Microwave Power Levels Research Articles

Analysis of the influence of different drying processes on the quality attributes of orange peel

The present research aimed to assess the effect of different drying processes on kinetics, antioxidant content and activity, texture, colour, morphology, and β-carotene content of orange peel (OP). The utilization of microwave drying resulted in a notable increase in the rate of evaporation of water present in the orange peel. This process facilitated the release of bound polyphenols. The OP dried at 600 W exhibited the highest total phenolic compound (24.65 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid compound (11.73 mg QE/g), as observed in the recorded data. The total antioxidant value exhibited a decrease at both elevated and reduced levels of microwave power compared to raw OP. The study found that the drying model proposed by the Weibull model exhibited the most optimal fit, as evidenced by a low SSerror (1.6 × 10−3-16.12 × 10−3), RMSE (0.02–0.05) and high R2 (0.99–1.00). Among dried products, high hardness (30.92 ± 1.26 N), fracturability (28.31 ± 1.22 N), and lightness (74.01 ± 0.38) were observed in freeze-dried (FD) OP. The browning index was high in microwave drying at 180 W (MWD 180 W), and tray drying (TD) which also produced more vibrant colours, as observed in their high chroma value. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the retention of β-carotene was observed highest in FD (0.057 ± 0.003 mg/g) and lowest in TD (0.032 ± 0.002 mg/g). The morphological study revealed small-sized particles in high-temperature drying methods (MWD 900 W and TD). Large pores and frequent cracking were observed in microwave drying compared to FD. Four clusters are formed in Principal component analysis (PCA) loading of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra based on their similar characteristics as found in FTIR. Antioxidant content and texture are closely related to the chemical moieties, as observed in PCA.

Multi-stage evolution of pore structure of microwave-treated sandstone: Insights from nuclear magnetic resonance

Microwave fracturing has great potential in improving the efficiency of hard rock breaking. However, the pore evolution, which can be regarded as the damage accumulation and progressive failure of the rock subjected to microwave irradiation, remains unclear. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is employed to investigate the pore evolution and fracture mechanism of the sandstone under different microwave power levels. The results show that the pore evolution of the specimens, including distribution of pore size, the weight in volume of various-sized pore, and porosity, exhibits different changing trends under various microwave power levels. The pore evolution of the specimens under microwave irradiation can be categorized into four phases: overall pore expansion, localized pore closure in the internal region, micro-cracks propagation induced by thermal stress, and macro-cracking (or melting). Moreover, pore evolution also plays a crucial role in the decomposition and evaporation of bound water, particularly when the specimens experience fractures triggered by thermal stress induced by the microwave treatment (TSIMT). The employing of NMR imaging (NMRI) description also provides an auxiliary and effective illustration on the pore evolution of the specimens under microwave irradiation. Finally, the mechanism of microwave-assisted rock breaking under different power levels is comprehensively discussed based on the NMR results from a microscopic perspective. It is anticipated that the findings of this study can provide valuable insights for enhancing the efficiency of microwave-assisted rock breaking.

Enhancing Indian onion (Allium Cepa L. var. aggregatum) extraction by microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) method: Parametric study and optimization using FCCD design

The aim of this study is to extract essential oil from Indian onion bulbs (Allium Cepa L. var. aggregatum) using the microwave hydrodiffusion-gravity (MHG) method. The operating parameters considered include drying pre-treatment, material size (1-3 cm), microwave power (300-600 W), and extraction time (15-75 min). Optimal extraction conditions were identified through a two-stage process: initially screening data using a full factorial design, followed by process optimization using a face-centred central composite design (FCCD). The oil yield increased with extraction time up to a certain point, after which it plateaued, indicating no further yield improvements. The size of the material had an impact on how well microwave energy transferred; smaller particles provided larger surface areas, which improved extraction efficiency. Furthermore, the reduction in moisture content due to drying directly affected essential oil production, leading to higher yields. Sudden temperature increases could negatively impact oil quality, making temperature control during extraction critical. The microwave power level also played a significant role in the extraction process. The highest oil yield, 2.78%, was obtained with an extraction time of 75 min, a microwave power of 600 W, and a material size of 1 cm. Additionally, the extracted onion oil contained cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl), and Z-citral.

Thermal Wave and Pennes’ Models of Bioheat Transfer in Human Skin: A Transient Comparative Analysis

The primary focus of this study is to analyze comparative heat transfer in a two-dimensional (2D) multilayered human skin using thermal waves and Pennes' bioheat transfer models. The model comprises the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis tissue, and inner cells, and aims to understand their response to microwave (MW) power and electromagnetic (EM) frequency. The system of equations involves EM wave frequency and bioheat equations and uses the finite element method (FEM) for solving. It encompasses a range of microwave power levels (4-16 W), frequencies (0.9-4 GHz), and exposure durations (0-180 s). It examines how MW power and frequency affect temperature predictions due to different relaxation times. The results are visually represented, illustrating microwave power dissipation, isothermal profiles within the skin tissue, temperature trends at several locations, relaxation times, specific absorption rate (SAR), and the mean surface temperature of the multilayered dermal cell. Thermal analysis shows that Pennes' equation predicts higher temperatures than the thermal wave model of bioheat transfer (TWMBT). A notable disparity in temperature evolution is observed between the two models, especially in high-frequency transient heating scenarios. The TWMBT forecasts a delay in heat transfer, offering valuable insights into the more realistic short-term thermal behavior that the classical Pennes' model fails to capture. This comparative study underscores the significance of selecting an appropriate bioheat transfer model for precise thermal analysis in biomedical applications, such as hyperthermia treatment and thermal diagnostics. The findings emphasize the potential of the TWMBT to enhance the accuracy of thermal treatments in clinical settings.

Surface engineering of carbon fiber using microwave micro arcing (MwMA) for enhanced performance of resulting PEEK composites

In this work microwave micro arcing (MwMA) has been utilized to engineer the surfaces of carbon fibers (CF) to enhance the interfacial bonding of resulting PEEK based composites. The CF were subjected to MwMA at different power levels ranging from 360 W to 900 W for 60 s to engineer their surfaces. The influence of MwMA on CF at various power levels was analyzed using SEM, contact angle measurement, AFM scans, and XPS study. Subsequently, MwMAed CF reinforced PEEK composite laminates were developed using compression molding. The MwMA on CF increased the surface wetting energy by 38% at 540 W microwave power level. XPS analysis suggested that MwMA at 540 W introduced oxygen containing functional group (C-O and C = O), which are likely responsible for increasing the adhesion between CF and PEEK polymer. The current study suggests that MwMA CF at 540 W showed an increment in tensile strength, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength, and impact strength nearly by 22%, 61%, 28%, and 98% respectively. The MwMA method is novel method to improve the surface properties of carbon fibers and shows the potential use in structural applications.

Simulation of Transport Phenomena for Microwave Freeze‐Drying of Potato Slices Using Finite Element Analysis

ABSTRACTThis research intended to investigate the transport phenomena that occur during microwave freeze‐drying (MFD) of potato slices using drying kinetics and finite element analysis (FEA). The impacts of microwave power levels and potato slice thickness on drying rate constant (DR) and average moisture diffusion (DAVG) were analyzed using MFD kinetics and were then incorporated in the simulation. It was found that the DR and DAVG were in the range of 301.3 × 10−3–775.4 × 10−3 min−1 and 1.045 × 10−10–3.336 × 10−10 m2/s, respectively. In the sublimation phase, the DR and DAVG were higher than those in the desorption phase. The DR and DAVG increased as the microwave power level increased but decreased as the thickness increased. The FEA of temperature and moisture distribution within the potato slices demonstrated the outward transfer of heat and mass from the center to the exterior and closely matched the experimental data with an error margin of within 5%, leading to the proposed schematic shrinkage model corresponding to the MFD simulation.

Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Curcuma zedoaria Rhizome: A Comparative Study of Castor Oil and Sesame Oil

ABSTRACTCurcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe is a curcuminoid‐rich plant with potential applications in cosmetic products. This study aimed to optimize the microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) conditions for C. zedoaria rhizomes using castor oil and sesame oil as solvents. A full factorial design was employed, investigating microwave power levels of 600 and 800 W, and microwave times of 30 and 90 s. The results showed that microwave time significantly affected extraction yield, and individual and total curcuminoid content while microwave power did not. The optimal conditions for maximizing extraction yield and total curcuminoid content were 600 W for 90 s with castor oil, and 600 W for 80 s with sesame oil. Stability testing revealed that curcuminoids were more stable in castor oil than in sesame oil when stored at 4°C, 30°C/75% relative humidity (RH), and 40°C/75% RH over 3 months. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MAE is an effective method for extracting curcuminoids from C. zedoaria, with castor oil showing superior preservation of curcuminoid content. These findings suggest that castor oil could be a preferable solvent for the extraction and stabilization of curcuminoids in C. zedoaria for cosmetic applications.

From Waste to New Ways: Feasibility of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Chitin from Green Mussels (Perna Viridis) for Development of TEA-Functionalized CO2 Capture Adsorbent

As the world progresses, environmental problems emerge, such as the rise in global greenhouse gas emissions, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) and improper waste management. To address these issues, this study aims to extract a natural polymer, chitin, from waste green mussel shells using a novel microwave-assisted extraction method. The extracted chitin was used as a support material for the functionalization of the adsorbent for potential CO2 capture. The process involves demineralization and deproteinization for mussel shells under the influence of a microwave unit. Results show that microwave power level 2 has produced the highest chitin yield (6.40%) among all the power levels. To enhance its CO₂ adsorption capacity, the extracted chitin underwent a sol-gel pre-treatment followed by functionalization with triethanolamine (TEA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a "brick wall-like" or flaky crystal structure with an increased surface roughness, suggesting successful TEA incorporation. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the presence of amine groups and enhanced thermal stability of the functionalized chitin. These characteristics are essential for CO₂ capture applications. This research demonstrates that waste green mussel shells coupled with microwave-assisted extraction can be a promising route in extracting chitin and its potential application to CO2 capture. Future work will focus on improving the pre-treatment process to produce a more suitable chitin support and optimizing the adsorbent's CO₂ capture capacity.

Microwave‐assisted treatment for the improvement of rice flour properties and rice flour bread quality

SummaryModification of rice flour by microwave and its effect on bread making performance was evaluated. Rice flour having two different water content (20% and 30%) were exposed to different level of microwave power (600 W, 700 W and 800 W) with 8 min treatment time to assess its influence on amylose content, thermal properties, morphological structure, functional and crystalline structural that affect bread quality. Microwave‐treated rice flour at 600 W showed notable increment in amylose content of 1.03 folds (for both 20% and 30% water content) as compared to untreated rice flour. The microwave treatment destroyed the amorphous region of the rice flour starch, whereas starch crystal structure was slightly increased after treatment. Rice flour maintained its thermal stability even after exposure to high radiation of microwave. The treated rice flour exhibited starch granules with more voids on its surface, indicating the exudation of amylose at higher temperature. The major effect of microwave treatment was observed on the bread for rice flour treated at 800 W with higher specific volume, increase in gas cells pores, softer crumb, low hardness and delayed staling as compared to untreated rice flour. The microwave‐assisted treatment shows a significant potential in improving the rice flour quality led to increase the quality of bread.

Optimization of microwave-assisted drying of scallions (Allium fistulosum L.): A comprehensive study on drying kinetics, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and thermodynamic properties

This study explores the effectiveness of microwave-assisted drying for scallions (Allium fistulosum L.), focusing on drying kinetics, energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and thermodynamic properties. Scallion samples were subjected to different microwave power levels (136 W and 264 W) and varying sample masses (5 g, 10 g, and 20 g) to assess the drying process. The Page model was identified as the most suitable for describing the drying kinetics, providing a precise fit to the experimental data. The study revealed that higher microwave power levels significantly enhanced the drying efficiency by increasing moisture diffusivity, thereby reducing drying time. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the drying process is endothermic, requiring external energy for moisture removal, with positive enthalpy and Gibbs free energy values confirming the non-spontaneous nature of the process. Entropy analysis suggested a decrease in molecular disorder during drying. In terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, the results highlighted that microwave-assisted drying offers a lower environmental impact, with specific energy consumption (SEC) values demonstrating efficient energy use during the drying process. This study supports the viability of microwave-assisted drying as a sustainable and efficient method for processing scallions. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing drying processes in the food industry, emphasizing the potential for microwave drying technologies to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact.

Unveiling The Potential of Microwave Plasma Treated Char For Sustainable Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) Management and Reduced Ecological Risk Of Cadmium

Introduction: This study explores the effectiveness of microwave plasma pyrolysis in reducing heavy metal concentrations, specifically cadmium, in automobile shredder residue (ASR). METHOD: The ASR was subjected to plasma pyrolysis at microwave power levels ranging from 800 to 1000W, resulting in a significant decrease in heavy metal concentration in the char. Utilizing the Bureau Communautaire de Référence (BCR) sequential extraction method, a standardized procedure developed by the European Commission, we assessed the chemical speciation and matrix properties of the char. The results indicated that microwave plasma treatment effectively decreased the bioavailable forms of cadmium. After 6 minutes of pyrolysis at 1000W, the exchangeable and acid-soluble fractions (F1) dropped to 10%, while the reducible fraction (F2) fell to 12%. RESULT: This treatment resulted in a substantial increase in the oxidizable (F3) and residue (F4) fractions, which reached 27% and 51%, respectively. Importantly, the potential ecological risk of cadmium decreased significantly, with the risk index (Er) dropping from 164.91 to 28.45, aligning with Taiwan's regulatory standards for non-hazardous waste.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that microwave plasma pyrolysis is a promising and sustainable approach for the disposal of ASR, offering an environmentally friendly alternative for waste management. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, environmental scientists, and industries seeking effective solutions for ASR treatment.

Enhancing Mushroom Freezing Quality Using Microwave-Assisted Technology.

This study investigated the effects of microwave-assisted freezing on the quality attributes of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Four levels of microwave power (0, 10, 20, 30%) were applied to the mushroom samples during freezing. The quality attributes of the frozen and thawed mushrooms were then evaluated. The results suggested that higher microwave power produced the smaller and more uniform ice crystals. Moreover, the browning index of the mushroom samples increased with increasing microwave power. The textural properties (hardness) of the mushrooms were also affected by the microwave power, showing higher values as the power increased. Furthermore, the ratio of the microwave operating system's power to the freezer power was low and approximately 20% at the highest power level. Therefore, these findings confirm the potential of microwave-assisted freezing for reducing freeze damage to mushroom tissue and, thus, provide frozen mushroom with a better texture.

Antioxidant activity, physico-chemical properties, and bioactive compounds of Nigella sativa seeds and oil impacted by microwave processing technique

Strongly anti-oxidant and medicinal, Nigella sativa L (NS) is utilized in conventional medicine to address a range of illnesses, including gastrointestinal, inflammatory and rheumatic illnesses. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of microwave processing on the physico-chemical properties of Moroccan-grown Nigella sativa seeds and oils, as well as to investigate the antioxidant qualities of black cumin oils under conditions of accelerated oxidation. The study's specific goal was to ascertain the effects of varying microwave power levels (500 and 750 W) and roasting times (5, 10, and 15 min) on the black cumin oils' quality indices, fatty acid and sterol content, carotenoid and chlorophyll levels, mineral profile, tocopherol amount, and overall antioxidant activity. To this end, the seeds of black cumin were roasted at two power levels (500 and 750 W) and for three different periods (5, 10, and 15 min) in a microwave oven. The obtained results show that the duration and the processing power did not significantly influence the amount of sterols and fatty acids. In contrast, the quality indices, physico-chemical properties, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents, mineral profile, and tocopherol amount were influenced by the microwave processing. A significant decline in the antioxidant activity was recorded from 45.01 ± 0.81 % (unroasted cumin seeds) to 4.32 ± 0.91 % (750 W/5 min). Based on these findings, the black cumin oil preparations should be handled carefully and the oil must be protected once extracted. The stability and preservation of antioxidants are crucial steps against pro-oxidant and inflammatory conditions that could favour cellular senescence and accelerate aging processes.

Effect of potassium persulphate-induced microwave pretreatment for cost-effective sludge solubilization and bioenergy recovery

The disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge (MWAS) by energy-intensive physical pretreatments is considered expensive. In the present study, an effort was undertaken to disintegrate the sludge by microwave assisted pretreatment (MAP) in an energy-efficient and economical way by combining the microwave with oxidant potassium persulphate. Besides, the sulphate radicals generated through activated persulfate can efficiently disintegrate and solubilize sludge. In this context, microwave pretreatment was combined with potassium persulfate to activate the generation of sulphate radicals for economically enhanced sludge solubilization. MAP was done by varying the microwave power levels (10 to 50 %) and pretreatment time (0 to 30 min). Microwave assisted potassium persulphate pretreatment (MAPPP) was done by varying the potassium per sulphate dosage (0.005 to 0.04 g/g Total solids (TS) and pretreatment time (0 to 14 min). Combining microwave with potassium persulfate brings about a synergistic effect, generating sulphate and hydroxyl radicals that can effectively disintegrate and solubilize biopolymers of sludge. A higher sludge lysis rate of 37.25 % was achieved by this microwave assisted potassium persulfate pretreatment (MAPPP) when compared to microwave assisted pretreatment (MAP) alone (26.27 % after thickening). A higher methane yield of 219.14 mL/g Volatile solids (VS) was obtained through MAPPP compared to MAP (154.22 mL/g VS). The detailed mass, energy, and economic assessment at a large-scale level for MAP and MAPPP revealed that MAPPP was energetically and economically feasible with an energy ratio of 1.22 and net profit of 42.03 USD/Ton compared to MAP. Thus, it can be confirmed that MAPPP was economically viable to implement on a large scale.

Impact of microwave power on equivalent dose (De) evaluation in ESR dating

ESR (electron spin resonance) spectra of quartz samples irradiated with varying gamma (γ) dose were measured at different microwave power levels (0–200 mW). The microwave power saturation characteristics of Al and E′ centers were systematically investigated, and the mechanisms by which the power saturation characteristics affected equivalent dose (De) fitting results in ESR dating were revealed. The experimental results demonstrated that irradiation reduces the spin-lattice relaxation time, resulting in the inability to intrinsically characterize the number of spins in a series of aliquots when the ESR intensity exhibits significant saturation. The simulation results indicated that changes in spin-lattice relaxation characteristics can cause distortion in the dose response curve (DRC) at high power levels, leading to deviations in De values. A method that uses the slope of the approximate linear regime of the power saturation curve (PSC) as an intrinsic metric of ESR intensity is proposed; this method has been preliminarily validated in both experiments and simulations.

Experimental study of parchment coffee drying using the combined fluidization and microwave process: Analysis of drying curves and thermal imaging

In this study, several experimental drying conditions for parchment coffee were investigated using microwave-assisted fluidization. The experiments were carried out in a prototype equipment consisting of a multimode microwave equipment (700 W and 2.45 GHz frequency) with a drying chamber inside of the cavity. Fluidization was provided by a centrifugal blower (1500 rpm nominal) operating at different controlled speeds. The experimental design corresponded to three microwave power levels (0, 210 and 350 W) and different air speeds (0, 1.7 and 3.4 m/s) at 25 and 40 °C. The experimental moisture evolution and temperature distribution showed that fluidization homogenizes the temperature profiles. Thermographic images further indicated that intermediate microwave power levels (210 W) achieved high uniformity in surface temperature distribution. The combination of fluidization and microwaves facilitated a significant acceleration of the drying rate without exceeding temperature limits, thus preventing any adverse effects on the final product's quality.

Catalytic Microwave Pyrolysis of Albizia Branches Using Iraqi Bentonite Clays

Catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass is gaining popularity as an alternative to fossil fuels due to health, environmental, climate, and economic issues. This study conducted a catalytic pyrolysis process of the Albizia plant's branches using an Iraqi clay catalyst (bentonite) focusing on the variables including the biomass-particle size, experimental time, microwave power level, and the catalyst-to-biomass ratio. The physical and chemical properties of the resulting biofuel were analyzed presented by HHV, acidity, density, viscosity, GC-MS, FTIR for bio-oil and SEM, EDX, BET, HHV, FTIR for biochar. The study revealed that addition of bentonite as a catalyst led to enhanced production of biogas produced from 5% to 45% and decreased the power level used from 700 W to 450 W. Also, it raised the production of bio-oil generated with less power level and duration time. The addition of catalyst also affected the characteristics of bio-oil produced such as reducing the acidity by increasing its pH from 5 to 5.7, lowering the viscosity from 4.8 to 3.3 cSt, and the density from 1045 to 1039.2 kg/m3. Adding catalyst increased the percentage of aromatic and alcoholic substances in the bio-oil which led to improve the calorific value from 19.5 to 23 MJ/kg. Additionally, the biochar properties also improved, where the surface area and pore volume increased from 0.5512 to 40.384 m2/g and 0.00011 to 0.0361cm3/g respectively. The higher heating value was raised from 23.5 to 25 MJ/kg also. CH4 is also increased from 3.6 to 8.6% which is one of the essential fuel gasses.

Effect of insulation materials and power on microwave heating characteristics of SiC susceptor under material–specific parametric conditions

High-quality microwave absorber materials play a crucial role in the efficient and uniform processing of variety of materials through microwave hybrid heating. Silicon carbide (SiC) is an excellent microwave absorber at room temperature, which enhances the heating rate of the target materials significantly. In the present study, effects of heat insulation materials and their configurations on microwave heating characteristics of SiC were investigated at different power levels. The responses were assessed in terms of the heating capability (maximum temperature achieved), radiation heat loss, temperature gradient, and heating uniformity under different parametric conditions. A 3D COMSOL Multiphysics simulation model, coupled with microwave heating and heat transfer module, was developed with surface-to-ambient radiation boundary conditions. Electromagnetic and thermal properties of the SiC utilized in the model were selected based on physical properties, such as porosity/density, particle size, and chemical composition of SiC. The model outputs were validated with experimental findings. Results showed that microwave heating characteristics were highly sensitive to the susceptor (SiC) properties, insulation materials and power levels. Insulation materials prevented heat losses significantly; at the same time, different insulation configurations altered the electrical field intensity distribution within the SiC sample, which affected the responses. Microwave power levels also influenced the responses and quantity of insulation required.

A novel oxidative microwave torrefaction approach for producing empty fruit bunch-starch binder briquettes as a potential biomass-based energy

This study introduced a novel microwave torrefaction (MWT) strategy combining optimal briquetting conditions and oxidative MWT (OMWT) to create briquettes using empty fruit bunch (EFB)-starch binder for enhanced physical and fuel properties. An analysis was conducted to evaluate the impacts of compaction pressure (20–80 MPa), EFB-to-starch binder mixing ratios (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30 by wt%), and drying duration (50–150 min) on the final moisture content, unit density, and physical properties of the EFB-starch binder briquettes. This study also investigated the influences of heating duration (5–15 min), microwave (MW) power levels (200–400 W), and oxygen (O2) concentration (0–6 vol%) on the physical and fuel properties of oxidative MW-torrefied EFB-starch binder briquettes. The optimal briquetting parameters were determined using a compaction pressure of 80 MPa, mixing ratio of 80:20 (wt%), and drying duration of 120 min. Meanwhile, the optimal conditions for the OMWT process to produce satisfactory physical appearance and competitive compressive strength with higher heating value were a heating duration of 10 min, MW power level of 300 W, and O2 concentration of 6 vol%. Consequently, this process demonstrated an enhanced MWT method using minimal charcoal-activated carbon (C-AC) in an oxidative environment.

Influence of microwave drying on quality parameters of foamed Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) juice

In the world of industrial drying processes, foam mat microwave drying is a significant and valuable approach. Its advantages include increased drying effectiveness, preservation of product quality, energy and cost savings, flexibility in application, and improved safety. Development of Nagpur mandarin juice powder is tedious and time-consuming due to its bitter test and less total soluble solid, therefore the present research carried out with the process parameters for microwave drying include microwave power levels (180, 360, 540, 720, and 900 W) and drying bed thicknesses (2, 4, and 6 mm). Foamed juice is produced using soy protein isolate (2.10 %), GMS (2.75 %), CMC (1.75 %), and sugar (5.10 %), with whipping times of 8 min. Additional foaming agents include guar gum (0.45 %), soy protein isolate (3.30 %), and sugar (10 %) with whipping times of 6 min. The optimal conditions for drying Nagpur mandarin juice were determined through analysis using Design-Expert 11.0.4.1 software. These conditions include 540 W of microwave power, a drying bed thickness of 3 mm, and the use of a foaming agent comprising 2.10 % soy protein isolate, 2.75 % GMS, 1.75 % CMC, and 5.10 % sugar, with an 8-min whipping period. Under these optimized conditions, the resulting powder exhibited the following characteristics: color b value of 19.59, ΔE (change in color) of 6.24, acidity of 0.40 %, ascorbic acid content of 36.64 mg/100 g, water activity of 0.26, drying time (in minutes), and overall acceptability rating of 7.77. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the optimized process parameters in achieving desirable quality attributes for Nagpur mandarin juice powder production.