Levels Of Extrinsic Motivation Research Articles

How the level of student research autonomy in higher education affects learning efficiency by shaping motivation: A case of instructional disconformity

This study aims to examine the effects of different instructional interventions (i.e., autonomy-supportive, controlling, or a combination thereof) on student motivation and academic research performance. Here, a total of 328 s-year Chinese students majoring in mathematics completed the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) survey before and after the intervention involving an array of research-related assignments. Learners in the autonomy-supportive group showed a lower level of amotivation and higher intrinsic motivation compared to the pretest; the differences were 2.62 and 11.95 points. Their level of extrinsic motivation remained unchanged. The controlling intervention had the opposite effect, causing the mean extrinsic motivation score to increase by 10.25 points. The hybrid approach showed significant improvement in all three scales: amotivation (−3.82 points), extrinsic motivation (+4.35 points), and intrinsic motivation (+7.13 points). The autonomy-supportive teaching style corresponds to lower scores in mathematical modeling (72.30), linear algebra (74.62), and numerical analysis (77.65). High standard deviations indicate that research activity scores are spread out over a wide range. The controlling instructional approach yielded higher scores (83.95, 81.68, and 81.88 points, respectively) with the smallest standard deviations. Learners in the hybrid group scored the highest (86.98, 82.30, and 82.90 points, respectively), with moderate standard deviations indicating a well-balanced performance. The findings indicate that a hybrid approach, which combines autonomy support with instructor control, is the most effective in enhancing both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among students, as well as improving their academic performance. The implications for higher education policy include the necessity of developing and implementing hybrid learning models that cater to the individual needs of students while providing the requisite level of support and oversight.

Differences in fear of failure and college adjustment by type of medical school entrance extrinsic motivation using a latent profile analysis.

The decision to enroll in medical school is largely influenced by extrinsic motivation factors. It is necessary to explore the factors that affect pre-med students' motivation to enter medical school and their college adjustment, and to develop measures to help them adjust. A total of 407 pre-med students were surveyed regarding their motivation to enter medical school, fear of failure, and college adjustment. We analyzed the latent profiles of extrinsic motivation factors using latent profile analysis. One-way analysis of variance was conducted to examine the differences in fear of failure and adaptation to university life according to the latent groups. After analyzing the latent profiles of entrance motivation, three latent profiles were selected. They were divided into high, medium, and low extrinsic motivation groups. Three profiles scored the highest on job security, followed by good grades and social status. Sophomores were more likely to be high extrinsic motivators than freshmen were. Fear of failure was high in the group with high extrinsic motivation, and adaptation to college life was highest in the group with low extrinsic motivation. Job security was the most important extrinsic motivator for entering medical school, and extrinsic entrance motivation influenced fear of failure and college adjustment. Given the high level of extrinsic motivation among medical students, it is meaningful to analyze the extrinsic motivation profile of entering medical students and how it affects failure motivation and college adjustment.

Managerial control or feedback provision: How perceptions of algorithmic HR systems shape employee motivation, behavior, and well‐being

AbstractAlgorithmic HR systems are becoming a more prevalent interface between organizations and employees. Yet little research has examined how automated HR processes impact employee motivation. In a three‐wave study (NTime1 = 401; NTime2 = 379; NTime3 = 303), we investigated the motivational effects of HR systems that automatically capture—and make decisions based on—employee performance, and whether these effects depend on employee attributions regarding the organization's intended use of its automated HR metric system. Additionally, we test whether these motivational states affect employee task prioritization and emotional exhaustion. Results show that employees whose organizations use algorithmic HR systems, and who also attribute managerial control as intent to that system, experience higher levels of extrinsic motivation at work. This, in turn, predicts greater prioritization of metricized tasks and de‐prioritization of non‐metricized tasks. Conversely, employees who believe the purpose of algorithmic HR systems is to provide them with constructive feedback are more likely to experience intrinsic motivation, leading to reduced feelings of emotional exhaustion, greater prioritization of metricized tasks, but reduced non‐metricized behavior de‐prioritization. These results illustrate the critical importance of employee sensemaking around algorithmic HR systems as a precursor to the impact of such systems on employee motivation, behavior, and well‐being.

Attitudes, Motivations and Academic Performance in English among the Junior High School Students in Sulangon National High School

This study aimed to assess the attitudes, motivations and their relationship to academic performance in English among the Junior High School Students in Sulangon National High School during the school year 2022-2023.The data were obtained from 352 Grade 8, 9 and 10 students respectively in Sulangon National High School. A quantitative descriptive-correlational research design was employed in this study. Using frequency counting and percent, weighted mean, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient were the statistical tools used in the study. The study found out that the respondents' perceived level of positive attitude toward English was high. The respondents' perceived level of negative attitude toward English was low. Standard deviations less than 3.0 supported a high degree of homogeneity in their responses. In addition, the respondents’ perceived level of intrinsic motivation was highly motivated and the respondents’ perceived level of extrinsic motivation was also highly motivated. Additionally, the study found out that the respondents' level of academic performance was very satisfactory, which indicated that the students of Sulangon National High School experienced moderate learning in English. Standard deviations less than 3.0 supported a high degree of homogeneity in their responses. Moreover, the study found out that the respondents’ perceived level of attitude was affected by their sex. However, the respondents’ perceived level of attitude was unaffected by their age and grade level. It was also found out that perceived level of motivation was affected by their sex, age and grade level. Furthermore, data analysis revealed a significant relationship between attitudes, motivation and students' academic performance. This indicated that attitudes and motivations were significantly related to the Junior High School students' academic performance in Sulangon National High School. Hence, it is recommended that the top officials of the Department of Education in the Schools Division of Dapitan City would provide some techniques of communicative language to enhance students’ English learning and encourage them to be optimistic about the English skills practices.

Analisis Motivasi Ekstrinsik di PT. Digivla Indonesia

This research was conducted using qualitative descriptive methodology that requires identifying and analyzing the problems found. Qualitative research is based on primary data and secondary data. Primary data are obtained by conducting observations, interviews, and documentation, while secondary data are obtained through books, previous research, and articles directly related to research. The purpose of this study was to determine extrinsic motivation in PT. Digivla Indonesia by analyzing obstacles and solutions to overcome extrinsic motivation in employees and companies. From the results of this study, it can be seen that PT. Digivla Indonesia has provided concrete examples of the implementation of extrinsic motivation regularly and periodically, but not all employees get equal attention. This can be seen from the employee's answer regarding the level of extrinsic motivation provided is very lacking, and some divisions have not been able to carry out tasks in accordance with deadlines, so regular supervision is needed for companies to provide extrinsic motivation.

Follow the Leader: Parent- and Child-led Synchrony in Competitive and Cooperative play

Social interactions involve both cooperation to achieve a shared goal and competition over shared resources and rewards. The ability to engage in inter-personal coordination is an important measure of socio-emotional and cognitive well-being. Both cooperation and competition require interpersonal coordination, however with different motivational backgrounds. Competition is defined by a higher level of extrinsic motivation, while cooperation is related to more intrinsic motivation. In the context of the parent-child dyad, each individual has different motivations and contributions to the dyad. The parent’s and child’s sense of competitiveness and contribution to inter-personal synchrony will presumably differ from each other and adapt to one another. The current research employed Motion Energy Analysis, an objective measure of coordination of movements between individuals, to measure motor in-phase and anti-phase synchrony during parent-child cooperative and competitive play, with a focus on parent and child-led synchrony. Findings highlight that parents rate themselves as less competitive than their children rate themselves; with no such difference noted in cooperation. Further, parent-led motor synchrony is defined more by in-phase coordination in competition, especially when the interaction is novel. Alternatively, child-led motor synchrony is more anti-phase during competition. In cooperation parents and children lead synchrony to the same extent and in the same phase. Current findings highlight that parent’s and children uniquely adjust their leading behaviors in synchrony in competition, presumably adjusting their behavior to accommodate a complex situation. Given the importance of cooperative and competitive interactions to overall social well-being, and the parent’s role of modeling behaviors for their child, findings may direct future guidance and treatment plans that will promote social development.

EFL Teachers Motivation and Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Study between Private and Public Schools in Erbil

This study examines the motivation and job satisfaction levels of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers in public and private schools in Erbil, Kurdistan/Iraq. The aim is to fill the research gap in local studies specifically focused on applied linguistics. Data was collected using both quantitative and qualitative methods. A questionnaire adapted from previous studies was completed by 200 EFL teachers randomly selected from 93 schools in Erbil. Descriptive and inferential tests were conducted using SPSS version 25. Additionally, interviews were conducted with nine participants from both types of schools and analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that EFL teachers are predominantly intrinsically motivated and enter the profession due to their passion for the field. Private school EFL teachers exhibit higher levels of extrinsic motivation and job satisfaction. Gender and teaching experience positively affect both motivation and job satisfaction, while age is not significantly associated with motivation but does impact job satisfaction. A positive correlation between motivation and job satisfaction is observed. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of EFL teachers' motivation and job satisfaction in Erbil, with potential implications for educational policies and practices.

Extrinsic Motivation And Students’ Academic Achievement: A Correlational Study

The main objective of the study was to find out the effect of extrinsic motivation on the academic achievement of university-level undergraduate students. The target population of the study consisted of 540 undergraduate students studying in the Natural and Social Sciences departments. A sufficient sample size of 321 students for the study was taken, according to the research advisory table. Stratified random sampling technique was used for this study. Extrinsic Motivation Scale (EMS) was developed to collect data from the sampled respondents. The mean combine score on the EMS (Extrinsic Motivation Scale) was found 2.52 indicating a low level of extrinsic motivation. The academic achievement of these students was correlated with the EMS score that was found 0.75, indicating a positive relationship between these two variables. It is suggested that the provision of motivational techniques should be used continuously to motivate the students at the university level in order to attain better academic achievement.

MOTIVATIONAL DRIVE ON THE STRASUC SPORTS EVENTS PERFORMANCE OF THE STUDENTS’ ATHLETE

Motivational drive is frequently influenced by a confluence of natural biological impulses, like hunger or thirst, and psychological variables, such our beliefs, values, and goals. Both internal elements, like our ideas and feelings, and external forces, like rewards or penalties, can have an impact on it. Depending on their unique requirements, objectives, and circumstances, various persons may exhibit varying degrees of motivational drive. While some people find it easy to acquire the desire and focus to take action, others may struggle. Overall, recognizing and using our motivating drive can be essential to finding success and fulfillment in both our personal and professional life. The author of this study wanted to know how much is the motivational drive of the college students athlete had and how much pressure they are under, and how much of that pressure affects whether they participate in physical activity like Sports events in STRASUC tournament. The study also focused on understanding of the athletes performance and amount of participation in physical or sporting activities. The survey also identified the kinds of physical or athletic activities that students engage in, as well as their duration and frequency. The studys research methodology was a descriptive one. Using random sampling technique, eighty-seven (87) out of ninety 0ne (91) students athlete from the Laguna State Polytechnic University Sta. Cruz Campus in Brgy. Bubukal Santa Cruz, Laguna were selected as student – respondents. A five – point Likert type of survey questionnaire was used as the main research instrument. The data gathered using this instrument was analyzed and interpreted using the appropriate statistical tools. The findings indicated that respondents who engage in physical activity and sports do so for three reasons: they want to maintain their physical fitness, they want to avoid despair, and they want to benefit from grade incentives. The respondents interpersonal and intrapersonal motivations do not prevent them from engaging in physical activity and sports, according to their motivational drive. Unlike non-participants who do not receive the same support, they have a lot of it from friends and relatives. Despite their social and structural limitations, student athletes are passionately motivated to engage in physical activity and sports. Whether they participate or not, they are motivated to the same degree. Athletes who compete on college teams share the same level of extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, only intrinsic motivations fluctuate with an athletes competence extrinsic motivation components only vary with their athletic performance. The behavior of athletes dramatically alters intrapersonal motivation. Moreover, the frequency and length of any physical exercise are linked to intrapersonal and interpersonal restrictions. and also have a relationship to one another. Sex affects the kind of physical and athletic activities.

TINGKAT MOTIVASI PETANI DALAM USAHATANI NILAM DI DESA KECAMATAN ANGATA KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The goal of this study was to determine the level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of patchouli farmers. This research is located in Puulipu Village, Angata District, South Konawe Regency because the majority of the population works as patchouli farmers and is one of the largest patchouli oil suppliers in Angata District. This research was carried out from October 2022 to January 2023. The data obtained was analyzed quantitatively using the class interval formula. The results of the study found that the level of intrinsic motivation of farmers which includes the expectation of a pleasant job, social needs, and economic needs in running patchouli farming is classified in the high category. This happens because most of the needs and expectations of farmers in patchouli farming have been fulfilled. The level of extrinsic motivation of farmers which includes the availability of facilities and infrastructure, market opportunities, and innovation in patchouli farming is also relatively high. So that farmers are encouraged to increase their patchouli farming.

Correlates of Job Satisfaction among Female Non-Academics

This study aims to determine the relationship between motivation, emotional intelligence and job satisfaction among female non-academics in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). A total of 154 respondents were involved in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used in the data collection. Result revealed that respondents had high levels of extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. Extrinsic motivation (r = 0.33, p < 0.01), intrinsic motivation (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) and emotional intelligence (r = 0.48, p < 0.01) were significantly correlated with job satisfaction. There was also a significant difference in job satisfaction between marital status, (F (2,150) = 8.16, p < 0.05), where the divorced female respondents exhibited higher job satisfaction than the single and married female respondents. Multiple regression analysis revealed that intrinsic motivation (? = 0.22, p < 0.05) and emotional intelligence (? = 0.31, p < 0.001) were the significant predictors of job satisfaction. Respondents’ intrinsic motivation and emotional intelligence were important in influencing job satisfaction. Thus, by understanding the positive impact of motivation and emotional intelligence towards job satisfaction among female non-academics, it helped to ensure the high quality of job satisfaction while maintaining the performance of higher learning institutions in Malaysia.

A Study of Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs, Motivation to Teach, and Curriculum Fidelity: A Path Analysis Model

The aim of this study is to test a path analysis model that examines teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs, motivation to teach, and curriculum fidelity. A correlational survey model was used while designing the study. The study sample consisted of 414 teachers working in a province of Turkey during the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The Teacher Self-Efficacy Beliefs Scale, the Teachers’ Motivation to Teach Scale, and the Curriculum Fidelity Scale were all used as data collection tools. Prior to data analysis, the data set was tested for both univariate and multivariate normality; descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and path analysis were also used to test the data. Results gathered from the study show that teachers have strong self-efficacy beliefs; while they had a high level of intrinsic motivation, their extrinsic motivation was found to be at a moderate level. Based on the results of the path analysis, teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs were found to directly and indirectly predict both their motivation to teach and their curriculum fidelity. In addition, teachers’ levels of intrinsic motivation were found to predict curriculum fidelity directly, while their levels of extrinsic motivation were found to affect curriculum fidelity indirectly.

Understanding How Salesperson Envy and Emotional Exhaustion Lead to Negative Consequences: The Role of Motivation

Understanding How Salesperson Envy and Emotional Exhaustion Lead to Negative Consequences: The Role of Motivation

Understanding Work Addiction in Adult Children: The Effect of Addicted Parents and Work Motivation.

The aim of the study was to examine the mediating role that work motivation plays in the relationship between perceived work addiction of parents and their adult child’s work addiction. The sample was comprised of 537 participants working in different Lithuanian organizations that were selected on the basis of the convenience principle. Data were collected by means of online self-administered questionnaires. To test a mediation model, a structural equation modeling was performed. It was found that perceived work addiction of both mother and father was related to higher levels of work addiction of their adult child. The results also indicated that perceived work addiction of the father was related to increased work addiction in an adult child through higher levels of extrinsic motivation as a partial mediator. The indirect effect of perceived work addiction of the mother (via extrinsic motivation) was not significant. As was expected, the indirect relationship between work addiction in parents and their adult child via intrinsic motivation was not significant. This study demonstrates that integrating both family-related and motivational variables may provide relevant insights into the nature of and mechanisms underlying work addiction and that studies in this field deserve to be further developed in future research.

Predictors and Components in the Academic Motivation of Nursing Students during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Jordan

Abstract&#x0D; Background: Nursing is a noble profession that aims to care for individuals, families, and communities to achieve optimum health and quality of life. Nurses are the largest constituent of the healthcare team and nursing students’ motivation towards their field of inquiry affects their satisfaction and academic performance.&#x0D; Aim: To examine the academic motivation among nursing students in public universities in Jordan in the context of COVID-19.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in three public universities in Jordan. A total of 437 nursing students in their second, third, or fourth year of study answered a self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive and multivariant analysis was conducted using SPSS 24. &#x0D; Results: Academic motivation among students from three public universities was below the averages reported in the international literature. Students’ mean scores on the academic motivation scale knowledge was 90.25 out of 196, and the average mean scores for all subscales were just above the midpoint, except for the extrinsic regulation scale, which was 14.57 out of 30. Students reported higher levels of extrinsic motivation.&#x0D; Conclusions: Educators must focus on nursing students’ need for support and consider the development of a curriculum that strengthens student learning and nurtures their internal and external motivation needs.

Jaunųjų Lietuvos badmintono žaidėjų motyvacijos sportuoti ypatumai

This study aims to reveal the peculiarities of the motivation to do sports of young badminton players of Lithuania. The survey was conducted in March and April 2021, and was attended by 206 young badminton players aged 11 to 17. Young badminton players were divided into groups according to their age, gender, and athletic excellence. To evaluate the motivation to do sports of young badminton players, the Sport Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1995) approved in Lithuania was employed (Grajauskas, 2008). The Student’s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (Anova) with post hoc comparisons (Games-Howell post hoc test, which assumes unequal variance between groups) were employed to determine the reliability of differences between groups. The data were analyzed by applying SPSS 25.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Results of the study revealed that, in case of evaluating expression of young badminton players’ motives in the five point scale, intrinsic motivation is more expressed than the extrinsic. It was found that boys who play badminton have less motives of intrinsic motivation than girls: girls are more encouraged than boys to do sports by their intrinsic motivation to “know” (p < 0.01) and were more in agreement with the statements of intrinsic motivation to “strive for perfection” and “experience” subscales (p < 0.05). More advanced young badminton players have higher expression levels of intrinsic motivation “to know” (p < 0.01), “strive for perfection” (p < 0.05) and “experience” (p < 0.01) than less advanced athletes. It was found that less advanced young badminton players have better expressed amotivation (p < 0.01), they are more dependent on “direct external regulation” (p < 0.05) and have higher expression level of extrinsic motivation to “identify” (p < 0.05) than more advanced athletes. [...]

English Language Anxiety and Motivation Towards Speaking English Among Malaysian Pre-University Students

This study aims to identify the level of English language anxiety and level of motivation in speaking English among Malaysian Pre-University students. The research sample was composed of pre-university students in Selangor, Malaysia. Using a quantitative research method, the researcher distributed a survey questionnaire which was developed by adapting existing questionnaires by Pappamihiel (2002) for English language anxiety scale and Schmidt, Boraie, and Kassabgy (1996) for motivation. Results of the data analysis established there was a low level of English language anxiety in speaking English among pre-university students, and moderate level of motivation, yet the level of intrinsic motivation was slightly lower than the level of extrinsic motivation in speaking English among pre-university students. The results showed there was a significant correlation between English language anxiety and motivation in speaking language. However, there was no significant difference in gender for English language anxiety and motivation. There was a significant difference on races for English language anxiety and insignificant differences on races for motivation. The findings of this study may serve as a platform for school authorities and policymakers in developing motivation and reducing language anxiety among students.

Sport Motivation of Paralympic Athletes after Injury

Motivation for performing sport is complex because most athletes have multiple motivations, including extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Understanding the motivation dynamics of athletes, especially after a sports injury, is crucial because the injury may have a detrimental effect on the athlete's psychosocial conditions. This study figured out the motivation level of Paralympic athletics athletes after injury. A total of 44 Paralympic athletes were involved in the survey. The Sports Motivation Scale (SMS) was used to identify the level of athlete motivation. The SMS was developed within the Self Determination Theory (SDT) framework to assess various forms of motivation, namely amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. This study found that out of 44 Paralympic athletics athletes after an injury, 5 (4.55%) of the athletes reported high levels of amotivation, and 15 (34.09%) of the athletes were identified in the moderate level of amotivation. This finding indicates that injury does not impact amotivation, as the athletes exhibit a high level of extrinsic motivation (external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation) and intrinsic motivation. Based on these motivation profiles, the Paralympic coaches should adjust their approach in motivating the Paralympic athletes to return to their training and competitions after injury.

Students’ Perspectives Regarding Adolescence and Their Motivation for Choosing the Child and Youth Care Track

In this study, we examined Child and Youth Care (CYC) students' retrospective perceptions of their adolescence, including communication with their parents, peer relationships, involvement in risk-taking behavior, and identity-exploration experiences, compared to those of students in the teacher-training track. Moreover, we examined a model, in which the association between these perceptions and the students' choice of the CYC track is mediated by extrinsic motives. The sample included 158 students, 92 of them in the CYC track and 66 in the teacher-training track. The CYC students reported lower levels of communication with their parents and higher levels of positive peer relationships, involvement in risk-taking behavior and identity-exploration experiences during adolescence. A significant difference was found in motives for choice of profession: CYC students reported lower levels of extrinsic motivation than the student-teachers. The model indicated that the association between communication with parents and choice of CYC studies was mediated by involvement in risk-taking behavior and extrinsic motives, while the association between peer relationships and choice of CYC studies was mediated by identity-exploration experiences and extrinsic motives. The findings have practical implications for student training, suggesting that emphasis be placed on the continuous and consistent connection between personal experiences and professional development—for the benefit of both CYC students and their target population: at-risk children and youth.

Investigating the Types of Motivation of TESL Students in A Higher Education Institute in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to investigate the types of motivation of students from a Higher Education Institute, the School of Education and Social Sciences in learning English language. The research instrument was adapted from Gardner’s Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). The questionnaire has 28 items 14 items from intrinsic motivation and 14 items from extrinsic motivation. Students from a Higher Education Institute, Shah Alam, Malaysia participated in answering the questionnaire. The findings reveal that, the participating students do have high level of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, but if to compare between these two types, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the Participating students’ intrinsic motivation are slightly higher than their level of extrinsic motivation. The researcher concludes that the participating students rely on intrinsic motivation rather than extrinsic motivation.