Levels Of Human Organization Research Articles

Принцип безопасности в психологических исследованиях проблем цифровизации

<p>Исследование посвящено психологическим эффектам цифровизации в силу актуальности выработки подходов для систематизации их изучения. Его целью явилось обоснование систематизирующей роли принципа безопасности в построении исследований психологических эффектов цифровизации. Были привлечены методы теоретического анализа проблемного поля исследования, метод классификации и метод психологического прогнозирования.</p><p>Установлено, что цифровизация основана на новых информационных технологиях, которые проявляются в разных аспектах: как средство представления человеку информации, организации его деятельности, организации социального взаимодействия или самовыражения и самореализации человека. Всестороннее и целостное выявление и анализ психологических эффектов цифровизации возможны с привлечением исследовательских возможностей принципа безопасности, задающего необходимость их рассмотрения с точки зрения угроз и ресурсов безопасности человека как основного заказчика, исполнителя и потребителя ее процессов. Каждый аспект цифровизации содержит определенные угрозы и ресурсы безопасности пользователя новых информационных технологий: на уровне индивида — это информационно-психологическая безопасность, субъекта — субъектная безопасность, личности — социально-психологическая безопасность, индивидуальности — психологическая безопасность человека.</p><p>Изучение психологических эффектов цифровизации требует их целостного рассмотрения на всех уровнях организации человека. Это возможно при использовании возможностей, которыми обладают фундаментальные (общая, социальная, возрастная, дифференциальная) и ряд прикладных (педагогическая, организационная психология, психология труда) отраслей психологической науки. Оптимизацию включения человека в процессы цифровизации мы связываем с преодолением всех уровней угроз безопасности и максимизации возможностей создаваемых ими ресурсов.</p>

Leadership and Counseling Psychology: Dilemmas, Ambiguities, and Possibilities

In this article, I introduce the scientist–practitioner–advocate–leader model as a strategy for addressing the rapidly changing context for psychologists and psychology. The concept of counseling psychologists as learning leaders is derived from the foundations and values of the profession. Incorporating leadership as a core identity for counseling psychologists may create new directions for science and practice as we increasingly integrate multicultural identities, training, and diverse personal backgrounds into social justice initiatives. The article presents six dilemmas faced by counseling psychologists in assuming leadership as part of professional identity, as well as eight learning leader behaviors that counseling psychologists could integrate in their management of ambiguity and uncertainty across various levels of human organization. The article concludes with a discussion of future possibilities that may arise by adopting leadership as part of the role and core identity of counseling psychology.

Biocomplexity—conceptual challenges for institutional analysis in biodiversity governance

Institutions for biodiversity governance are located at the interface of human and ecological systems. The analysis of such institutions is challenged due to addressing a multitude of complex interactions between these two systems occurring at different natural scales and levels of human organization. Due to this complexity, empirical analysis of biodiversity management often leads to context-specific explanations, providing little scope for comparative work or the development of more generalised, theory-based accounts. We aim at reducing complexity in understanding human–biodiversity relations, making cases comparable across sites, and propose that, in order to address complexity, we need a method of abstraction that leads to the development of a more structured analysis, based on selection of explanatory factors according to cconceptual models as well as empirical significance. We suggest that the stylisation of typical “resource use-perspectives” – the combination of typical transactions that are inextricably linked by the interest of the actor – can be a useful method for realizing appropriate model selection. In this paper, we provide an account of how use-perspectives can be developed and to what kind of analysis they can contribute, using the example of agrobiodiversity in grain as seed, food, or genetic material.

Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour

Disgust is an evolved psychological system for protecting organisms from infection through disease avoidant behaviour. This ‘behavioural immune system’, present in a diverse array of species, exhibits universal features that orchestrate hygienic behaviour in response to cues of risk of contact with pathogens. However, disgust is also a dynamic adaptive system. Individuals show variation in pathogen avoidance associated with psychological traits like having a neurotic personality, as well as a consequence of being in certain physiological states such as pregnancy or infancy. Three specialized learning mechanisms modify the disgust response: the Garcia effect, evaluative conditioning and the law of contagion. Hygiene behaviour is influenced at the group level through social learning heuristics such as ‘copy the frequent’. Finally, group hygiene is extended symbolically to cultural rules about purity and pollution, which create social separations and are enforced as manners. Cooperative hygiene endeavours such as sanitation also reduce pathogen prevalence. Our model allows us to integrate perspectives from psychology, ecology and cultural evolution with those of epidemiology and anthropology. Understanding the nature of disease avoidance psychology at all levels of human organization can inform the design of programmes to improve public health.

Putting Practice Into Theory: Making the Training Analyst System Coherent

The question of the training analysis demands a complicated set of answers that engage the issue at different levels of human organization. Historically, the training analysis has been the central feature of the tripartite model of psychoanalytic education. Internal and external pressures have burdened the training analysis and called its legitimacy into question. This problem of legitimacy amounts to a lack of coherence in the training analyst (TA) system. This lack engenders idealized fantasies of the role of the TA, in which the TA embodies special talents and attributes, and of the system that sanctions that role. This idealization is haunted by its opposite: a melancholic devaluation of psychoanalysis and a fear that it will collapse. Recent literature on the analyst's position in the psychoanalytic process emphasizes the analyst's position as decentered and conflicted. The analyst's decentered, conflicted status goes against this idealizing impulse. An attempt is made to wed analytic values, and what we know about the analyst's role in the analytic process, into a more coherent, consistent position regarding the analysis of candidates.

What Accounts for Differences or Disparities in Pediatric Palliative and End-of-Life Care? A Systematic Review Focusing on Possible Multilevel Mechanisms

The goal was to clarify potential mechanisms underlying differences/disparities in pediatric palliative and end-of-life care. We systematically searched online databases to identify articles relating to differences/disparities in pediatric palliative and end-of-life care, retaining 19 studies for evaluation. We then augmented this search with a broader review of the literature on the mechanisms of differences/disparities in adult palliative and end-of-life care, general pediatrics, adult medicine, and pain. The concept of reciprocal interaction can organize and illuminate interacting mechanisms across 3 levels of human organization, namely, broader contextual influences on patients and clinicians, specific patient-provider engagements, and specific patients. By using this rubric, we identified 10 distinct mechanisms proposed in the literature. Broader contextual influences include health care system structures; access to care; and poverty, socioeconomic status, social class, and family structure. Patient-clinician engagements encompass clinician bias, prejudice, and stereotypes; concordance of race; quality of information exchange; and trust. Patient-specific features include perceptions of control; religion and spirituality; and medical conditions. Differences and disparities in pediatric palliative and end-of-life care can be understood as arising from various mechanisms that interact across different levels of human organization, and this interactive multilevel model should be considered in designing studies or planning interventions to understand differences and to ameliorate disparities.

Whither bioethics? How feminism can help reorient bioethics

This paper argues that the various approaches to ethics that bioethicists rely on are not adequate to provide effective moral guidance in how to avoid a series of looming human catastrophes (associated with such threats as environmental degradation, war, extreme poverty, and pandemics). It proposes development of a new approach to ethics, dubbed public ethics, that simultaneously investigates moral responsibilities at multiple levels of human organization from the individual to international bodies. It argues that feminist relational theory can provide guidance to development of this new type of ethics, and it warns against obstacles bioethicists face in its pursuit.

Community‐based comanagement: Sharing responsibility when tolerance for wildlife is exceeded

A key question in considering wildlife stakeholder acceptance capacity (WSAC) is scale of the problem or opportunity for which WSAC is a concern. Experience indicates that human communities, typically delineated by named places, usually are the relevant scale. This level of human organization seems to be where wildlife issues, especially problems in human‐wildlife interaction, are articulated. Communities can define where and when wildlife tolerance has been exceeded, the nature of problems, what objectives for wildlife impacts should be, and which approaches for resolving issues are acceptable to the community. Experience and recent inquiry described in this article have shown that communities want to be involved in management decisions and, in some cases, implementation of management actions. Community‐based comanagement is becoming an increasingly attractive option for agencies that are financially strapped and staff‐limited in the face of growing demand by communities for tailored management responses to mitigate local situations where wildlife acceptance capacity has been exceeded.

Agriculture for Consumers: Experiences from Norway

Interest in the linkages between nutrition and agriculture from the late 1960s initially revolved around the opportunities for breeding grains of higher or better nutrient contents, mainly protein and amino acids. In the 1970s, that particular concern faded with the recognition that protein quality in grains was not a limiting factor for human nutrition. In the wake of growing interest in nutrition planning at the time, the concept of “nutrition in agriculture” also matured. Community nutritionists today understand this concept as the interaction between the broader sets of biological and societal processes that determine the optimal or suboptimal nutritional status of human beings. There is, however, a communication gap between nutritionists outside the laboratory and contemporary plant breeders for micronutrient content, which may risk reducing the concept once again to “nutrients in agriculture.” The gap should be bridged in order to exploit all opportunities for linking up with broader thinking around food systems, health determinants outside the traditional health field, behaviour, culture, role analysis, power and control over resources, and hence also potential conflicts of interest—at domestic as well as at higher levels of human organization. We lack a common framework to facilitate communication and systems thinking that would help extend technical considerations into policy formulations. The paper describes recent efforts by the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture to promote “whole-food-chain thinking,” where the interest of consumers will be explicitly in focus, including their participation in setting goals of agricultural policy to promote food and nutritional security.

Agroforestry education and training: a contemporary view

Most of the existing agroforestry courses have arisen opportunistically and tend to be based on the form that agroforestry takes, rather than on the way agroforestry practices function. Yet agroforestry research is beginning to supply ideas and information about the core issues (e.g., how woody and non-woody intercrops behave in terms of environmental resource capture, and how this can be influenced by the biology of the plant components and management). Similarly, recent socioeconomic research on agroforestry issues reveals dynamic systems of resource access, use, and control at various levels of human organization over time. It is true also that, because they were undertaken with different objectives in mind, the concepts derived from many decades of research in ecology, agriculture, and forestry still need to be reshaped for agroforestry situations. Likewise, socioeconomic content needs to move towards teaching the dynamics of decision-making, innovation, and change rather than describing static situations. This reshaping process itself offers exciting possibilities for educators who, thereby, could influence the course of research. These issues are briefly discussed in relation to the integration and development of research and teaching, and the needs of students and agroforestry professionals for educational and training courses. A draft proposal for the future of agroforestry at Cornell University is also outlined as a model for implementing such an approach

Management of Resources and the Environment

Organization and administration are ob viously important to any public effort, but they are especially critical in relation to prob lems of the environment. These problems are characteristically complex and dynamic, do not conform to the boundaries of political jurisdictions, and pervade all levels of human organization — national, local, regional, and international. Environmental problems iden tified at any one of these levels seldom can be successfully attacked without cooperation from other levels.