acute Ischemic Stroke and Healthy Control

Background: Stroke is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. Ischemic stroke occurs due to blood vessel blockage that limits blood supply to the brain. The present study aims to identify the serum proteins in terms of its lipid transportation function and the level of oxidative stress parameters. The study was done in human blood samples of ischemic stroke patients and healthy control participants. The sample size used was 26 in each group for oxidative stress study and 3 per group for mass spectrometric protein analysis. The study was designed as a comparative analysis of oxidative stress parameters between control and ischemic stroke. The in gel tryptic digestion followed by Liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) analysis was done to identify the differentially expressed serum proteins between control and stroke. Students t test was used for comparison between groups and p value less than 0.05 (p<.05) considered as significant. The study observed that the antioxidant parameters such as catalase and glutathione had lowered activity in ischemic stroke group compared to healthy control and malondialdehyde levels were higher in ischemic stroke compared to control. From the in gel tryptic digestion, we observed that proteins linked to lipid transport and inflammation had differential expression between stroke and control. The serum proteins which were differentially altered in 25 KDa region in electrophoretogram between control and stroke had functional association with lipid transportation process and stress associated inflammatory roles.