Levels Of Niacin Research Articles

125 Could yeast derivatives change beef cattle water intake in different scenarios?

Abstract Adequate water intake is linked to greater dry matter intake, heat loss, and productivity. To measure the water intake of beef cattle reared in groups, two experiments were carried out in Brazil (South East/Middle East) using water throughs coupled with scales (Intergado, Betim, Brazil) and RFID individual identification systems, allowing the recording of individual water intake of animals. In experiment 1, young bulls (n = 96; 105 d on feed - feedlot) were randomly assigned to four treatments: 1) Control, no yeast derivative; 2) AY – 7 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, Autolyzed Yeast grown on sugarcane molasses (RumenYeast, ICC, Brazil); 3) YM – 3 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, yeast rich in soluble Yeast Metabolites; 4) YB – 5 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, Yeast Blend (live Yeast plus autolyzed Yeast). Diets (adaptation, growing, and finishing) x treatments were treated as fixed effects on the complete randomized design. In experiment 2, backgrounding bull calves (n = 32) reared on grazing and 710 g/d of protein supplements (90 d) were randomly assigned to two treatments: 1) Control, no yeast derivative; 2) AY – 7 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, Autolyzed Yeast (RumenYeast), the means were subjected to ANOVA analyses. In both experiments, additives were inserted into the diet (mineral premix or supplement), animals were the experimental unit, and differences were declared significant at P < 0.05. Yeast derivatives increased (P < 0.05) water intake in both experiments (Figure 1). The average increment in water intake (L·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹ was 13.9%. Interestingly, the increment in relation to control was noted for all yeast derivatives and scenarios covered by the experiments (feedlot adaptation diet, feedlot growing diet, feedlot finishing diet, and grazing system). Until now, there seems to be no literature explanation for our findings. However, these results could help to explain the positive effects of yeast derivatives on rumen pH, protein microbial flow, and thermal stress since greater water intake increases the passage rate of rumen fluid and body heat loss. Statistical correlations may not be understood as a cause-consequence link. However, when dealing with a new question, correlations may give us a path to go on and investigate. Malheiros et al. (2023) noted a negative correlation between water intake and rumen dimethylamine. Autolyzed yeast can strongly decrease the concentration of rumen methylamines in cows facing subacute acidosis (Humer et al., 2018). Niacin metabolism should also be investigated since its supplementation enhances cows’ blood niacin levels and water intake. Yeast derivatives are rich in niacin, and autolyzed yeast supplementation can increase blood niacin and body heat loss during summer (Dias et al., 2018), probably increasing water need. In conclusion, yeast derivatives increased the water intake of beef cattle, and this finding adds to the understanding of how yeast derivatives supplementation benefits ruminants.

Optimal Dietary Intake of Riboflavin Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Cancer in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2021.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the dietary intake of vitamin B complex (thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin) and cervical cancer in Korea. The data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed, which included 28,306 participants who were categorized into non-cervical cancer and cervical cancer groups. The following dietary intake threshold levels of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin were identified based on the recommended daily allowances (RDAs): thiamine, 1.1 mg/day; riboflavin, 1.2 mg/day; and niacin, 14 mg/day. Among 28,306 participants, 27,976 were in the non-cervical cancer group and 330 were in the cervical cancer group. Riboflavin intakes of more than 1.2 mg/day but less than 2.4 mg/day were associated with a significantly reduced risk of cervical cancer, whereas intakes of above 2.4 mg/day were not associated with cervical cancer. Thiamine and niacin intakes were not significantly related to the risk of cervical cancer. The results of this study suggest that an intake of riboflavin of 1.2-2.4 mg/day may contribute to a lower risk of cervical cancer.

Bioaccessibility of Vitamins and Minerals in Processed Tubers and Leaves of Manihot esculenta Crantz Varieties

Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) is an important food crop in developing nations, with its tubers and leaves being a source of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin (vitamins) and calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc (minerals). Malnutrition prevalence in some Kenyan Counties that relied on cassava‐based diets has partly been attributed to processing methods and/or nutrient bioaccessibility. The study area Kilifi County grows Kibandameno and Tajirika cassava varieties and is on record for high prevalence of undernutrition. The levels of vitamins and minerals, and their bioaccessibility in raw, boiled, and deep‐fried tubers, and pounded then boiled leaves of Kibandameno and Tajirika cassava varieties were studied. Digestion was done using static gastrointestinal digestion prior to the determination of vitamins (by HPLC) and minerals (by AAS and AES). Bioaccessibility of both vitamins and minerals was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in boiled followed by deep‐fried and lowest in raw tubers. Bioaccessibility ranged between 27% (Fe)–85% (vitamin C) in boiled, 20% (Fe)–79% (vitamin B1) in deep‐fried, and 15% (Fe)–(72% (K) in raw tubers. Bioaccessibility in processed leaves was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in raw. This ranged between 11% (Fe)–81% (vitamin B1) in processed and between 8% (Fe)–67% (K) in raw leaves. Processing therefore significantly reduced levels of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc in raw tubers and leaves of Kibandameno and Tajirika Manihot esculenta Crantz varieties. Their bioaccessibility however significantly increased, being higher in tubers than in leaves.

Comprehensive assessment on the association of dietary vitamins with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with prediabetes: evidence from NHANES 1999-2018.

Background: Prediabetes has become a global health issue, and currently, the relationship between vitamin levels and mortality in prediabetes remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between the levels of eleven vitamins and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in prediabetes patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 14 634 prediabetes patients from 10 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2018. Mortality and underlying causes of death were determined by linking records from the National Death Index until December 31, 2019. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were established to assess hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all-cause, CVD, cancer, and other mortalities. Restricted cubic splines were used to visualize non-linear associations between various vitamins and mortality risk. Results: During the follow-up period, 2316/14 634 prediabetes patients died (12.55%), with 722 deaths (3.68%) attributed to CVD. After multivariable adjustment, vitamin B1, niacin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K levels exhibited non-linear associations with all-cause mortality (all p < 0.05). Vitamin B1, niacin, and vitamin E levels showed non-linear associations with CVD mortality (p < 0.05). Vitamin B6 exhibited a linear negative association with all-cause, CVD, and other mortalities (p > 0.05). However, vitamins A and B2 levels were not significantly associated with mortality rates (all p > 0.05). Consistent results were observed in the subgroup analyses after complete adjustment for variables. Conclusions: Higher levels of dietary vitamins B1, B6, niacin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K were significantly associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in patients with prediabetes. There was no association between vitamin A and B2 levels and all-cause and CVD mortality among individuals with prediabetes. These findings suggest the importance of correcting vitamin deficiencies to prevent mortality in prediabetes patients.

The interaction of dietary niacin and lipid affects the growth, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of male Eriocheir sinensis

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of the interaction of dietary niacin and lipid on the growth, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in male Eriocheir sinensis. A total 162 crabs (initial weight, 33.27 ± 0.84 g) were fed with six semi-purified diets containing L6N0 (6% lipid and 0 mg/kg niacin), L6N400 (6% lipid and 400 mg/kg niacin), L6N800 (6% lipid and 800 mg/kg niacin), L12N0 (12% lipid and 0 mg/kg niacin), L12N400 (12% lipid and 400 mg/kg niacin), L12N800 (12% lipid and 800 mg/kg niacin), respectively. Elevated levels of niacin and lipid improved growth performance of crabs, but there were no significant differences. Crabs fed with 400 mg/kg niacin diets had higher hepatopancreas index (HSI) and lipase (LPS) than that of the other groups. Niacin promoted the accumulation of lipid in the hepatopancreas, but excessive accumulation led to more oxidative stress in crabs. In conclusion, excess lipid and niacin enhanced the growth performance of male Chinese mitten crabs by promoting the accumulation of lipid in the body at the expense of impairing their immune capacity. Crabs fed with 6% lipid and 400 mg/kg niacin diet had an advantage in lipid metabolism, without a significant decrease in antioxidant capacity, achieving a balance in growth performance and immunity.

A prospective and comparative investigation of blood sFlt-1, P1GF, and niacin concentrations in women with premature ovarian insufficiency.

Endothelial dysfunction is an important component of preeclampsia like premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), and it is reported that placental growth factor (P1GF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1 (sFlt-1) levels are important in preeclampsia. Extra-placental sources for P1GF and sFlt-1 have also been identified, including various cell types. In animal models of POI, niacin treatment inhibited follicular apoptosis under hazardous conditions while significantly reducing cumulus cell apoptosis. The number of developing follicles also increased after niacin was given. This study was designed to determine blood sFlt-1, P1GF, and niacin concentrations in women with idiopathic POI (iPOI) compared with those of healthy women. The study comprised 45 women with iPOI and 45 healthy women. Blood was obtained and analyzed at the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and sFlt-1, P1GF, and niacin levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. No significant differences were observed in the two groups according to the gravidity numbers, parity, abortion, live births, and menarche ages (p ≥ 0.05). In the iPOI group, the mean anti-mullerian hormone value was 0.03 ± 0.04 (min-max, 0.00-0.21)ng/ml. sFlt-1, P1GF, niacin levels, and also the sFlt-1/P1GF ratio were lower in the iPOI group (p < 0.01). A significant discriminative role of sFlt-1, P1GF, niacin levels, and the sFlt-1/P1GF ratio for the presence of iPOI, with cut-off values of 5.13, 10.28, 37.17, and 0.61 ng/ml, respectively, were reported in the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. Lower levels of P1GF, sFlt-1, niacin, and sFlt-1/P1GF ratios may be associated with the development of POI/iPOI. Further studies are required to better understand the etiopathogenesis of POI/iPOI. NCT04641624 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Traditional Colombian cuisine corn dough: Characterization and evaluation of the effect of heat treatment on selected water-soluble vitamins and minerals

Corn is one of the most abundant cereals used for human nutrition and is widely used in Colombian gastronomy as a dough. This article characterizes hydrated white corn dough and evaluates the effects on its content of selected water-soluble vitamins and minerals of cooking it in water or frying it in vegetable oil according to traditional methods used in Colombian gastronomy. Basic physicochemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed, and vitamin and mineral content were determined using HPLC-DAD and atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. The results showed that the dough was a source of protein(4.82 %), fat(1.48 %), and dietary fiber(5.29 %) and that its microbiological quality was acceptable for human consumption. Heat treatment had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the levels of thiamine, niacin, and pyridoxine, but ascorbic acid was not detected in the cooked and fried dough. Thiamine, niacin, and pyridoxine content were constant across the treatments. The effects on the levels of minerals present were significant (p < 0.05), with increased levels of calcium and zinc in the fried dough and increased levels of iron in the cooked dough. Finally, traditional cooking and frying methods used in Colombian gastronomy do not lower the nutrient profile of corn dough in terms of the evaluated nutrients.

NAPRT, but Not NAMPT, Provides Additional Support for NAD Synthesis in Esophageal Precancerous Lesions.

It is hypothesized that esophageal precancerous lesions (EPLs) have a surge requirement for coenzyme I (NAD). The purpose of this study is to clarify the key control points of NAD synthesis in developing EPL by detecting related markers and the gene polymorphism of NAD synthesis and metabolism. This case-control study was conducted in Huai'an, China. In total, 100 healthy controls and 100 EPL cases matched by villages, gender, and age (±2 years) were included. The levels of plasma niacin and nicotinamide, and the protein concentration of NAMPT, NAPRT, and PARP-1 were quantitatively analyzed. PARP-1 gene polymorphism was detected to determine if the cases differed genetically in NAD synthesis. The levels of plasma niacin and nicotinamide and the concentrations of NAMPT were not related to the risk of EPL, but the over-expressions of NAPRT (p = 0.014, 0.001, and 0.016, respectively) and PARP-1 (p for trend = 0.021) were associated with the increased EPL risk. The frequency distribution of APRP-1 genotypes was found to not differ between the two groups, while the EPL group showed an increased frequency of the variant C allele. NAPRT, but not NAMPT, was found to be responsible for the stress of excess NAD synthesis in EPL. Focusing on the development of NAPRT inhibitors may be beneficial to prevent and control ESCC.

Status of maternal serum B vitamins and pregnancy outcomes: New insights from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment.

The influence of B vitamins on human fertility and infertility treatments remains elusive. Therefore, this study investigated the association of most B vitamins with IVF-ET outcomes. A total of 216 subjects aged <35 year in their first oocyte retrieval cycle were recruited. Blood samples from the participants were collected before the oocyte pick-up procedure, and serum levels of riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6 (including PA and PLP), folate, and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Endpoints were classified into three groups according to tertiles (lower, middle, and upper) of each vitamin index, and the association of the serum vitamin status with intermediate and clinical outcomes was analyzed using a generalized estimating equation model. Higher riboflavin levels were associated with elevated probabilities of high-quality embryos, as well as clinical pregnancy after embryo transfer. A greater likelihood of transferable embryos was found in the middle tertile of serum folate. Similarly, a negative correlation of serum MMA, a marker of vitamin B12 deficiency, with high-quality embryos was identified. No significance was observed for other vitamins in terms of all endpoints. Therefore, sufficient levels of pre-conception riboflavin, folate, and vitamin B12 are recommended for successful infertility treatment and pregnancy planning; further evidence is needed to confirm our conclusion.

A Comparative Study on Proximate and Micronutrient Composition of Various Varieties of Rice Produced in Punjab, Pakistan

&#x0D; &#x0D; The present work aims to assess and compare the nutritional composition of the indigenously produced samples of Basmati Pak, Basmati KS 282, Super Basmati, Organic Brown Rice, 1121 Kainat Sella Rice (parboiled), Super Kernel (parboiled).The proximate analysis of macronutrients and micronutrients (Thiamine, Riboflavin Niacin, Fe, Ca, and Zn) was conducted according to AOAC, 2005 and AOAC, 2008 official methods respectively. The results showed that protein (N×5.7), crude fiber and ash contents were found to be highest in the Organic Brown rice, while the fat content was similar in all rice types. The highest moisture and protein content was found in Super Kernel Rice. Basmati Pak had the lowest percentage of moisture and ash, Super White Basmati had the least amount of protein and crude dietary fiber while the lowest percentage of fat was found in Basmati KS 282. In terms of micro-nutrients, Super Kernel Rice showed to have a higher content of Thiamin, Riboflavin, and Niacin as compared to the rest of the varieties. 1121 Kainat Sella Rice had the highest contents of Ca. Organic Brown Rice was found to have the highest level of Fe and Zn. The significantly lower levels of Thiamin and Riboflavin were found in Basmati Pak and lowest level of Niacin was found in Super Basmati. Similarly Basmati Pak had the lowest level of Ca and Zn while Kainat Sella Rice (parboiled) had the lowest levels of Fe content. The nutritional composition data suggests that some nutrients are present in one variety of rice while others are present in another variety. Basmati Pak variety had least amount of nutrients. The information obtained from this research may be of interest to food manufacturers and consumers for acknowledging the compositional variation in indigenous rice varieties.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Effect of Different Levels of Niacin on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Status, Cytokine Levels, Inflammatory Gene Expression and Colonic Microbial Composition in Weaned Piglets.

Niacin plays an important role in regulating the gut health of weaned piglets. In this study, 48 25-day-old weaned piglets (7.9 ± 0.20 kg) produced by 14 sows (3 to 4 piglets per sow) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 2 piglets in each replicate. Each group was fed diets supplemented with 22.5 (N1), 30 (N2), 45 (N3), and 75 (N4) mg/kg of niacin, respectively. Samples were taken at 7 and 14 d, respectively. The study shows that changes in niacin levels significantly affected the content of IgG and IgM in the serum (p &lt; 0.05). Niacin had a significant effect on antioxidant parameters such as MDA, T-SOD, and CuZn-SOD in the jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, significant differences were observed in the expression of cytokines such as TGF-β, TNF-α, and COX2 in the jejunal mucosa (p &lt; 0.05). The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that there were significant differences in the colonic species composition, which were also accompanied by changes in the isovaleric acid content (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, an appropriate increase in niacin dose based on NRC (2012) has an important role in improving the antioxidant status of weaned piglets, alleviating intestinal inflammation in piglets, improving immunity, and regulating the structure of the microbiota.

Dietary Niacin Requirement of Juvenile Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir sinensis.

Effects of dietary niacin on the growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, body composition, and antioxidant capacity were investigated in the present study to determine the optimum requirement of niacin for juvenile Eriocheir sinensis. All 360 crabs (initial average weight 1.14 ± 0.04 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates in each group and 20 crabs in each replicate. Crabs were fed with the control diet (0.89 mg/kg) or niacin-supplemented diets (170.54 mg/kg, 347.05 mg/kg, 587.59 mg/kg, 784.85 mg/kg, and 1248.86 mg/kg) for 12 weeks (named as G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6, respectively). The results showed that appropriate dietary niacin (above 347.05 mg/kg) significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) (p < 0.05), but did not affect the survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), daily feeding rate (DFR), and molting frequency (MF) of crabs (p > 0.05). The niacin content in the hepatopancreas of crabs in G1 and G2 was significantly lower than that of the other four groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary niacin significantly affected the intestinal histomorphology of crabs, including the number of folds (NF), height of folds (HF), height of microvillus (HMV), and thickness of muscularis (TM) (p < 0.05). Additionally, moderate dietary niacin levels significantly affected the nonspecific immune responses of crabs, by improving the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (p < 0.05). Based on the broken-line model analysis of SGR against dietary niacin level, the dietary niacin requirement of juvenile crabs was suggested to be 419.4 mg/kg.

Dietary niacin intake and risk of dyslipidemia: A pooled analysis of three prospective cohort studies

Although the pharmacological effect of niacin in lowering blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels has been demonstrated in several clinical studies, information regarding the effect of dietary niacin intake is uncertain, and the longitudinal association between dietary niacin intake and the risk of dyslipidemia has not been adequately studied. We analyzed data from three community-based cohort studies in Korea, including 211,567 participants aged ≥40 years. Dietary niacin intake was estimated using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and the occurrence of dyslipidemia was confirmed through surveys during the follow-up period. We applied Cox proportional hazard regression to calculate the cohort-specific hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for dyslipidemia and pooled the results using the fixed-effects method. Higher dietary niacin intake was associated with a reduced risk of dyslipidemia (pooled, multivariable-adjusted HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.62-0.82). Compared with the group whose dietary niacin intake was above the recommended dietary allowance in Korea, the risk of dyslipidemia increased by 32% (pooled, multivariable-adjusted HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.19-1.46) in the group below the estimated average requirement in Korea. Spline regression showed a dose-response linear relationship between dietary niacin intake and the risk of dyslipidemia (all p-values for nonlinearity >0.05). Consumption of foods with high niacin levels may help prevent or delay the onset of dyslipidemia.

Optimal Niacin Requirement of Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense as Determined by Growth, Energy Sensing, and Glycolipid Metabolism.

Niacin is indispensable for the growth and development of aquatic animals. However, the correlations between dietary niacin supplementations and the intermediary metabolism of crustaceans are still poorly elucidated. This study explored the effects of different dietary niacin levels on the growth, feed utilization, energy sensing, and glycolipid metabolism of oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. Prawns were fed with different experimental diets containing graded niacin levels (15.75, 37.62, 56.62, 97.78, 176.32, and 339.28 mg/kg, respectively) for 8 weeks. Weight gain, protein efficiency, feed intake, and hepatopancreas niacin contents all maximized in the 176.32 mg/kg group with significance noted with the control group (P <0.05), whereas the opposite was true for feed conversion ratio. Hepatopancreas niacin concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary niacin levels increased, and peaked at the 339.28 mg/kg group. Hemolymph glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations all maximized in the 37.62 mg/kg group, while total protein concentration reached the highest value in the 176.32 mg/kg group. The hepatopancreas mRNA expression of AMP-activated protein kinase α and sirtuin 1 peaked at the 97.78 and 56.62 mg/kg group, respectively, and then both decreased as dietary niacin levels increased furtherly (P < 0.05). Hepatopancreas transcriptions of the genes related to glucose transportation, glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis all increased with increasing niacin levels up to 176.32 mg/kg, but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary niacin levels increased furtherly. However, the transcriptions of the genes related to gluconeogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation all decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary niacin levels increased. Collectively, the optimum dietary niacin demand of oriental river prawn is 168.01-169.08 mg/kg. In addition, appropriate doses of niacin promoted the energy-sensing capability and glycolipid metabolism of this species.

39-Year-Old Woman With Severe Weakness

39-Year-Old Woman With Severe Weakness

Chemical and Functional Properties of Different Rice Varieties from Ebonyi and Anambra States Nigeria

The chemical and functional properties of selected rice varieties commercially cultivated in Ebonyi and Anambra States of Nigeria were evaluated. Four rice varieties each (IR-8, 1416, Faro 44 and 306) from these States were analyzed for the mineral, vitamin, functional and phytochemical properties. The mineral contents of the rice samples were a range of copper (0.01-0.06mg/100g); Calcium (0.31-0.55mg/100g); lead (0.04 to 0.12 µg/g); Iron (0.54-1.26mg/100g); Zinc (0.92-1.76mg/100g), Phosphorus (12.25-28.68mg/100g). Potassium (58.01-74.02mg/100g); Manganese (0.05-0.23mg/100g) and Magnesium (0.19-0.58mg/100g). Vitamin contents of the rice samples had a range of thiamine B1(0.02-0.08mg/100g); Riboflavin B2 (0.10-0.28mg/100g) and niacin B3 (2.35-3.48mg/100g). The functional properties were in range of bulk density (0.71-0.83g/cm3); water absorption capacity (2.60-4.00g/ml); swelling index (1.20-1.82); gelation temperature (82.00-90.000C); amylose (17.88-27.50%) and amylopectin (73.54-81.85%). The phytochemical contents of the rice samples were in a range of tannin (0.01-02mg/100g); Phytate (4.27-9.28mg/kg); Oxalate (0.02-0.40mg/100g); flavonoid (1.14-5.58%) and carotenoid (473.59-4542.97mg/100g). The results of the mineral contents showed that the selected varieties were generally low in Copper, Iron, Zinc, Phosphorus, Manganese, Magnesium; high in calcium and potassium but low in lead content. The results of the vitamin contents showed that the selected varieties had low level of Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2) and good level of Niacin (B3). The result of the functional properties showed that the selected rice varieties were showed lowest in bulk density and water absorption capacity; moderate in swelling index and gelatinization temperature; however. 306 and1416 had good level of amylose whereas IR-8 and Faro 44 had good levels of amylopectin. Results also showed that the selected varieties were generally low in phytochemical contents and wouldn’t pose nutritional risk when consumed. The result of this study can go a long way to an effective utilization of our indigenous varieties thus adding value to the crop.

Evaluation of clinical relationship of serum niacin and dopamine levels in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the role of serum niacin and dopamine (DA) levels and their clinical importance in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients. Patients and methods Between April 2018 and October 2018, a total of 53 female patients (mean age: 38.3±5.5 years; range, 21 to 45 years) with a clinical diagnosis of FMS and 35 healthy female controls (mean age: 36.7±5.2 years; range, 25 to 44 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) were applied to the patients. Serum levels of niacin and DA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, respectively. Results Niacin and DA levels of the patient group were significantly lower than those of control group (p=0.003 and p=0.02, respectively). A very strong positive correlation was found between niacin and DA levels (r=0.96 p<0.001). Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of niacin and DA by the receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.73 (p<0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.85) and an AUC of 0.68 (p=0.004, 95% CI: 0.56-0.80), respectively. Conclusion Serum niacin and DA levels decrease in FMS patients in relation to the tender point numbers. It can be suggested that the levels of these two markers can be considered additional tools in the diagnosis of FMS.

Detecting Admixture to Mango Pur\xe9e of the Alphonso Cultivar (Mangifera indica L. cv. Alphonso) by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy

Food authenticity is becoming increasingly important but challenges existing analytical methods. In this study, we analyze the mango cultivar Alphonso with regard to authenticity using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. This cultivar has been termed “the king of mangoes” due to its unique flavor. Regarding its metabolites however, little is known about unique constellations that allow for differentiation of the Alphonso cultivar. We find that the Alphonso cultivar is distinguished by high levels of niacin, trigonelline, and histidine but features relatively low levels of alanine. Furthermore, we develop a model based on the local outlier factor algorithm that effectively detects admixture of non-Alphonso cultivars to Alphonso purée. This task is highly challenging because we identified no metabolites that are unique or uniquely absent in the Alphonso cultivar compared to other mango cultivars analyzed in this study. Our model shows promising results on a test set: Admixtures consisting of 35% non-Alphonso and 65% Alphonso mango purée were uncovered with a sensitivity of 88%. At the same time, our model verified Alphonso samples with a good specificity of 86%.

Dietary niacin requirement of fingerling Indian major carpCatla catlaHamilton

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary niacin requirement of fingerling Catla catla. Eight casein–gelatin based isonitrogenous (350 g/kg CP) and iso-caloric (16.72 kJ/g GE) test diets with graded levels of niacin (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 mg/kg diet) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fingerlings (3.5 ± 0.5 g) to apparent satiation thrice daily for 16 weeks. Live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER%) and protein productive value (PPV) improved significantly (p < .05) with the incremental levels of dietary niacin up to 30 mg/kg diet beyond which no significant (p > .05) difference was observed in above parameters. RNA/DNA ratio also increased significantly (p < .05) as dietary niacin levels increased from 0 to 30 mg/kg, and thereafter remained unaffected with further inclusion of niacin. Blood indices including haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb) and RBCs counts were significantly (p < .05) affected by varying levels of dietary niacin and also found to be highest in fish fed 30 mg/kg niacin. However, liver niacin concentration increased significantly (p < .05) with increasing dietary niacin levels up to 40 mg/kg diet indicating liver niacin saturation at this level. Broken-line regression analysis of LWG, FCR, PPV and liver niacin concentrations against varying levels of dietary niacin indicated the break points at 27.71, 27.81, 30.75 and 40.64 mg niacin per kg of the dry diet, respectively. On the basis of the results obtained through regression analysis of above parameters, inclusion of 31.72 mg/kg niacin diet is recommended for fingerling C. catla.

Nutritional, antioxidant properties and polyphenol content of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivated in Iran

The quinoa is pseudocereal plant that has nutritional value. Recently, It was cultivated in iran because of water crisis. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of quinoa cultivated in Iran for the first time. The macronutrients and energetic value, polyphenol, total phenol content and DPHH of quinoa were measured. Some B group vitamin, the free fatty acid profile was assessed by HPLC and GC-mass separately. The trace elements were also evaluated by ICP. The amounts of dry matter, protein, fat, ash, and available carbohydrates were, 90.33±0.89, 16.30±1.52, 6.09 ±0.30, 4.43±0.47, and 73.14±1.59 percent, respectively. The total bacterial count of quinoa was 5.22±0.23 (LOG10 CFU.g-1). Escherichia coli and sulphite-reducing clostridia were lower than 1.0 (LOG10 CFU.g-1). Salmonella was absent in all samples. According to the DPPH method, the IC50 of quinoa seed was approximately 6232.0 mg.L−1 compared to the equivalent Gallic acid as a standard (IC50: 184.15 μg.mL−1). Also, the quinoa seed contained the highest level of niacin (0.881 mg/100g) among the vitamin B groups. The analysis of the amino acid profile revealed the highest contents of glutamic acid (1.230 g/100g) and lysine (3.08 g/100g). The concentrations of minerals including calcium, magnesium, and potassium were respectively (0.07, 0.086 and 0.35 g/100g). Quinoa is a valuable nutritional product that can provide health benefits to the human, mainly because of its linoleic acid content.