Level Of Motor Development Research Articles

Upaya Pencegahan Stunting Melalui Kegiatan Gasting (Garahan Bebas Stunting) di Desa Garahan, Kecamatan Silo

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that occurs worldwide caused by suboptimal nutritional intake from pregnancy to 24 months or 2 years of age. Stunting in childhood is associated with delays in motor development and lower intelligence levels. Symptoms shown by stunting sufferers include a child's height that is shorter than children of the same age, the child looks smaller for his age, low body weight, and delayed bone growth (Laska et al., 2024). Stunting has short-term and long-term impacts. In the short term, stunting causes depression of immune function, metabolic changes, decreased motor development, low cognitive values, and low academic values (Widjayatri et al., 2020). Meanwhile, the long-term impacts of children with stunting include, when they grow up, they will be at risk of obesity, coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, decreased work performance, and productivity (Dekasari & Gunawan, 2024)

Is Just Moving Enough for Girls? The Moderation Role of Gross Motor Development Level in the Association Between Physical Activity and Cognition

Purpose: Our objective is to describe the moderating effect of the level of gross motor development on the relationship between physical activity (PA) level and visual perception/memory in girls. Methods: This is a quantitative cross-sectional study with a randomized sample of 85 girls (mean age 7.11 ± 0.74) from Chile. The following models were tested: interaction between PA (light: Model 1; moderate–vigorous: Model 2; vigorous: Model 3; and total PA: Model 4) and motor development level associated with visual perception/memory. Variables that showed interaction were tested according to the Johnson-Newman. Results: The Model 2 explains 13% of visual perception/memory and the Model 4 explains 15%, indicating that the motor development level is a moderator of this relationship. Conclusions: Collectively, our results present evidence that girls with a high level of gross motor skills have a stronger relationship between total PA (and also only moderate–vigorous activity) and visual perception/memory.

Development of Basic Motor Skills from 3 to 10 Years of Age: Comparison by Sex and Age Range in Chilean Children.

to identify the level of motor development of children from 3 to 10 years of age according to sex and age group. We studied a sample with a total of 328 participants (girls = 170; boys = 158) at preschool (n = 154) and school levels (n = 174). The ages of the students ranged from 3 to 10 years, with a mean of 5.94 years (±2.53). TGMD2 was applied to identify motor development. boys and girls present low levels of physical activity, with most of them in the very poor, poor, and low-average categories (n = 182, 55.5%). Levels of motor development in locomotion, manipulation, and general development by age show significant differences (p = 0.000). However, levels of development by sex are not significant in manipulation, locomotion, and gross motor skills tests, respectively (p = 0.150, p = 0.208, and p = 0.210), and in relation to chronological age and motor development age show significant differences (p = 0.000).

Erratum. Is Just Moving Enough for Girls? The Moderation Role of Gross Motor Development Level in the Association Between Physical Activity and Cognition

Erratum. Is Just Moving Enough for Girls? The Moderation Role of Gross Motor Development Level in the Association Between Physical Activity and Cognition

The potential and importance of exercise therapy in pediatric oncology – The PrepAIR study

Introduction Modern therapy has improved survival for children with cancer. However, treatment takes its toll. Children experience delays in motor development milestones such as walking, running, jumping or climbing, diminishing children’s quality of life and affecting their social reintegration. One side-effect of chemotherapy and crucial cause of the many dysfunctions is a peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Depending on the neurotoxic agent, 52%-100% of children are affected (Kandula et al. 2016). It causes severe symptoms such as loss of sensation, numbness, pain, absent reflexes as well as loss of balance control. It is also of high clinical relevance as it affects medical therapy. Additionally, recovery is poor and there are currently no treatment options (Loprinzi et al. 2020). Previous research has shown (Streckmann et al. 2022) promising results: Specific exercises can reduce symptoms of CIPN and improve patients’ quality of life. In our most recent study in adults, we were also able to prevent the onset of CIPN with clinical impact. We hypothesize that CIPN could be the root of many problems children experience during therapy. Our aim is to maintain relevant sensory and motor functions in children in order for them to receive their planned medical therapy and become fitter and socially better integrated survivors. Methods We are therefore currently running a large, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial (Basel, Bern, Aarau, St. Gallen, Freiburg (D) and Berlin (D)), randomizing N = 131 children planned to receive a neurotoxic chemotherapy into an intervention group or a treatment as usual group and accompanying them throughout their oncological therapy. After therapy the control group will also be shown the training. Primary endpoint is the incidence of CIPN, secondary endpoints are postural control, dorsiflexion function, knee extension strength, lower limb power, walk to run transition time, CIPN-related pain, participation of exercise-related leisure activities, children’s’ physical self-concept and quality of life. Discussion/Conclusion We hypothesize that less children in the intervention group will develop symptoms of CIPN and will be able to maintain relevant motor and sensory functions which will enable them to receive their planned medical therapy but also to stay on the age-appropriate motor development level, improve their quality life and enhance social reintegration after therapy. This would show that specific exercise therapy is more than just a lifestyle intervention, it could be a therapy option without further side- effects, changing supportive care in oncology. This study will therefore contribute to our endeavors to implement exercise therapy in pediatric oncology long-term empowering patients to return to an active lifestyle and additionally reduce the risk of long-term secondary diseases.

Physiotherapy Intervention on Premature Infants-A Pilot Study.

Background and Objectives: Considering the fact that prematurity echoes in terms of motor development even up to the age of adolescence, through the presence of deficiencies, the importance of starting kinetotherapeutic treatment as soon as possible is highlighted, even in the absence of brain damage or obvious motor delays. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to analyze the factors that influence the level of motor development of premature babies up to 9 months and identify the motor development curve of premature babies according to the three stages of motor development: the position of symmetrical support on the elbows at 3 months, sitting with support at 6 months, and verticalization at 9 months. Materials and Methods: This prospective pilot study was conducted within a rehabilitation facility located in Targu Mureș, Romania, spanning a duration of 2 years from June 2021 to 2023. Results: The study involved a population of 78 children, all premature infants, selected from the patient pool of the rehabilitation facility, specifically chosen based on adherence to the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined in the study protocol. Two physiotherapists specialized in child recovery were involved in the study, and one performed the assessments and the other applied the Bobath therapy. Conclusions: Early physiotherapy interventions can have a positive influence in terms of reducing differences in motor development between preterm and full-term infants. This study identified several factors that influence the motor development of premature infants. Among these, the most prominent biological factors were gestational age and birth weight.

Effects of prenatal stress on infant motor development

Introduction. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between prenatal maternal stress (PMS) experienced by women during pregnancy and perinatal risk factors and infant motor development, as assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Aim of the study It was hypothesised that infants born to mothers who experienced PMS have lower levels of motor development during their first year of life compared to infants of mothers who did not experience PMS. Material and methodology. The test was conducted on 171 women and their 179 children. The subjects were divided into two groups: 1) mothers who experienced PMS and 2) mothers who did not experience PMS. The same key was applied to divide the study infants into two subgroups: 1) infants of women experiencing PMS and 2) infants of women not experiencing PMS. Each infant was assessed using the standardised AIMS tool. Results. The study results suggest that infants of mothers experiencing PMS score lower on neurodevelopmental assessments, persisting at least 12 months after birth, than infants of mothers not experiencing PMS. Moreover, a correlation was demonstrated between stress during pregnancy and factors such as gestational age, mode of delivery, birth weight, and Apgar scores. Conclusions. Stress experienced by mothers during pregnancy can affect motor development in infancy. Also, perinatal factors such as the week and type of labour, birth weight, and Apgar score should not be underestimated.

Investigation of Motor Development Levels of 04-06 Age Group Girls and Boys According to Bruininks-Oseretsky Test

Motor skills are the physical elements that enable movement. Basic skills at an early age form the basis for activities that require much more complex motor skills specific to sports. These basic skills are called basic motor skills and include activities such as throwing, jumping, running, catching and hitting. Basic movement skills form the basis of sport-specific skills to be acquired later. In this respect, it is important to measure the basic movement skills of children and to monitor these skill levels. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the motor development levels of children aged 04-06 according to the Bruininks-Oseretsky test.
 The population of the study consists of children between the ages of 4-6 attending kindergartens and nursery schools in Rize in 2018-2019 academic year. 286 healthy children, 150 males and 136 girls, were randomly chosen for the study's sample. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency Test (BOT-2) was used in its abbreviated form for this experiment. Normality test was applied to the obtained data. It was observed that the data had normal distribution in some sub-groups and not normal distribution in some others. When comparing two independent groups in pairs, the t-test, or Mann-Whitney-U test, was used at a significance level of = 0,05, and the one-way ANOVA test, or Kruskal-Wallis H test, was used when comparing three or more groups.
 Test results showed that the difference between the gross motor skill levels of the children by gender and age was significant (Z0.05;-3,538; p

Effects of a gamification proposal in the physical education class on motor development in 3rd and 4th grade students at a private school in Valparaíso—Chile

As a result of the pandemic caused by the coronavirus, the performance of mass physical activities and face-to-face classes have considerably decreased in the spaces for the stimulation of motor development and, consequently, the levels of physical activity in the school population. The objective of this article is to determinate the effect of the implementation of a physical-educational intervention based on gamification in specific and compound motor skills in schoolchildren. The study involved 25 students from a private school of Valparaíso, Chile (12 women and 13 men from third and fourth grade). The test of Gross Motor Development Second Edition (TGMD-2) was applied to measure motor development level on students. As a function of the 12-week intervention, motor development was improved according to the Wilcoxon test with a significance of p = 0.019 in locomotion, p = 0.013 in manipulation and p = 0.006 in total motor development. Based on the results, it was concluded that a 12-week intervention based on the gamification method can improve the motor development of students in this age range.

Ankstyvojo amžiaus vaikų motorinės raidos sąsajos su jų motinų fziniu aktyvumu

Background. Physical activity and movement is a key factor in motor development. The physical activity of parents is associated with the physical activity of their children.
 The aim. To determine the correlations between the motor development of early-age children and the level of physical activity of mothers.
 Methods. 32 early-age children (from 6 months to 36 months) were assessed for motor development according to the Peabody (PDMS-2) movement test. The physical activity of the children’s mothers was assessed according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The child’s motor development and physical activity were assessed using a questionnaire for mothers.
 Results. The average value of the motor development coefcient of early-age children was 107.66±7.02 points; 53 percent of children reached an average level of motor development, and 47 percent of children’s motor development level was rated above average. The average value of the physical activity of the mothers was evaluated as a high level of physical activity and was 3638.09±2191.31 MET. 44percent of mothers have a high level of physical activity, 53 percent – an average and 3 percent. – low.Conclusions. The coefcient of motor development was higher in those earlyage children whose parents’ physical activity level was moderate or high. It was established that the less time parents devote to intense or moderately intense physical activity, the less time they devote to children’s physical activity; the more time mothers spend walking, the more time children spend outside.
 Keywords: children, motor development, mothers, physical activity.

LADOBALA For Children in the Agronursing Area

Optimal development is the goal that the child is expected to achieve during maturation which can be categorized into 5 domains, one of which is fine motor development. Fine motor development takes longer to achieve than gross motor development so it is necessary to stimulate one of them with a play approach. This study aims to analyze the development of LADO BALA play therapy (playdough Natural ingredients) on fine motor development and anxiety levels in children in the agricultural area. This research is a quasy experiment research with one group pretest-posttest design. The respondents in this study were 78 pre-school children with purposive sampling techniques. The measuring tools used in this study were DDST sheets to assess development and Faces Image Scale (FIS) to assess anxiety. The novelty in this study is that the media used is the result of the development of researchers, namely playdough with natural ingredients, namely wheat flour, salt, food coloring, warm water by utilizing local resources and wisdom in the agronursing area, namely using coconut oil which is safe and beneficial for children's skin health. The data obtained were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed ranks test to determine the influence between variables. The results of each analysis were obtained namely p = 0.001 which stated that there was an influence of the development of playdough play on fine motor development and anxiety levels in children in the agriculture area. Playing lado bala facilitates children's development through squeezing, shaking, and increasing creativity in children, as well as making children feel happy so as to reduce anxiety in children.Playing ladobala can be one of the stimulations of fine motor development in pre-shool children in the agronursing area and ladobala media can be made by children with parents with easily available and safe materials.

EFFECTS OF INSTRUMENTAL FACIAL MASSAGE AND NEUROMOTOR STIMULATION TECHNIQUES IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Mastication and swallowing disorders as well as the presence of sialorrhea are some of the severe consequences that often accompany motor disorders in children with cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of applying instrumental facial massage procedures and neuromotor stimulation techniques on orofacial muscles and structures and global motor control in order to improve oral motor functions (mastication and swallowing), reduce sialorrhea and increase the level of motor development. The present study included 10 participants (6 girls and 4 boys) aged 8-10 years diagnosed with cerebral palsy, spastic tetraplegia form with severe orofacial dysfunction. Children were assessed to determine their level of neuromotor development using the GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System) Scale, muscle tone (pathological hypertonia) by means of the Modified Ashworth Scale, mastication and swallowing impairments through the Likert Scale, and sialorrhea using the Thomas-Stonell and Greenberg Scale. The research participants were applied a programme consisting of instrumental facial massage procedures and neuromotor stimulation techniques performed 4 times a week. Statistical results highlighted that the application of instrumental facial massage procedures and neuromotor stimulation techniques within the classic protocol for the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy proved to be effective in the case of the 10 participants, their scores improving at the end of the research compared to those recorded at the beginning of the study.

PENGARUH BERMAIN FINGER PAINTING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK USIA 5-6 TAHUN DI RA. AL MUHAJIRIN BEKASI

ABSTRACTThe fine motor skills of children aged 5-6 years at RA Al Muhajirin Bekasi have not developed properly, so there needs to be an effort to develop these fine motor skills. This study aims to obtain empirical data regarding the significant effect of playing finger painting on the fine motor skills of children aged 5-6 years at RA Al Muhajirin Bekasi.The research method used in this thesis is a quantitative research method of experimental type. The experimental method is a research method to find the effect of certain treatments on others under controlled conditions. The research design used a true experimental design with a posttest-only control design technique. Posttest-only control design is an experimental research design in which two groups are selected randomly, the first group is given treatment and the other group is not given treatment. The data collection method used an observation sheet in the form of a checklist that measures the fine motor skills of children aged 5-6 years.The results of the post-test data analysis showed that the level of fine motor development of children treated with finger painting was higher (42.75) than the group of children who were not treated with finger painting (35.08). The results of hypothesis testing using the t-test which compares the average post-test scores obtained tcount = 5.110 and Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.000, with ttable = 2.22. Because the value of tcount is greater than ttable and the value of Sig. (2-tailed) is less than 0.05, then "Ha is accepted". The conclusion of this study is that there is a positive and significant effect of playing finger painting on the fine motor skills of children aged 5-6 years at RA Al Muhajirin Bekasi.Keywords: Fine motor, finger painting, children aged 5-6 years

The month of walking alone and BDNF level differ between drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by impairment in reasoning, affectivity, and social relationships. Previous studies have shown delayed motor development and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) level change in individuals with schizophrenia. We researched the month of walking alone (MWA) and BDNF level between drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients (FEP) and healthy control (HC), as well as how they behave in neurocognitive function and severity of symptoms. Predictors of schizophrenia were further explored too. We researched the MWA and BDNF levels between FEP and HCs in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from August 2017 to January 2020, as well as how they behave in neurocognitive function and the severity of symptoms. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to examine the risk factors affecting the onset and treatment outcome of schizophrenia. We find that FEP showed a walking delay and lower BDNF levels compared to HCs, which were associated with cognitive impairment and severity of symptoms. According to the difference and correlation analysis results, and combined with the appropriate application conditions for binary logistic regression, Wechsler Intelligence Scale Picture completion, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, and Trail Making Test: part A were added to the binary logistic regression analysis to distinguish FEP and HCs. Our study has shown delayed motor development and changes in BDNF levels in schizophrenia, extending insight into the early identification of patients with schizophrenia versus healthy populations.

Determinants of handgrip strength at age 2 years in children born moderate and late preterm and associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes

BackgroundHandgrip strength (HGS) indicates current and future health. Although preterm infants have an increased risk of poor grip strength in later life, its determinants and relationship with neurodevelopment are not well understood. AimsTo determine HGS in children born preterm and explore the relationship of HGS with demography, anthropometry, nutritional factors, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Study designA prospective cohort study of moderate-late preterm babies enrolled in a randomised trial of nutritional support strategies, the DIAMOND trial. SubjectsA total of 116 children born between 32 and 35 weeks' gestation, whose HGS was measured at 2 years' corrected age. Outcome measuresHGS was measured using a dynamometer, and neurodevelopment was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III. Anthropometry and body composition were assessed at birth, discharge, and at 4 months' and 2 years' corrected age. Information on demographics and breastfeeding practices, including type of milk at discharge and duration of exclusive breastfeeding, was collected using questionnaires. ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) HGS was 2.26 (1.07) kg. The Bayley scores were < 85 (−1 standard deviation) in 6 %, 20 %, and 1 % for the cognitive, language, and motor scales, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HGS was positively associated with language and motor scores (p < .05) after adjusting for confounding factors. HGS was not associated with sex, anthropometry, body composition, or breastfeeding practices. Maternal education was independently associated with HGS (p < .01). ConclusionsHGS at age 2 years in children born moderate-late preterm is associated with language and motor development and maternal education level.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH MOVEMENT GAMES IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PUPILS

ABSTRACT. Introduction. As one of the most fundamental activities of childhood, dynamic game can have a primary significance as a mean of recreation and gradually advance to a major pedagogical influence. Movement games are an ideal means of education, fulfilling the highest level of movement, motor and cognitive development, personality shaping and social integration, ensuring the formation of a strong profile of the primary cycle graduate. The way the student responds, applies and adapts to the rules imposed by the game directly influences memory, thinking, language, creativity, sensations and perceptions, thus, its implications hold a significant percentage in cognitive development. Objectives. 1) knowing of the implications of motion games in the cognitive development of primary-cycle pupils; 2) increasing the attractiveness of physical education lessons; 3) learn to spend free time as actively as possible. Methods. The knowledge test contains 10 items and was applied to 54 students in the 3rd and 4th grades in rural areas, divided into control group - 27 students and experimental group - 27 students, following the implementation of a dynamic game program applied to the experimental group during the school year 2021-2022. Knowledge testing verifies how they have understood the games and the ability to use, adapt or build them in a personalized way. Results. The knowledge test has a maximum score of 10 points, each question being scored differently. The average score for the experimental group is 9.11 points and for the control group is 6.27. The difference between the result obtained by the experiment group and the control group is 2.84 points, a difference that confirms the proposed objectives given the dynamic game program applied to the experiment group. Conclusion. Applied dynamic games aim to stimulate students’ thinking, attention, memory and creativity in a fun way that does not provide the fear of rejecting their own ideas, rewarding and encouraging all attempts to build new dynamic games.

Growth and motor development for the teaching of physical education at school: An analysis in the early years of elementary education

The activities necessary for motor stimulation are developed at school through the execution of movements worked on in class in order to stimulate students in the development of motor skills. Thus, this research aims to analyze the level of motor development of students in the early years of elementary school using the TGMD-2 test as an instrument for assessing motor performance. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that large parts of the sample of evaluated students obtained an unsatisfactory level in fundamental motor skills, in which it can be observed that there is a large number of students who do not have adequate motor development for their age. These results are directly related to the current situation of children in Brazil regarding low motor competence.

Foot arches and physical fitness of 5-year-old children

Introduction Preschool age is a period of further changes in physical development, improvement of motor skills, and strengthening of the child's movement apparatus. At that time, especially between the ages of 4 and 7, morpho-functional changes in the feet are observed, leading to their longitudinal and transverse arches. The aim of the research was to try to assess the relationship between the curvature of the feet and the level of fitness and coordination abilities of children under the age of 5. Material and methods 414 children aged 5 participated in the study, including 178 girls and 236 boys. Podoscopic examination made it possible to assess the longitudinal arch of the feet using the Clarke's angle. The level of the child's motor development was characterized on the basis of the results of the tests of the Physical Fitness Test for Sekita's Preschoolers, and the Great Motility Test TGMD II was used to assess the coordination abilities. The results were statistically processed. Differences between the selected groups were estimated with the Student's t-test for independent groups. Results Based on our own research, it was found that preschoolers with flat feet are characterized by significantly lower body height and a higher BMI. On the other hand, such differences were not noted in body weight. On the other hand, the analysis of fitness abilities and motor predispositions proved the occurrence of small and insignificant differences between the described syndromes. Conclusion Therefore, it can be assumed that at this stage of ontogenesis, the level of the arched feet does not have a significant effect on the motor skills of the studied children.

Desenvolvimento motor de crianças expostas ao zika vírus: revisão sistemática

Abstract Objectives: to describe the motor development, in the first two years of life, of children with evidence of congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS) at birth and of children exposed to the Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy, but without evidence of CZS. Methods: systematic review, according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). The search took place in the VHL/LILACS interface and BIREME/ PubMed interface databases until March 2020. Two researchers analyzed the quality of the studies using the Johanna Briggs Institute methodology. Results: 21 articles were selected. Children with CZS have severe impairment of motor functions and a high prevalence of spastic cerebral palsy. At two years of life, most reached only early levels of motor development; with impaired vision, hearing, language, cognition, behavior, and social interaction. On the other hand, children exposed to ZIKV, but without evidence of CZS, are at lower risk, about 20% have late manifestations of delay and/or neurodevelopmental disorder. Variables associated with greater motor impairment are early maternal infection, preterm birth, lower head circumference, abnormal imaging, use of anticonvulsant, increasing age, arthrogryposis, epilepsy, deficits in vision, language, cognition, and lower income. Conclusion: Most children with CZS show severe motor impairment; a small part of those exposed to ZIKV, without evidence of the syndrome at birth, have alteration in neurodevelopment. Those children should be followed in the long-term, since some manifestations may occur belatedly.

Sustainable Development of Basic Motor Competencies Related to Socioeconomic Status of Primary School Children

In this study, we focus on the relationship between the socioeconomic status (SES) of children and the level of their motor development related to motor competencies. Various research findings confirm the predominantly significant influence of the SES of the family or the environment where the child comes from, to the level of motor development evaluated on the basis of the results achieved in various motor tests. In this research we focused on primary school children, who participated in the MOBAK tests related to basic motor competencies and on the SES, which was determined by an online questionnaire for the parents. Despite the fact that we did not statistically confirm the relationship between the level of basic motor competencies and SES, the results indicate the tendency that children with higher SES perform better in object-movement and self-movement and are in line with the results of previous studies. This relationship should be respected and taken into account when designing physical and sports education lessons with regard to the sustainability of basic motor competencies development.