Levels Of Female Sex Hormones Research Articles

Human chorionic gonadotropin regulates cytokine production by lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that primarily affects young adults, predominantly females. This was partially attributed to sex differences in immunity, which are influenced by changes in sex hormones occurring during women‘s life, among other factors. Furthermore, MS patients experience significant improvement in their symptoms during pregnancy when levels of female sex-hormones significantly increase. This phenomenon was attributed to immune adaptations occurring during gestation which are regulated by paternal antigens and sex hormones. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was shown to have strong immunosuppressive abilities. We aimed to analyze here the capacity of the hCG to regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by PBMC from MS patients. PBMC isolated from 17 MS patients receiving IFNβ1a treatment were cultured with or without recombinant or urinary hCG. Cytokine production in the supernatants was assessed using a CBA array and cytokine production by lymphocytes and expression of co-stimulatory molecules in B-lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. hCG reduced the production of TNF by PBMC from MS patients while lowering the percentages of TNF producing T cells and diminishing the production of TNF by B cells. hCG significantly boosted the production of IL-10 by regulatory T cells and CD19high B cells from MS patients. Furthermore, hCG treatment lowered the percentages of CD80+CD86+ expressing B cells within PBMC from MS patients. Overall, our results described a novel and not yet explored mechanisms of action of hCG in the context of MS.

The Effectiveness of Aqueous Extract of Ginger on Some Sex Hormones and Biochemical Parameters in Female Laboratory Mice (Mus Musculus L.)

Objective: Ginger is a flowering tropical plant that commonly used as a spice and flavoring having various pharmacological properties, several phytochemical compounds which has biological activity. The main bioactive compound in ginger is gingerol, have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect will greatly affect on fertility. Also, it has an effective role in many laboratory experiments to study the physiological activities of ginger extract on these functions. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginger extract on some sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in female mice, also its effect on total protein, albumin and globulin Methods: Thirty adult female mice of (Mus Musculus L.) weight (22-24g) were derived into three groups one control and two treated. Ginger water extract be ready to prepare with affecting doses according to experimental test on mice (3.5 and 7 mg body weight/mice). The concentration of serum female sex hormones (FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen) were measured. Results: Ginger water extract caused a significant increase in the level of estrogen in both doses and significant increase in the level of FSH and LH in high dose only (P less than 0.01). While progesterone level show no significant changes. On the other hand, the serum total protein, albumin and globulin shows a significant increase only in total protein and globulin levels (P less than 0.01) in turn albumin level show no significant changes in comparison to control. Conclusion: The results of this study, ginger extract could increase the level of female sex hormones (estrogen, FSH and LH) and conceder as adjunctive natural therapy for improvement of female sex hormones as well as lead to increase in total protein and globulin level which is essential for boosting the immunity.

Efficacy of nano-curcumin on nicotine-induced genotoxicity and immunomodulatory disruption in protein- malnourished female rats

Background: Aggravated DNA damage and immunomodulatory disruptions by nicotine are more prominent in female populations under protein-restricted conditions. Females are more susceptible to nicotine-induced complications due to their low innate immunity. Anti-inflammatory and anti-genotoxic curcumin, though it effectively works against nicotine-induced complications, still its therapeutic use is hindered due to its poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. Nano-curcumin would be a better therapeutic agent because of its increased aqueous solubility and higher bioavailability than curcumin. Materials: This study investigates the effects of nicotine (2.5 mg/kg body weight injected subcutaneously for 21 days) on genotoxicity and immunomodulatory disruptions in female rats maintained under a protein-restricted diet (5% casein) and determines the ameliorative efficacy of nano-curcumin after one hour of nicotine dosage. Results: It is observed that nicotine decreases hemoglobin content in blood and DNA content in tissues. It causes severe DNA damage and disrupts the immune system and endocrine functions under protein-restricted conditions. Nano-curcumin ameliorates the nicotine-mediated genotoxic effects, maintains the female sex hormone levels, and restores the normalcy of immune responses in protein-restricted diet rats more efficiently than curcumin. Conclusion: Nano-curcumin looks like a potential blocker of nicotine, which may be used as a prospective therapeutic herbal agent to protect the health of the protein-malnourished female population.

Astrocytic Dagla Deletion Decreases Hedonic Feeding in Female Mice.

Introduction: Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids are potent regulators of feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Stimulating cannabinoid receptor signaling enhances appetite, particularly for energy-dense palatable foods, and promotes energy storage. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, we investigate here the potential role of astrocytic endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Astrocytes provide metabolic support for neurons and contribute to feeding regulation but the effect of astrocytic 2-AG on feeding is unknown. Materials and Methods: We generated mice lacking the 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase alpha (Dagla) in astrocytes (GLAST-Dagla KO) and investigated hedonic feeding behavior in male and female mice. Body weight and baseline water and food intake was characterized; additionally, the mice went through milk, saccharine, and sucrose preference tests in fed and fasted states. In female mice, the estrous cycle stages were identified and plasma levels of female sex hormones were measured. Results: We found that the effects of the inducible astrocytic Dagla deletion were sex-specific. Acute milk preference was decreased in female, but not in male mice and the effect was most evident in the estrus stage of the cycle. This prompted us to investigate sex hormone profiles, which were found to be altered in GLAST-Dagla KO females. Specifically, follicle-stimulating hormone was elevated in the estrus stage, luteinizing hormone in the proestrus, and progesterone was increased in both proestrus and estrus stages of the cycle compared with controls. Conclusions: Astrocytic Dagla regulates acute hedonic appetite for palatable food in females and not in males, possibly owing to a deregulated female sex hormone profile. It is plausible that endocannabinoid production by astrocytes at least partly contributes to the greater susceptibility to overeating in females. This finding may also be important for understanding the effects of exogenous cannabinoids on sex hormone profiles.

A diet enriched with Pistacia atlantica fruits improves the female rats' reproductive system

Background and aimBaneh (Pistacia atlantica) is a plant species that is commonly consumed as food and has a long-standing traditional use as a sexual enhancer. Despite its widespread use, a limited amount of academic and scientific literature is available regarding its potential impact on the reproductive system. The present research aimed to study the effect of a diet enriched with Baneh on the female rats’ reproductive system. Experimental procedureThree groups of rats (n = 8) were subjected to the intended diet for six weeks. Subsequently, their histomorphometric parameters, sex hormone levels, as well as the expression of oxytocin (OXT) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genes were measured. The rats’ serum vitamin D, zinc, and lipid profiles were also evaluated. Results and conclusionResults revealed that compared to the normal food, the diet containing 20 % Baneh significantly increased the progesterone and estradiol levels three and two times, respectively. It decreased the total body weight while increasing the ratio of ovary weight to the body weight. Furthermore, the Baneh-enriched diet raised HDL, zinc, and vitamin D levels, though it reduced the LDL and TG levels by 15 μg/dl and 24 μg/dl, respectively, and the concentration of ovary malondialdehyde decreased by 50 % in the treated group. Also, the diet increased the follicle graph, corpus luteum, the thickness of the epithelium, the number of endometrial glands, and the expression of both OXT and OXTR genes. Our findings suggested that P. atlantica could considerably improve the female sex hormone levels and their reproductive system.

A clinical case of hypothalamic syndrome combined with Klinefelter syndrome

the article describes a clinical case of a hypothalamic syndrome associated with a congenital disease - Klinefelter syndrome in a 21-year-old patient. Dysmetabolic complications were studied against the background of endocrine and genetic pathologies. Klinefelter syndrome was diagnosed in the patient at the age of 10, mosaic variant of karyotype 47XXY/46XY was detected. Against the background of a rare genetic pathology, signs of a hypothalamic puberty syndrome began to appear at the age of 15: acne, pink stretch marks on the lateral areas of the abdomen and breasts, gynecomastia, and excess weight. General clinical laboratory studies, carbohydrate metabolism indicators, sexual and thyroid hormones did not differ from reference values. The cortisol level in the blood was 23.4 mcg/dL, slightly exceeding the upper limit of the reference values (4.30-22.4 mcg/dL), indicating a state of mild hypercorticism. Manifestations of dysmetabolic cardiomyopathy were noted in the cardiovascular system, complicated by stable stage II arterial hypertension. The peculiarity of the clinical case is the combination of endocrine pathology with genetic pathology, which determines the specific appearance of the patient, and the presence of dysmetabolic complications without disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism in stage III obesity. The acceleration of puberty, which often occurs with the hypothalamic syndrome, did not occur due to the concomitant hypoandrogenic effect of Klinefelter syndrome. In the presence of hypothalamic syndrome in the patient, the late development of secondary sexual characteristics was noted, which is more characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome, but normal mental activity was preserved, which is rarely observed with the mosaic form of this genetic pathology. Another clinical feature is the absence of typical manifestations of hypogonadism in the post-pubertal period, which is confirmed by a normal level of male and female sex hormones in the blood, which is atypical. Due to the peculiarity of this clinical case, the patient's fertility can be preserved. In addition to the existing dysmetabolic complications in the patient and metabolic syndrome, there is a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and breast cancer, because Klinefelter syndrome andhypothalamic syndrome complicate each other. Therefore, it is important to study the issue of the combination of these two pathologies, possible consequences, and ways to overcome them to improve thepatient's clinical prognosis and quality of life.

The effects of female sex hormones on the human cornea across a woman’s life cycle

The cornea is a hormone-responsive tissue that responds to changing levels of female sex hormones. This review focuses on the structural and functional changes in the human cornea associated with the hormonal milestones of menarche, pregnancy, and menopause, as well as consequences stemming from the use of exogenous sex hormones for fertility control and replacement. Articles were identified by searching PubMed without language or region restrictions. The primary outcomes evaluated were changes in central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and quality of the ocular tear film. The potential impact of hormone-associated changes on the diagnosis and surgical management of common eye diseases, as well as the potential use of sex hormones as therapeutic agents is also considered. Understanding the physiological effects of female sex hormones on the cornea is important because that knowledge can shape the management decisions physicians and women face about ocular health across their life stages.

Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Sex/Polypeptide Hormones in Reciprocal Interactions: A Systematic Review.

A better understanding of interindividual differences and the development of targeted therapies is one of the major challenges of modern medicine. The sex of a person plays a crucial role in this regard. This systematic review aimed to summarise and analyse available evidence on the mutual interactions between non-invasive brain stimulation and sex/polypeptide hormones. The PubMed database was searched from its inception to 31 March 2023, for (i) studies that investigated the impact of sex and/or polypeptide hormones on the effects induced by non-invasive brain stimulation, or (ii) studies that investigated non-invasive brain stimulation in the modulation of sex and/or polypeptide hormones. Eighteen studies (319 healthy and 96 disabled participants) were included. Most studies focused on female sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. The later follicular phase is associated with a weak between hemispheric and intracortical inhibition, strong intracortical facilitation, and high stimulation-induced neural and behavioural changes. The opposite effects are observed during the luteal phase. In addition, the participant's sex, presence and/or absence of real ovulation and increase in oestradiol level by chorionic gonadotropin injection influence the stimulation-induced neurophysiological and behavioural effects. In Parkinson's disease and consciousness disorders, the repetitive application of non-invasive brain stimulation increases oestradiol and dehydroepiandrosterone levels and reduces disability. To date, male hormones have not been sufficiently included in these studies. Here, we show that the sex and/or polypeptide hormones and non-invasive brain stimulation methods are in reciprocal interactions. This may be used to create a more effective and individualised approach for healthy individuals and individuals with disabilities.

Changes in the microbiome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

The gut microbiome (GM) is actively studied in terms of its impact on the development of oncological pathology, immune diseases, and metabolic disorders. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an imbalance of GM, which indirectly affects the intestinal mucosal barrier. Compared with non-obese patients and a healthy population, obese individuals with PCOS have increased numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, decreased numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and changes in GM are associated with inflammation and insulin resistance.Fecal microbiota transplantation is a new method of treating inflammatory bowel diseases. GM regulation to improve the metabolism of PCOS may be one of the potential options for the future treatment of PCOS, but the specific mechanism of its action remains to be investigated.There is increasing evidence that probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are effective treatment options for PCOS patients. Studies show that probiotics can restore the diversity of the GM of mice with PCOS, reduce the disruption of the flora and improve the reproductive function of the mice.The altered microbiome of the lower genital tract in PCOS can cause changes that are related to hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. Studies show that the vaginal microbiome of women with PCOS differs from healthy women due to the domination of Mycoplasma, Prevotella, Gardnerella, Actinomyces, Enterococcus, and Atopobium.The level of female sex hormones is associated with the composition of the oral cavity microbiome, which is associated with such oral pathology as periodontal disease. A study of periodontal pathogens and their prevalence in women with PCOS found that healthy women had higher levels of Peptostreptococcus and a higher percentage of women infected with Treponema denticola.New views on the management of women with PCOS indicate the importance of considering microbiome changes and open up new therapeutic opportunities. Research in this area is still ongoing, and additional studies are needed to clarify the microbial composition in women with PCOS.

Sex differences and the effect of female sex hormones on auditory function: a systematic review.

First, to discuss sex differences in auditory function between women and men, and whether cyclic fluctuations in levels of female sex hormones (i.e., estradiol and progesterone) affect auditory function in pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. Second, to systematically review the literature concerning the discussed patterns in order to give an overview of the methodologies used in research. Last, to identify the gap in knowledge and to make recommendations for future work. Population, Exposure, Control, Outcome and Study design (PECOS) criteria were used in developing the review questions. The review protocol follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and was pre-registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42020201480). Data Sources: EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE (Ovid), PsycINFO, ComDisDome, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via Cochrane Library, and scanning reference lists of relevant studies, and internet resources (i.e., Mendeley) were used. Only studies published between 1999 and 2022, in English, or in English translation, were included. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Sex differences: Women had more sensitive hearing (measured at the level of peripheral and central auditory system) than men. Cyclic fluctuations: Auditory function in women fluctuated during the menstrual cycle, while no such fluctuations in men over the same time period were reported. Hearing sensitivity improved in women during the late follicular phase, and decrease during the luteal phase, implying an effect of female sex hormones, although the specific effects of estradiol and progesterone fluctuations on the central auditory system remain unclear. Hearing sensitivity in women declined rapidly at the onset of menopause. The review has shown the following. Consistent sex differences exist in auditory function across the auditory pathway with pre-menopausal women often showing better function than age-matched men. Moreover, pre-menopausal women show fluctuations in hearing function across the menstrual cycle with a better function during the peak of estradiol or when the ratio of estradiol to progesterone is high. Third, menopause marks the onset of hearing loss in women, characterized by a rapid decline in hearing sensitivity and a more pronounced loss than in age-matched men. Finally, the systematic review highlights the need for well-designed and -controlled studies to evaluate the influence of estradiol and progesterone on hearing by consistently including control groups (e.g., age-matched man), using objective tests to measure hormonal levels (e.g., in saliva or blood), and by testing participants at different points across the menstrual cycle. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020201480, identifier CRD42020201480.

GENDER AND AGE ASPECTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY DISORDERS.

The aim: To assess the structural and functional state of bone tissue in terms of gender and age. Materials and Methods: 108 people aged 54.7±14.8 years, who were divided into two groups according to gender, participated in the retrospective cohort study. All patients underwent ultrasound densitometry to assess bone mineral density (BMD) on the radial bone with an assessment of T-score, Z-score, and speed of ultrasonic wave propagation (SoS). Results: The study found that T-score and Z-score values, which corresponded to osteoporosis, were recorded in the age group > 50 years, regardless of the gender of the subjects. All women older than 35 years had a decrease in BMD below -1.0 SD by T-score. It was determined that osteoporosis criteria clearly prevail in women of the > 50-year-old group. In osteoporosis, the SoS is significantly lower than in individuals with normal indicators of the T-criterion. According to the results of the T-score comparison, BMD disorders were determined in postmenopausal women which emphasize the importance of the level of female sex hormones in the formation of osteopenic syndrome, in contrast to men, in whom no changes in the state of bone tissue were recorded. Conclusions: The results of the research prove the prevalence of osteopenic syndrome in terms of age and gender, with an emphasis on women aged 50 years and older. Screening for BMD disorders using ultrasound densitometry is appropriate and allows taking measures to prevent the progression of osteoporosis in the early stages.

Neighborhood walkability and sex steroid hormone levels in women

BackgroundNeighborhood walkability (NW) has been linked to increased physical activity, which in turn is associated with lower concentrations of sex hormones and higher concentration of SHBG in women. However, no study has directly examined the association of NW with female sex hormone levels. ObjectiveWe conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the association between NW and circulating levels of sex hormones and SHBG in pre- and post-menopausal women. MethodsWe included 797 premenopausal and 618 postmenopausal women from the New York University Women's Health Study (NYUWHS) who were healthy controls in previous nested case-control studies in which sex hormones (androstenedione, testosterone, DHEAS, estradiol and estrone) and SHBG had been measured in serum at enrollment. Baseline residential addresses were geo-coded and the Built Environment and Health Neighborhood Walkability Index (BEH-NWI) was calculated. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to assess the association between BEH-NWI and sex hormone and SHBG concentrations adjusting for individual- and neighborhood-level factors. ResultsIn premenopausal women, a one standard deviation (SD) increment in BEH-NWI was associated with a 3.5% (95% CI 0.9%–6.1%) lower DHEAS concentration. In postmenopausal women, a one SD increment in BEH-NWI was related to an 8.5% (95% CI 5.4%–11.5%) lower level of DHEAS, a 3.7% (95% CI 0.5%–6.8%) lower level of testosterone, a 1.8% (95% CI 0.5%–3.0%) lower level of estrone, and a 4.2% (95% CI 2.7%–5.7%) higher level of SHBG. However, the associations with respect to DHEAS and estrone became apparent only after adjusting for neighborhood-level variables. Sensitivity analyses using fixed effects meta-analysis and inverse probability weighting accounting for potential selection bias yielded similar results. ConclusionOur findings suggest that NW is associated with lower concentrations of androgens and estrone, and increased SHBG, in postmenopausal women, and lower levels of DHEAS in premenopausal women.

Sex Hormones, Sleep, and Memory: Interrelationships Across the Adult Female Lifespan.

As the population of older adults grows, so will the prevalence of aging-related conditions, including memory impairments and sleep disturbances, both of which are more common among women. Compared to older men, older women are up to twice as likely to experience sleep disturbances and are at a higher risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). These sex differences may be attributed in part to fluctuations in levels of female sex hormones (i.e., estrogen and progesterone) that occur across the adult female lifespan. Though women tend to experience the most significant sleep and memory problems during the peri-menopausal period, changes in memory and sleep have also been observed across the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Here, we review current knowledge on the interrelationships among female sex hormones, sleep, and memory across the female lifespan, propose possible mediating and moderating mechanisms linking these variables and describe implications for ADRD risk in later life.

Female reproductive factors are associated with the risk of newly diagnosed bipolar disorder in postmenopausal women

Changes in the levels of female sex hormones are associated with mood disorders in middle-aged women. This study investigated the association between female reproductive factors and the development of newly diagnosed bipolar disorder (BD). We used a South Korean nationwide medical records database. Postmenopausal women aged 40 or older who underwent health examinations were identified and followed for the occurrence of BD. We identified female reproductive factors including the age at menarche and menopause, parity, history of breastfeeding, oral contraceptive (OC) use, and hormone therapy (HT), and investigated their association with the occurrence of newly diagnosed BD. During an average of 8.32 years (SD 0.83) of follow-up, the incidence of BD was 0.50 per 1000 person-years in postmenopausal women. Compared to women with menopause at an age of 40 years or younger, those with menopause at an age of 45 years or older showed decreased risks of BD. Compared to women who had never breastfed, those who had breastfed for more than 12 months showed a decreased risk of BD. Compared to women who never received HT, those who received HT showed an increased risk of BD in a time-dependent manner. Among postmenopausal women, later menopause and breastfeeding for more than one year were associated with a decreased risk of BD occurrence, and receiving HT was associated with an increased risk.

Microscopic anatomical background of unexplained tubal infertility – three new possible causes

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive within 1 year of unprotected intercourse. The infertility evaluation generally includes an assessment of the ovarian cycle and a semen analysis, but the evaluation of tubal patency is an essential part of the fertility workup. However, in the case of the uterine tube, patency may not be the only cause of tubal infertility. Idiopathic or unexplained infertility is a broad subcategory of infertility defined by the absence of obvious or explainable cause. Based on our previous research, we review and discuss three hypotheses associated with new anatomical and histological knowledge of tubal morphology and transport function and its potential impact on reproductive outcomes in women with unexplained tubal infertility. In 2021, Duffy et al. (Fertility and Sterility) published “Top 10 priorities for future infertility research”, based on their survey among healthcare professionals and patients with fertility problems from 40 countries. No mention of tubal infertility was included in their results. On the other hand, the topic “What causes unexplained infertility?” was one of the most important research priorities for female infertility. In 2018, a neglected structure of the human uterine tube, the lymphatic lacunae of the mucosal folds and fimbriae were described by Varga et al. (Annals of Anatomy). We believe that the lymph and lymphatic lacunae are responsible for the thickening of the fimbriae during ovulation. The fimbriae become enlarged and turgescent, coming into contact with the surface of the ovary, what is important in oocyte pick‐up and the maintenance of the tubal fluid. Hypothetically, disturbed lymph flow, caused by e.g., sedentary work, can cause problems with oocyte pick‐up and subsequent fertilization. In 2019, Varga et al. (Annals of Anatomy) described an important regulatory T‐ cell population in the human tubal epithelium. These intra‐epithelial T‐lymphocytes can be involved in the process of immune tolerance, which could lead to the tolerance of non‐self cells (sperm) and partially non‐self cells (a developing embryo) without the activation of local immune responses. An imbalance between the cells of the intra‐epithelial immune system can hypothetically lead to the immune reaction against sperm and/or embryo during transport through the uterine tube. The recently described cell population of tubal telocytes have many possible functions, but one of the most commonly reported is their ability to “sense” the levels of female sex hormones and thus regulate those processes inside the uterine tubes, which are under hormonal control. As reviewed by Klein et al. (2020, Medicina), telocytes are excessively fragile in the presence of noxious factors. In the uterine tubes, possible mechanisms of unexplained infertility include changes in the structural and functional integrity of the cellular microenvironment, including quantitative reduction and/or functional alteration of telocytes.

Sex Hormone-Specific Neuroanatomy of Takotsubo Syndrome: Is the Insular Cortex a Moderator?

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), a transient form of dysfunction in the heart’s left ventricle, occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women who have emotional stress. Earlier studies support the concept that the human circulatory system is modulated by a cortical network (consisting of the anterior cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and insular cortex (Ic)) that plays a pivotal role in the central autonomic nervous system in relation to emotional stressors. The Ic plays a crucial role in the sympathovagal balance, and decreased levels of female sex hormones have been speculated to change functional cerebral asymmetry, with a possible link to autonomic instability. In this review, we focus on the Ic as an important moderator of the human brain–heart axis in association with sex hormones. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding the sex-specific neuroanatomy in TTS.

The effect of serial administration of doxorubicin at the level of main female sex hormones in the experiment

Annotation. The article presents the results of an experimental study of the dynamics of changes in the main female sex hormones with serial use of doxorubicin. The experiments were performed on 45 adult female white rats. The levels of antimullerian hormone, estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone were studied. In total, 4 courses of chemotherapy were performed with an interval of 3 weeks. After each course of chemotherapy, the hormonal status of the experimental animals was studied twice: during the first proestrus after the course (to determine the acute ovarian toxicity of the drug) and during the last proestrus before the next course of chemotherapy (to study ovarian function restoration). The obtained data were processed using the statistical software package SPSS 20.0 for Windows. The dynamics of the levels of studied sex hormones with serial administration of doxorubicin is characterized by wavy dynamics with deterioration immediately after chemotherapy and partial recovery during the period between adjacent courses. Ovariotoxicity of doxorubicin when serial administration in therapeutic doses in the experiment is manifested by significant changes in the levels of major female sex hormones after the second course of chemotherapy.

Correlation of Sex Hormones and Periodontal Disease in Women with Menstrual Cycle Irregularities

Background & Objectives: Variations in the levels of female sex hormones,i.e., estrogen and progesterone,are responsible for various physiological changes,including those in the oral tissues. The aim of this researchis to determine the effects of changes in sex hormone levels in women with irregular periodsand sufferingfrom periodontal diseases in comparison to healthy women.Methods: This study included70 subjects who visited the Clinic at the Department of Periodontology,College of Dentistry,University of Anbar, during the period of July 2019to September 2019. The gingivalcrevicular fluid(GCF) was collected from the patient group (35 females with irregular periodsand periodontaldisease) and the control group(25 healthy females).Results: Compared to control, asignificantlyhighermean concentration of GCFestradiolwas found in thepatient group. Additionally, the patient group also exhibited a significantly lower mean concentration ofGCFprogesterone compared to the control group.Interpretation & Conclusion: Changes in sex hormonesaresignificantlycorrelated with periodontal tissuechangesand GCF examination can be used as a non-invasive method to detect these hormonal changes.Thisstudy demonstrated that GCF could prove to be a good, non-invasive method to validate the levels of sexhormones in females with periodontal diseases.

Pregnancy and the Control of Epileptic Seizures: A Review.

Over the past 50 years, published studies have provided quantitative data on the control of epileptic seizures during pregnancy. The studies have varied in quality, and particularly in the ways in which seizure control has been assessed. However, most studies have shown that seizure occurrence rates are more likely to worsen than improve during pregnancy, though in most pregnancies the rates have been unaltered. Nearly all of the studies have involved women with antiseizure medication-treated epilepsy, but there is a little evidence that seizure control also tends to worsen in pregnancies of women with untreated epilepsy. The factors likely to contribute to the seizure worsening are (i) patient non-compliance, (ii) increased antiseizure medication clearance during pregnancy resulting in lower circulating drug concentrations relative to dose, (iii) the effects of the higher female sex hormone levels during pregnancy, oestrogens being pro-epileptogenic and progesterone anti-epileptogenic, and (iv) reluctance to use the potential teratogen valproate in women capable of pregnancy, depriving them of the most effective drug for certain types of epilepsy. Compliance can be encouraged, but at the present time only one other factor is readily correctable, i.e. the increased drug clearance. This can be compensated for by raising antiseizure medication dosage during pregnancy, guided by measurement of circulating drug concentrations. This course of action appears to reduce the chance of seizure disorder worsening during pregnancy, but so far it has not provided a complete solution to the issue.

Sex Hormone Influence on Nesfatin‐1 Signaling in the HPA Axis

The processes of appetite regulation and stress responses are intimately linked; many peptide hormones that control food intake also influence stress-related responses. Nesfatin-1 is a peptide that potently reduces appetite and participates in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in male animals. Furthermore, our preliminary research indicates that the action of nesfatin-1 in dispersed rat pituitaries is sexually dimorphic. Thus, we hypothesized that nesfatin-1's function in the HPA axis of female rats would be influenced by female sex hormones. Experiments were conducted in male and cycling female rats to determine the effect of estrus cycle stage on nesfatin-1-stimulated corticosterone secretion. The results of these studies suggest that the action of nesfatin-1 in the HPA axis is dependent on female sex hormone levels. Gaining a fuller understanding of how sex hormones influence nesfatin-1 signaling will provide key insight into sex differences in metabolic and stress-related disorders.