Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase Levels Research Articles

Liver Manifestations in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and their impact on quality of life

Abstract Background ADPKD is the most prevalent monogenic kidney disease with an estimated incidence of 1:1000. The condition is characterized by the formation of kidney cysts, which can cause kidney function loss and bears a significant risk of advancing to kidney failure. This study examined the prevalence of hepatic cysts in individuals with ADPKD, and the possible influence of these cysts on liver function and quality of life. Furthermore, the relationship between hepatic cysts and genotype was analysed. Methods Clinical data from 880 patients with ADPKD were analysed, including longitudinal patient data, genetic information, and laboratory parameters. Results The prevalence of hepatic cysts in adult ADPKD patients was 81.71%, consistent with previous studies. Prevalence increased with age, particularly in male patients. No clear association was observed between ADPKD genotype and the presence of liver cysts. Among male patients with liver cysts, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels significantly decreased with age, while female patients showed a significant increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) levels. Overall, hepatic cysts had minimal impact on liver enzymes. Quality of life assessments using the SF-12 questionnaire revealed no significant influence of hepatic cysts on physical or mental well-being. However, physical quality of life was significantly lower in patients showing polycystic liver disease as a manifestation of ADPKD compared to all other patients, both with and without liver cysts. Conclusions Hepatic cysts are highly prevalent in adult patients with ADPKD, increasing with age. ADPKD genotype does not appear to be associated with the presence of hepatic cysts. Liver function, as indicated by enzyme levels, is minimally affected by hepatic cysts in most ADPKD patients. The quality of life of ADPKD patients is generally unaffected by the presence of hepatic cysts, except in severe cases of polycystic liver disease (PLD). Further research is needed to develop effective treatments for severe PLD and gain a better understanding of the factors influencing hepatic cyst incidence and progression in patients with ADPKD.

Cold-Pressed Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz Seed Oil Prevents Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in a High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity Murine Model.

This study evaluated the effects of cold-pressed maqui (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) seed oil (MO) on liver metabolism and biochemical markers in a high-fat diet (HFD) murine model. In it, the fatty acid profile, tocopherol and tocotrienol contents, and antioxidant capacity of MO were analyzed. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (i.e., a, b, c, and d groups) and supplemented for 12 weeks according to the following distribution: (a) control diet (CD)-sunflower oil (SO), (b) CD+MO, (c) HFD+SO, and (d) HFD+MO. Total body and organ weights, serum markers, and liver fat infiltration were assessed. MO contained 32.31% oleic acid, 46.41% linoleic acid, and 10.83% α-linolenic acid; additionally, α- and γ-tocopherol levels were 339.09 ± 5.15 and 135.52 ± 38.03 mg/kg, respectively, while β-, δ-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienol were present in trace amounts and the antioxidant capacity measured was 6.66 ± 0.19 μmol Trolox equivalent/g. MO supplementation significantly reduced the visceral fat (0.76 ± 0.06 g vs. 1.32 ± 0.04 g) and GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase) levels (71.8 ± 5.0 vs. 35.2 ± 2.6 U/L), and the liver fat infiltration score (6 vs. 3) in the HFD+MO group compared to HFD+SO. It is suggested that MO may effectively prevent fatty liver disease, warranting further research on its potential benefits for human health.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Impact of a High-Fat Diet on Hepatic Metabolic Function in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Hepatic steatosis is prevalent among cultured fish, yet the molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to assess changes in hepatic metabolic function in tilapia and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms through transcriptomic analyses. Tilapia were allocated into two groups: a normal control (Ctr)-fed group and a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed group. Serum biochemical analyses revealed that HFD feeding led to liver damage and lipid accumulation, characterized by elevated levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), triglycerides (TGs), and total cholesterol (TC). Transcriptome analysis showed that 538 genes were significantly downregulated, and 460 genes were significantly upregulated in the HFD-fed fish. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were apparently involved in the lipid metabolic process and monocarboxylic acid metabolic process. Meanwhile, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated significant alterations in pathways of steroid biosynthesis, porphyrin metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and retinol metabolism after HFD feeding. Additionally, results from Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that gene expression patterns in pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, protein export, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosome biogenesis were positively enriched in the HFD-fed tilapia. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction in fish, contributing to the optimization of feeding strategies in aquaculture.

The influence of the combination of methanolic extract Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) and Dendrophthoe pentandra on rat liver function and structure

Background. Tea mistletoe (Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume)) and mango mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra) have been known as a potential medicine for several diseases.Objective: to investigate the effect of the combination of methanolic extract Scurrula atropurpurea (Blume) and Dendrophthoe pentandra (MESA-DP) on rat liver function and structure using serological and histopathological analysis.Material and methods. This study was experimental during 28 days using 20 rats divided into four groups (Group 1 as a control, while Groups 2, 3, and 4 were given MESA-DP at doses 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg of body weight, respectively). The liver histopathological structure was observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The liver function assessment included total bilirubin, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA analysis (ANalysis Of VAriance) and performed via SPSS Statistics 17.0 (IBM, USA).Results. The administration of MESA-DP did not show significant differences at all doses for the liver rat function in total bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides (p>0.05), while globulin, total protein, HDL and LDL showed significant results (p<0.05). The liver histopathological structure showed the number of pyknotic, karyorrhectic and karyolytic cells in rats after MESA-DP administration compared to controls, which grew with increasing dose.Conclusion. The liver function in rats after being exposed to MESA-DP was not affected in terms of total bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, albumin, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. However, using MESA-DP increased the necrotic liver cells. It may be beneficial for the liver health of experimental animals taking into account the correct dosage.

Histological and Biochemical Evaluation of Silibinin in Treatment of Periodontitis Induced in Rats with Liver Cirrhosis.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of silibinin as a therapeutic agent on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats with liver cirrhosis. Twenty-five Wistar rats were enrolled in this study. Group A (Control) included eight rats. The other 17 rats received CCl4 to develop cirrhosis, which was confirmed by sacrificing one of the rats and performing a histological examination of its liver tissue. Periodontitis was induced in the remaining 16 rats then they were allocated into (n = 8) group B-periodontitis with cirrhosis and group C-silibinin-treated group, 5 times/week starting from week 11 till week 14. Animals of the three groups were euthanized, and biochemical analysis comprising of liver functions assessment (serum levels of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, serum levels of glutamate-oxalate transaminase, TIMP1) and oxidative stress index [MDA, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)] and histological examination were conducted by the end of week 14. Group C revealed a more organized orientation of the periodontal ligament (PDL) collagen fibers with a marked regain of the alveolar bone height compared to group B. Biochemical analysis confirmed the potent therapeutic effect of silibinin manifested by a significant improvement in the biochemical parameters: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, MDA, NO levels, and antioxidant enzymes. Group B was associated with the most unfavorable biochemical findings and the maximum periodontal destruction. Group C demonstrated a positive osteogenic capacity and a noteworthy improvement in biochemical findings, which were comparable to those of group A, which displayed normal and healthy findings. The study highlights the potential use of silibinin as a natural remedy with minimal side effects for treating periodontitis in rats with liver cirrhosis. The findings could be translated to human clinical trials, which may lead to new treatment strategies using silibinin as a targeted therapy or as adjunctive therapy to conventional periodontal treatment for patients with liver cirrhosis who are more susceptible to periodontitis. How to cite this article: Shawky HA, Ahmed NM, Essawy MM, et al. Histological and Biochemical Evaluation of Silibinin in Treatment of Periodontitis Induced in Rats with Liver Cirrhosis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(7):631-638.

Enhanced Antidiabetic Effects of Gymnema sylvestre and Probiotics in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Gymnema sylvestre is a well-known herbal remedy for diabetes, with its anti-diabetic properties attributed to gymnemic acids isolated from its leaves. Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei, have also shown potential in managing diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the combined antidiabetic effects of G. sylvestre and probiotics in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods/Case Report Methods: Experimental rats were divided into seven groups: negative control, untreated diabetic control, L. acidophilus-treated, L. casei-treated, G. sylvestre-treated, a combination of L. casei and G. sylvestre-treated, and a combination of L. acidophilus and G. sylvestre-treated. Blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and reduced glutathione levels were measured, and histopathological examination of pancreas and kidney tissues was performed. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: In the third week of the experiment, the combined administration of G. sylvestre and probiotics showed the most significant reductions in glucose levels (250 mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (613.3 U/L), urea (31 U/L), serum creatinine (0.77 U/L), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (854.7 UMOL). G. sylvestre alone exhibited the lowest levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) (30 U/L), cholesterol (41 mg/dL), triglycerides (101.3 mg/dL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (22.9 mg/dL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (119.3 U MOL/SEC). Probiotic treatment alone resulted in the lowest levels of uric acid (UA) (4.4 U/L) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (95.06 mg/dL). G. sylvestre demonstrated the highest level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (44 mg/dL), while probiotics exhibited the highest catalase (CAT) activity (92 UMOL/SEC). Histopathological examination revealed the preservation of normal pancreatic and renal tissue morphology with G. sylvestre treatment. Conclusion Conclusion: The combination of G. sylvestre and probiotics enhances the antidiabetic activity compared to G. sylvestre alone in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. These findings suggest a potential synergistic effect of combining herbal and probiotic therapy for diabetes management.

Profil Kadar Enzim Serum Glutamat Piruvat Transaminase (SGPT) dan Serum Glutamat Oksaloasetat Transaminase (SGOT) Mencit Model Diabetes Melitus Pasca Pemberian Ekstrak Kulit Batang Cinnamomum burmanii

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in causing further complications, including liver damage characterized by increased levels of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT). This study aimed to examine the effects of Cinnamomum burmanii bark extract on SGPT and SGOT levels in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus. The research employed an experimental design using a completely randomized design. It consisted of five treatment groups: K- (normal mice), K+ (diabetic mice), P1, P2, and P3 (diabetic mice treated with Cinnamomum burmanii bark extract at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW). Streptozotocin was injected into groups K+, P1, P2, and P3 at a dose of 0.1 ml per mouse for 14 days. If blood glucose levels increased, extracts were administered to groups P1, P2, and P3 according to the predetermined doses for 14 days. On day 28, surgery was performed to collect blood serum for SGPT and SGOT analysis.. The results of the study indicated that Cinnamomum burmanii bark extract could reduce SGPT and SGOT levels in the diabetic mouse model. This demonstrates the potential of Cinnamomum burmanii as a therapeutic agent that may help reduce liver damage often observed in diabetes mellitus

Artemisitene shows superiority over artemisinin in preventing Schistosoma japonica-induced liver disease

BackgroundArtemisinin (ART) analogs, such as dihydroartemisinin, arteether, artemether, and artesunate, all featuring an endoperoxide bridge, have demonstrated efficacy against schistosomiasis. Artemisitene (ATT), which contains an additional α, β-unsaturated carbonyl structure, has shown enhanced biological activities. This study aims to evaluate the anti-schistosomaiasis japonica activity of ATT and compare it with ART.MethodsWe assessed liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice using hematoxylin and eosin staining and Sirius red staining, respectively. RNA sequencing analyzed transcriptomics in female and male Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) adult worms and mice livers, with cytokine profiling and flow cytometry to study immune responses under ART or ATT treatment.ResultsATT exhibits a marked reduction in female S. japonicum adult worms and egg numbers, damaging the adult worms’ surface. It also influences the transcription of genes related to cellular anatomical structures. Notably, ATT treatment resulted in significant reductions in liver granuloma size and collagen area, alongside lowering serum levels of glutamic pyruvic and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase more effectively than ART. Both ART and ATT markedly decreased neutrophil frequency in the liver and elevated eosinophil counts. However, only ATT treatment significantly reduced the M1/M2 and Th1/Th2 indices, indicating a pronounced shift in immune response profiles. ATT-affected host immunity correlated with the extent of liver fibrosis and the count of single males more strongly than ART.ConclusionATT, as a novel preventive strategy for schistosomiasis japonica in mice, significantly outperforms ART.Graphical

A dual-potential electrochemiluminescence sensor for glutamate pyruvate transaminase detection based on AgNPs/N, S-GQDs modified paper-based electrode

The liver, one of the most vital organs in the human body, relies on glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) as a sensitive indicator of hepatocellular injury, making it a cornerstone parameter in liver function assessment. This study employed a paper-based electrode modified with AgNPs/N, S-GQDs synthesized via pyrolysis to construct an AgNPs/N, S-GQDs paper-based electrode reaction system for detecting GPT activity across two potential ranges. This approach involved utilizing electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection to indirectly measure GPT levels by detecting the NADH generated through GPT transamination, as well as investigating the relationship between GPT activity and the ECL intensity of the reaction system directly. Experimental results demonstrated a robust linear correlation between GPT activity and the ECL intensity of the reaction system within the ranges of 1U/L to 1000U/L and 5U/L to 200U/L, with detection limits of 0.24U/L and 3.73U/L, respectively. By establishing methods for indirect and direct GPT detection within the same reaction system across different scan ranges, this study enhances detection accuracy. The proposed method not only offers a wide linear range and low detection limits for GPT detection but also exhibits notable advantages in terms of detection efficiency compared to other methods, showcasing promising applications in the diagnosis and evaluation of liver function-related diseases.

Research on the Monitoring of Physiological Indexes of Freestyle Skiers before and after Competition

In order to understand the physiological characteristics of freestyle skiers before and after the competition and the alteration in their physical functions, a series of physiological indexes related to sports and health of freestyle skiers before and after the competition were examined in this study. 12 excellent athletes aged 9-18 years-old preparing for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games in the Hebei Provincial ski team were included. It was found that: 1. The average red blood cell volume, red blood cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatine sarcosidase in the athletes were significantly reduced after the competition. Glucose level in the athletes increased significantly after the competition. 2. The physiological indexes, such as the levels of urea, lipoprotein (a), creatine sarcosidase, testosterone and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, are significantly different between the athletes of different genders before or after the competition; 3. The physiological indexes such as platelet count, platelet distribution width, the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, cortisol and the ratio of testosterone to cortisol of skiers are significantly different between the athletes of younger and the elder age before or after the competition. It guides us to monitor the state and alterations of skiers according to the change patterns of these physiological indicators, so as to guide the exercise intensity and rehabilitation training of skiers.

Assessment of in vitro antioxidant potential of Bambusa balcooa crude extracts and their safety evaluation based on biochemical alteration in C57bL/6 mice

Bamboo is an ancient therapeutic plant, having shoots and leaves with high nutritional as well as medicinal value. Owing to their indigenous therapeutic uses, the bamboo-based pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products are in great demand among the masses. However, anti-nutritional factors present in the shoots have toxic effects, which makes their processing and safety evaluation an essential step prior to consumed as food or for possible medicinal effects. Present study evaluated the phytochemicals, in vitro antioxidant potential and toxicity profile of crude extracts of Bambusa balcooa leaf and fresh as well as processed shoots. Total phenol and flavonoid content were found highest in the leaf extract (BLE) whereas among shoots highest content was in the fermented shoot extract (FMSE). Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging activities of BLE and FMSE were also high, corresponding to the presence of various phytochemicals including rich flavonoid and phenol content. The safety profile of bamboo extracts was evaluated by their oral administration to C57BL/6 male mice with the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 10 weeks. Results revealed no significant alteration in body weight and general behaviour in all plant extract treated groups in comparison to control. There was slight decrease in the serum lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase level of BLE and FMSE treated groups while serum protein, alkaline phosphatase, urea and blood urea nitrogen of all treatment groups remain similar to the control group. The study revealed that all the extracts of Bambusa balcooa are considered safe as no toxicity was observed, and fermented shoots and leaf extract having highest in vitro antioxidant activity need to be further analysed for their associated health benefits.

Influence of Monochromatic Light during Incubation on the Production and Metabolism of Low-Temperature Broiler Chicks.

The use of artificial lighting during the incubation phase is a tool that has been studied with the aim of increasing the production rates and hatchability. Using this, this study aims to investigate the effects of the luminous incidence of white and red monochromatic light on the production and metabolism of broiler chicks subjected to low temperatures. A total of 315 eggs of Ross 708 heavy breeders were used. The eggs were distributed randomly, with 35 eggs per tray, totaling 105 eggs per incubator. The treatments were the following: incubation without the use of light; the use of white monochromatic light; and the use of red monochromatic light. The lamps used were of the LED type. The samples were distributed in the factorial completely randomized experimental design with position effect on the tray. Candling, egg weighing, calculating the probability of survival and egg weight loss were performed. Temperatures were recorded using a thermographic camera. At birth, three chicks per tray were euthanized for evaluation: weight with and without yolk residue, gastrointestinal tract biometry, and blood and liver biochemistry. Analyses were performed using the R computational program. It was observed that there was a significant effect of the treatments on the levels of calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, amylase, glucose, urea and glutamate pyruvate transaminase on the biochemical profile of the blood and on the thermographic temperatures of the eggs; the experiment was kept at low temperatures resulting in thermal stress, with an average temperature of 34.5 °C. Therefore, the use of red and white monochromatic light in the artificial incubation process for brown-colored eggs is not recommended, because in the post-hatching phase, it promoted the metabolism dysregulation on the blood biochemical profile to control the differentiation in the wavelength of traditional incubation.

A novel subunit vaccine based on Fiber1/2 knob domain provides full protection against fowl adenovirus serotype 4 and induces stronger immune responses than a Fiber2 subunit vaccine

Outbreaks of hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) have resulted in huge economic losses to the poultry industry in China since 2015. However, commercially available vaccines against the FAdV-4 infection remain scarce. In our study, subunit vaccine candidates derived from the bacterially expressed recombinant Fiber1 knob domain and Fiber2 knob domain fusion protein (termed as Fiber1/2 knob subunit vaccine) and Fiber2 protein (termed as Fiber2 subunit vaccine) of the FAdV-4 SDSX strain were developed. Immunogenicity evaluation showed that the Fiber1/2 knob subunit vaccine induced the production of antibodies at 7 d postvaccination (dpv), earlier than the Fiber2 subunit vaccine. Moreover, the neutralizing antibody level of the Fiber1/2 subunit vaccine group was higher than the Fiber2 subunit vaccine group, showing significant differences at 14, 21, and 28 dpv. Immune protection test results revealed that both Fiber1/2 knob subunit and Fiber2 subunit vaccines could protect chickens from death against FAdV-4 challenge, although the weight of chickens in the Fiber1/2 knob subunit vaccine group decreased less. Furthermore, analysis of plasma Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST) and blood glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT) levels suggested that the Fiber1/2 subunit vaccine can significantly inhibit liver damage caused by FAdV-4 infection and is more effective in blocking the pathogenicity of FAdV-4 in target organs. In addition, the Fiber1/2 knob subunit vaccine further reduced the viral load in different tissues and virus shedding in chickens than the Fiber2 subunit vaccine. Overall, the Fiber1/2 knob subunit vaccine was more effective than the Fiber2 subunit vaccine. These findings lay the foundation for the development of more effective FAdV-4 subunit vaccines.

Altering plasma lipids and liver enzyme activities via hippocampal injections of hen Lysozyme amyloid aggregates in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model: Insights into the therapeutic role of Bis (Indolyl) phenylmethane

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia in the elderly. There is currently no effective treatment available for this disease. Diagnosis of AD typically relies on clinical manifestations and specific biomarkers. The present study investigated the impact of inducing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in mice through the injection of lysozyme amyloids formed in the presence or absence of Bis (Indolyl) phenylmethane (BIPM) on alterations in plasma lipid profiles and liver enzyme activities. 24 adult Wistar rats were divided into control, Scopolamine, Lysozyme, BIPM groups and the blood samples were obtained from the groups for biochemical analysis. The findings of the study revealed significant changes in the plasma lipid profiles and liver enzyme markers of the Lysozyme group compared to the control group. The Lysozyme group exhibited elevated triglycerides (n = 6, P < 0.02) and LDL levels (n = 6, P < 0.02), reduced HDL (n = 6, P < 0.05) and cholesterol levels (n = 6, P < 0.02), and altered serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level (n = 6, P < 0.05) compared to controls. While the level of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) did not change significantly compared to the control. BIPM groups showed no significant changes in lipid or enzyme levels compared to controls. Overall, our research has shown that BIPM has the ability to modify the structure of HEWL aggregates, thereby improving the detrimental effects associated with AD caused by these aggregates. Analyzing lipid profiles and liver enzyme markers presents a promising avenue for targeted therapeutic approaches. These alterations observed in the plasma may potentially serve as candidate biomarkers for diagnosing this disease.

Identification of differentially expressed mRNAs as novel predictive biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Gastric cancer (GC) has a high mortality rate worldwide. Despite significant progress in GC diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis for affected patients still remains unfavorable. To identify important candidate genes related to the development of GC and identify potential pathogenic mechanisms through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. The Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to obtain the GSE183136 dataset, which includes a total of 135 GC samples. The limma package in R software was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Thereafter, enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were performed for the gene modules using the clusterProfile package in R software. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of target genes were constructed using STRING and visualized by Cytoscape software. The common hub genes that emerged in the cohort of DEGs that was retrieved from the GEPIA database were then screened using a Venn Diagram. The expression levels of these overlapping genes in stomach adenocarcinoma samples and non-tumor samples and their association with prognosis in GC patients were also obtained from the GEPIA database and Kaplan-Meier curves. Moreover, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were performed to determine the mRNA and protein levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in GC and normal immortalized cell lines. In addition, cell viability, cell cycle distribution, migration and invasion were evaluated by cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry and transwell assays. Furthermore, we also conducted a retrospective analysis on 70 GC patients diagnosed and surgically treated in Wenzhou Central Hospital, Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University between January 2017 to December 2020. The tumor and adjacent normal samples were collected from the patients to determine the potential association between the expression level of GPT and the clinical as well as pathological features of GC patients. We selected 19214 genes from the GSE183136 dataset, among which there were 250 downregulated genes and 401 upregulated genes in the tumor samples of stage III-IV in comparison to those in tumor samples of stage I-II with a P-value < 0.05. In addition, GO and KEGG results revealed that the various upregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in plasma membrane and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, whereas the downregulated DEGs were primarily enriched in cytosol and pancreatic secretion, vascular smooth muscle contraction and biosynthesis of the different cofactors. Furthermore, PPI networks were constructed based on the various upregulated and downregulated genes, and there were a total 15 upregulated and 10 downregulated hub genes. After a comprehensive analysis, several hub genes, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), fibrillin 1 (FBN1) and GPT, displayed prognostic values. Interestingly, it was observed that GPT was downregulated in GC cells and its upregulation could suppress the malignant phenotypes of GC cells. Furthermore, the expression level of GPT was found to be associated with age, lymph node metastasis, pathological staging and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). RUNX2, SPI1, LOX, FBN1 and GPT were identified key hub genes in GC by bioinformatics analysis. GPT was significantly associated with the prognosis of GC, and its upregulation can effectively inhibit the proliferative, migrative and invasive capabilities of GC cells.

Diabetes Warriors from Heart Wood: Unveiling Dalbergin and Isoliquiritigenin from Dalbergia latifolia as Potential Antidiabetic Agents in-vitro and in-vivo.

Diabetes mellitus is a serious and complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. In recent years natural products has gained much more interest by researchers as alternative sources for diabetes treatment. Though many potential agents are identified so far but their clinical utility is limited because of their adverse effects. Therefore, there is a keen interest in discovering natural compounds to treat diabetes efficiently with less side effects. Dalbergia latifolia is well explored because of its diverse pharmacological activities including diabetes. Therefore, the present research work aimed to identify and isolate the potential antidiabetic agents from the heart wood of Dalbergia latifolia. We successfully extracted DGN and ISG from the heartwood and evaluated their antidiabetic potential both in-vivo and in-vitro. Alpha amylase activity inhibition of ISG and DGN was found to be 99.05 ± 8.54% (IC50 = 0.6025 µg/mL) and 84.68 ± 5.2% (IC50 = 0.0216 µg/mL) respectively. Glucose uptake assay revealed DGN (158%) promoted maximum uptake than ISG (77%) over control. In vivo anti diabetic activity was evaluated by inducing diabetes in SD rats with the help of HFD and STZ (35 mg/kg body weight). After the continuous administration of DGN (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) and ISG (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) for 14 days, we observed the reduction in the blood glucose levels, body weight, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels than vehicle group indicates the potency of ISG and DGN against diabetes.

Spirulina versus metformin for controlling some insulin signaling pathway genes in induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrinologic and gynecologic disorder that affects women of reproductive age; besides, insulin resistance (IR) occurs in 50–70 % of PCOS cases. Metformin (Met) is commonly prescribed for IR management; however, it does not affect IR with some gastrointestinal symptoms. Spirulina platensis (SP) is a blue-green alga that may increase insulin sensitivity. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate SP as an alternative treatment to Met for improving glucose homeostasis by assessing the expression of 11 crucial genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway. After induction of the PCOS model using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (60 mg/kg bwt) for 30 consecutive days, rats were allocated into six groups. Relative liver weight, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) serum levels, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and insulin were determined. Furthermore, the gene expression of Ins1, Irs1, Pik3ca, Prkcz, Foxo1, Srebf1, Ppargc1a, Pklr, Gk, G6pc, and Pepck in the rat's liver tissue was determined using qRT-PCR. Treatment of the PCOS control group with Met or SP revealed a decrease in all these parameters compared with the PCOS model. Additionally, we found a statistically significant difference in the expression of both the Gk and Prkcz genes. To summarize our study results, SP or Met supplementation to PCOS rats had almost the same effect on assessed relative liver weight, GOT, GPT, and insulin levels compared with PCOS control rats. If further studies confirm and detect more impact of SP on IR in PCOS, SP could be used instead of Met since the latter causes many side effects.

AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF LIVER FUNCTIONS IN MULTIPLE TRANSFUSED THALASSEMIA PATIENTS ON REGULAR CHELATION THERAPY VERSUS IRREGULAR CHELATION THERAPY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

Objectives: The aim of our study was to determine liver functions in thalassemia patients on regular versus irregular chelation therapy. Methods: This was an observational study conducted in the department of pediatrics in a tertiary care hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan. All those patients who received more than 50 blood transfusions are considered as multiple transfused patients and were included in this study. Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study. Ninety percent of patients were under 15 years of age and the male-to-female ratio was 2.85:1. In 82.35% regular chelation therapy, patients have normal liver functions as compared to 49.5% in irregular chelation therapy patients. Conclusion: Patients having abnormal liver functions in thalassemia patients due to iron overload. As a result of chelation therapy, serum glutamic oxalocetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were significantly reduced. In the study, regular chelation therapy should be started as early as indicated in thalassemia patients.

Microalgal Macular Pigment Alleviated the Pathogenic Process in the Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic ApoE-deficient Mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the fastest growing epidemics in human history and characteristic is insulin resistance (IR), and endocrine disorder that promoted to decline in insulin production and inhibit cellular effects. Patients with T2DM would lead to many complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot, atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, and hepatogenous diabetes due to hyperglycemia. Even after using medical treatment and lifestyle modifications, it is still hard to achieve the goal of reducing blood glucose to an optimal level. Microalga Chlorella sp., a unicellular green alga that has been used as a health food and nutritional product in the last few decades. Macular pigment (MP) produced by Chlorella sp. consists of rich lutein and zeaxanthin, which are regarded as the antioxidants to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. MP is widely used in eye health care, however, few studies focused on scientifically exploring the protection mechanism of MP on diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this study aimed to explore MP extracted from Chlorella on reducing retinopathy and atherosclerosis damages in the diabetic apolipoprotein E deficient mice (ApoE−/−) with high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin treatment. The results show that MP supplement could significantly reduce glucose tolerance, IR, inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and the serum level of disease markers, i.e., triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the diabetic ApoE−/− mice. In addition, the expression levels of cellular antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased and the adhesion factors as well as MAPK pathway proteins in renal tissues were significantly reduced after MP supplementation. The pathological changes of pancreatic islet morphology, hepatic lipid accumulation, outer nuclear layer and aortic plaque of the diabetic ApoE−/− mice were significantly alleviated by MP supplement. At present, most MP products are derived from marigold, Calendula offcinalis, in the market. However, microalgae cultivation includes the advantages on no seasonal limit, no competition, high yield and carbon reduction compared with other plants. In summary, the microalgal MP improved IR, ameliorated atherosclerosis, and alleviated retinopathy in the diabetic ApoE−/− mice. Consequently, the microalgal MP is potentially to be a healthy food ingredient for the biological effcacy of scavenging free radicals and stabilizing blood glucose. This work was supported by the grants of NSTC 110-2312-B-A49-001-MY3, NSTC 112-2811-B-A49 -501, NSTC 112-2811-B-A49 -503, NSTC 112-2321-B-A49 -018 and NSTC 112-2321-B-A49-005, from the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan. This work was also financially supported by the “Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B)” from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project of the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Ministry of Education (MOE), Taiwan. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Effects of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Term Treatment Using Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with Static Magnetic Field in Aging Rats.

(1) Background: We investigated the detrimental and protective effects of short-, medium, and long-term treatment with different doses of photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field (PBMT-sMF) during the aging process. (2) Methods: Rats were treated for 15, 30, and 60 weeks with 1, 3, 10, and 30 J of PBMT-sMF or a placebo control. In addition, eight young rats were not subjected to any procedure or treatment and were euthanized at six weeks old. Skin, muscle, bone, kidney, liver, and blood samples were analyzed. (3) Results: No differences between the groups in the morphology of the skin, muscle, and bone was observed. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were increased in the placebo group after 30 and 60 weeks. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels were also increased in the placebo group after 30 weeks. An increase in creatinine in the PBMT-sMF 3, 10, and 30 J groups compared with that in the young control group was observed. No significant difference in urea levels between the groups was noted. Vascular endothelial growth factor increased in the PBMT-sMF 10 and 30 J groups after 15 weeks of treatment and in the PBMT-sMF 3 J after 60 weeks. Finally, vascular endothelial growth factor decreased in the PBMT-sMF 30 J group after 30 weeks of treatment. (4) Conclusions: PBMT-sMF did not have detrimental effects on the skin, muscle, bone, kidney, or liver after short-, medium-, and long-term treatments in aging rats. In addition, PBMT-sMF may have protective effects on the muscle tissue in aging rats after short- and long-term treatment.