Levels Of Economic Productivity Research Articles

Optimizing Rejected Oranges into Multipurpose Products in Seribu Jandi Village

One of the programs in the 8th Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is "Supporting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all", with the target of achieving higher levels of economic productivity through certification, technological quality improvement, and innovation. Seribu Jandi Village, located in Simalungun Regency, is a center for orange producers. However, some of the oranges produced are categorized as rejected oranges. The main problems faced by orange farming communities in this village are the high volume of rejected oranges and their lack of understanding of processing rejected oranges. As a result, the rejected oranges are only thrown away which pollute the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to take corrective actions by processing rejected oranges into multipurpose products, such as biocatalysts, biodisinfectants, and floor cleaning fluids. Biocatalysts can be used to optimize the absorption of soil elements by orange plants, which certainly will maximize the use of fertilizers. Biodisinfectants are more recommended to be used than chemical disinfectants because chemical disinfectants have side effects that can cause irritation to human skin. Cleaning liquid can be used instead of chemical cleaning fluid, which also has an impact on the environment. In relation to this problem, it is necessary to carry out a series of activities that will greatly help the orange farming community in Seribu Jandi Village. The activities to be carried out are conducting training and counseling on the utilization of rejected oranges into multipurpose products.

Feasibility of Using the American Time Use Survey to Study the Impact of Sickle Cell Disease and Hematopoietic Cell Transplant on the Daily Lives of Patients and Their Caregivers: A Stellar Study

Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with substantial morbidity, impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and decreased survival. While, hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for SCD, is associated with excellent overall and event-free survival, however, there are limited studies in this population to assess the ability to participate in social roles and level of economic productivity. The American Time Use Survey (ATUS) was designed to provide a comprehensive measure of the amount of time people spend doing various daily activities in the United States. We performed a pilot study using ATUS in post-transplanted SCD patients, parent proxies, and non-transplanted patients. Methods Patients ≥15 years old or one caregiver for patients ≤ 15yrs with SCD including those ³1-year post-HCT already enrolled in the parent Sickle Cell Transplant Evaluation of Long-term and Late Effects Registry (STELLAR) study were contacted for this sub-study. After providing informed consent, participants were contacted to schedule an interview. The survey was conducted using a computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) platform (Voxco). During the interview, participants were asked how they spent the 24 hours beginning 4 AM the day before the call, their "designated day," and ending 4 AM the day of the call. Each reported activity was assigned a 6-digit code, with 85 possible activities grouped into 6 specified main categories related to health, education, work, work-related travel, household activities and time spent caring for children. Data collection, coding of the data, coding rules, verification, data processing, edits, imputation, data quality, and coding quality were determined by the ATUS user guide. Results Of the 133 participants in the STELLAR study, 34 participants (25%, Adult post-HCT Patients = 9, Caregivers for Post-HCT and Non-HCT patients = 15, and non-transplanted adult SCD patients = 10) completed the ATUS interview. The interviews lasted 28 minutes (median; range 20-58min). Sixty-one percent of participants were female, 86% were African-American, and 55% were working, of whom 80% were working 35 hours or more a week (Table 1). Details of time spent on specific activities are presented in Figure 1. Seven participants (21%) reported spending a mean 47 minutes (SD 25.80, Median 45, range 5-75 IQR 50) in direct health-related self-care, 8 participants (24%) reported mean 138.13 minutes (SD 111.64, Median 97.5, range 15-330 IQR 162) in education related activities, 17 participants (55%) reported mean 337.53 minutes (SD 225.91, Median 450, range 30-630 IQR 420) in work-related activities. Conclusion We report the feasibility of using ATUS in SCD populations to study the impact of SCD on the daily lives and economic productivity of patients and/or caregivers. The relatively high rates of unemployment and time spent in health-related personal care activities observed in this sample are worthy of further study. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Fintech Peer to Peer Lending as Approach to Encourage Economic Inclusion for Rural Communities in Indonesia

The paper aims to explain the use of Peer to Peer Lending-based fintech as a platform in creating economic productivity in Rural Areas in Indonesia. Peer to Peer Lending to suppress economic and social inequalities for people who are far from urban access. As for the background of this writing because Indonesia is one of the countries considered to have the potential to increase economic growth through digital financial inclusion in the Southeast Asia Region, although based on the facts some Indonesian people are still not netted in banking and investment accounts that are largely experienced by rural communities. Peer to Peer Lending is considered potential because it can reach unlimited digital-based financial services. First geographically, the vast area of Indonesia is mostly in rural areas has affect to the lack of financial access for rural communities and low levels of economic productivity. Secondly lack of formal education in rural environment can overcome by Peer to Peer Lending through cutting bureaucracy and tight requirement in conventional banking by using integrated digital and technology of finance. Third, this paper will show that fintech Peer to Peer Lending as the one of sustainable finance rather than the platform has been exists by Indonesia Government for rural areas. In this section, the platform of Peer to Peer Lending can be used to sustainable finance and economy during the recovery pandemics Covid-19, whereas it refers to the concept less physical contact economy. Furthermore the paper has conducting obstacle to implementing Peer to Peer Lending for rural communities include: lack of formal education, infrastructure and public transportation. Therefore the author has draft the framework to overcome the issues that involved strong stakeholder include: national government, bank and financial sector, academic and research institution, non-profit and fintech group. First; strengthening financial and digital literacy for rural communities through empowerment program, the empowerment will focus on practically to using Peer to Peer Lending platform between lenders and borrowers. In this section the empowerment program must emphasize management risk for rural community to using this platform such us identifying the asset of borrowers. The borrowers must have ability identifying and arrange their financial history and asset as building Secondly: the paper will emphasize the structural and system for the readiness of Peer to Peer Lending platform for rural community. This paper will also examine whether the financial of technology based on peer to peer lending is effective for rural communities in Indonesia by conducting and analyzing data; smartphone user, population growth and unbankable MSME’s. The results of the data will used to prove that this platform can reduce social and inequality for rural communities in Indonesia.

Marxism and the Debate on the Transition to Capitalism in Prewar Japan

After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan rapidly industrialized, greatly raising its level of economic productivity. However, the peasants were kept in a state of hunger under a semifeudal agricultural system. How should this semi-feudality be understood? About this question arose a debate among Japanese Marxists in prewar Japan: the Debate on Japanese Capitalism. This article examines the methodologies of three analysists of Japanese capitalism focusing on the level of abstraction of the analysis of capitalism, whose ideas were derived from Hegel’s Logic and Marx’s methodology of downward analysis and upward development: Moritarō Yamada of Kōzaha, Itsurō Sakisaka of Rōnōha, and Kōzō Uno, who distanced himself from both sides. Uno criticized Yamada and Sakisaka for directly analyzing a particular Japanese capitalism with a highly general theory such as Capital, and proposed the Three-Stage Theory: the Pure Theory, which is based on the assumption of a pure capitalism, such as Marx’s Capital; the Stage Theory, which clarifies the historical developmental stage of capitalism, such as Lenin’s Imperialism (1917); and the Empirical Analysis, which analyzes capitalism in each country at a given time. However, Uno’s main concern was to analyze Japanese capitalism in the Stage Theory, doing little to further advance it in the Empirical Analysis. Therefore, this article divided the Empirical Analysis into two levels of abstraction: the domain of theoretical construction of Japanese Capitalism, such as Lenin’s Development of Capitalism in Russia (1899), and of data analysis of specific conditions of Japanese capitalism, such as Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844), and thus proposed the Four-Stage Theory. It is a hypothesis for complementing Uno’s Three-Stage Theory, which should be further developed by data. Finally, such methodological consideration for analyzing capitalism is applicable to non-Japanese capitalist societies.

Menelusuri Kembali Peran Investasi Modal Manusia dan Modal Fisik Dalam Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Produktivitas

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of human capital on the level of economic productivity of regencies/cities in West Kalimantan Province. The data used in this study are panel data from 14 West Kalimantan Province/City Districts during the period 2012-2017 whose research results were analyzed using the Random Effect approach panel data regression analysis. The results of the study explained that the role of hum an capital as measured by the level of education, namely the average length of school (RLS), High School Participation Rate, and health level namely life expectancy (AHH) had a non-significant effect on economic productivity. Whereas physical capital investment (PMTB) has a significant influence on the level of economic productivity. The results of the analysis also show that for the human capital variable it has a smaller magnitude compared to the physical capital investment variable. Based on these results, it is concluded that the impact of human capital is very important in increasing economic productivity in the Regency/City of West Kalimantan Province.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

By promoting the principles of sustainable development, educating the population and employees in all sectors about the opportunities for practical implementation, it encourages people to gather and work together to design and implement sustainable development in their communities. Great importance should be given to, and as such, commented on, new orientations at the level of public policies at the global, European and national levels. Also, great attention should be paid to changes in society.Global Sustainable Development Goals should be universal and, as such, applicable in all countries and communities, across the population. Their implementation should take into account specific opportunities, conditions and opportunities in different parts of the planet. Priority areas of action need to be identified and opportunities for contributing to sustainable development considered. In this way, we become part of a global partnership that is key to achieving the goals.In order for planning and implementation to be successful, significant mobilization of resources from different sources must be ensured. It is also possible to create clear public policies at national, regional and international levels through increased development cooperation, which is mainly based on development strategies that promote the fight against poverty and gender inequality. In this way, the promotion of gender equality creates the basis for prosperous and sustainable development.Another possible policy is to raise the level of economic productivity while pursuing diversification; technological development and innovation, all through the focus of work intensity. The condition for the development of these policies or strategies is achievable with the economic, social and environmental links with urban and rural areas.

Reconsidering Economic Productivity

Economy has changed significantly over the past century, in part due to the scientific discoveries, due to the industrial revolution, to the research, development and innovation, but maybe the most important contributor to the economic development is the human resource. We have witnessed significant changes enhancing the levels of productivity, both labor and capital. This paper analyzes productivity in relation to its social and sustainability dimension. The paper follows a previous study, highlighting the most important findings identified and reinterpreting them on the basis of the most recent research papers produced by the scholars in the field. The analysis is focused on the most unsustainable economies worldwide, respectively, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Belgium, Kuwait, Singapore, Netherlands, Republic of Korea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Macedonia, Japan and the United States of America – selected by considering their per capita ecological deficit. The research uses statistical data provided by the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank and the Global Footprint Network. The research combines economical, development and environmental indexes in our attempt to evaluate productivity and to adjust it so that it considers the ecological deficit of the nations. The research hypothesis that generated the study is: the levels of economic productivity obtained by countries are not limited by their biocapacities. The empirical analysis will verify the research question advocating for the need to consider the limited capacity of the planet, in term of natural resources, when promoting economic and social development.

Bones of democratic contention: Maritime disputes

While no two democratic states have fought an interstate war against each other, democratic dyads experience militarized disputes with some frequency. Previous research suggests that a large percentage of militarized disputes between two democracies involve fishing and oil resources of the sea. Yet this research selects on cases where militarized conflict occurs, and fails to consider whether democracies have more frequent diplomatic conflicts over maritime areas relative to other regime pairings. Analyzing data from the Issue Correlates of War project, which includes diplomatic conflicts over maritime areas (1900–2007) in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Asia, this study finds that pairs of democracies have the highest chance of experiencing diplomatic maritime disputes among all pairs of countries in the same region or dyads involving major powers. Three theoretical explanations were empirically evaluated to account for this pattern: (a) greater opportunities for democratic maritime conflicts given higher levels of economic productivity and the sizes of fishing fleets in democratic states, (b) the increasing securitization of maritime issues, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 2001, and (c) variations in the number of democracies across regional contexts. Several illustrative case studies for each theoretical argument are presented. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the democratic peace literature and the law of the sea regime.

Europeanisation and the Uneven Convergence of Environmental Policy: Explaining the Geography of EMAS

This paper seeks to advance current understanding of uneven convergence in the context of EU environmental policy, and specifically, the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). Using a large sample, quantitative methodology, we examine three broad sets of determinants hypothesised to influence geographic patterns of policy convergence: (1) cross-national market integration; (2) compatibility between the domestic regulatory context and European policy requirements; and (3) bottom-up pressure from market and societal actors. Our analysis provides empirical support for all three hypothesised determinants. We find that measures of import-export ties, regulatory burden, past policy adoptions, environmental demand from civil society and levels of economic productivity, are all statistically significant predictors of national EMAS counts. Against a backdrop of geographically diverse regulatory institutions, societal conditions and trading relationships, we conclude that unevenness is an inevitable feature of Europeanisation.

Education Corruption, Reform, and Growth: Case of Post-Soviet Russia

This paper investigates a possible impact of education corruption on economic growth in Russia. It argues that high levels of education corruption may harm total factor productivity in the long run, primarily through lowering the level of human capital and slowing down the pace of its accumulation. Ethical standards learned in the process of training in universities can also affect the standards of practice in different professions. The growing level of economic productivity is not likely to reduce education corruption in the short run, but can eventually lead to implementation of higher ethical standards in the education sector.

Europeanisation and the Uneven Convergence of Environmental Policy: Explaining the Geography of EMAS

In this paper we seek to advance current understanding of uneven convergence in the context of EU environmental policy, and specifically, the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). Using a large-sample, quantitative methodology, we examine three broad sets of determinants hypothesised to influence geographic patterns of policy convergence: (1) cross-national market integration; (2) compatibility between the domestic regulatory context and European policy requirements; and (3) bottom-up pressure from market and societal actors. Our analysis provides empirical support for all three hypothesised determinants. Measures of import–export ties, regulatory burden, past policy adoptions, environmental demand from civil society, and levels of economic productivity are all found to be statistically significant predictors of national EMAS counts. Against a backdrop of geographically diverse regulatory institutions, societal conditions, and trading relationships, we conclude that unevenness is an inevitable feature of Europeanisation.

Immigration, Assimilation, and Status in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan: Stable Isotopic Evidence from Tlajinga 33

AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen and oxygen isotope ratios in bone and enamel phosphate from 25 individuals from the residential compound of Tlajinga 33 were used to examine the possibility that the inhabitants, who were craft producers, may have accepted immigrants to maintain either their ability to reproduce themselves as a social group or their level of economic productivity. Bone δ18O and δ13C values provide a long-term picture of geographic identity and diet, and enamel δ18O values provide a snapshot of geographic location during particular tooth development. A considerable proportion (29 percent) of the Tlajinga 33 inhabitants grew up elsewhere, but the majority of these immigrants had dwelt in Teotihuacan for many years before their death. Neither geographical relocation nor dietary differences are significantly associated with gender. The social position of foreigners appears to have been generally high. For example, the occupants of Tomb 50 appear to have come from elsewhere, possibly West Mexico, but foreigners were also found in lower status contexts such as middens. The stable isotope ratios reflecting long-term dwelling at Teotihuacan suggest that social status was achieved, which supports current archaeological evidence. Furthermore, the lack of dietary differences between immigrants and native Teotihuacanos may also imply political and/or ethnic assimilation.

Positivism, Skepticism, and the Attractions of “Paltry Empiricism”: Stanley Cavell and the Current Standards Movement in Education

INTRODUCTION: A BRIEF SKETCH OF SCHOOL REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY Frederick Taylor, Hans Reichenbach, Rudolph Carnap, Edward L. Thorndike, Lewis Terman, Charles Eliot, James Conant: Wherever they are at the moment (and I would not want to speculate one way or the other), they must surely be looking glowingly on current school reform efforts in the United States. After all, their professed ideologies, their ways of talking and thinking about the processes and purposes of schooling, are clearly resurgent once again. And they have come together like at no other time in this nation’s history. We are all no doubt aware of the fact that efficiency, quality control, measurable outcomes, standards, excellence, and professionalism have very much become the parlance of the day in education. Numerous policy makers and pundits are now pushing for standardized curriculum, intensified testing of students at all grade levels, and strong accountability measures with the unabashed goal of ensuring that the United States maintains certain levels of economic productivity and world power — or what, taken together, are commonly construed as “national security” since the publication of A Nation at Risk in 1983.

Economic Development and Educational Status in Appalachian Kentucky

The literature on formal education and its relationships to economic development has grown steadily during the past several decades. As might be expected, most of this literature deals with economy and education among less developed countries in Africa, Asia, and Central America. At the same time, however, competing models of the relationship between education and political economy have become more visible within underdeveloped areas of the United States.' The Appalachian region in particular has been the focus of a continuing debate concerning causes and consequences of underdevelopment within a nation that has attained an exceedingly high level of economic productivity and standard of living. This region covers approximately 200,000 square miles, following the spine of the Appalachian Mountains from New York in the north to Mississippi in the south. It includes all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states. Appalachia has three major subregions, each with distinctive income, population, and employment characteristics. The central subregion includes eastern Kentucky, northeast Tennessee, western Virginia, and southern West Virginia. This area differs from the western and southern subregions due to its traditional reliance on an extractive economy, its isolation from population and transportation centers in surrounding areas, and its historically distinct relationship with state and federal governments (particularly during and immediately following the American Civil War). Here immense wealth resides side by side with abject poverty, and successes and failures are brought into full relief. Economically dependent on slow-growth or declining industry and characterized by a scarcity of tertiary enterprise, central Appalachia chronically has been plagued by high unemployment and underemployment. In 1983, for example, the state of West Virginia led the nation both in unemployment and in decreased percentages of federal safety net programs. The subregion has also traditionally exported

Status Rivalry and Cultural Evolution in Polynesia1

CULTURAL evolution, to rephrase Maitland's classic remark, will be history or nothing. If it is to be history, its proper focus is the culture area, or to be more precise, the comparative study of culture areas. A culture area comprises historically related societies each showing significant variations from a common area pattern. In these variations-their nature, origin, and direction-are revealed the basic processes of cultural development in the area, that is, its cultural evolution. It is from a comparison of culture areas rather than from the comparative study of historically unrelated societies that the more general and more meaningful laws of development may emerge. Boas (1896) was the first to suggest such a comparative procedure as a way to avoid the pitfalls into which the old comparative method had led the nineteenthcentury evolutionists. For a number of reasons, Polynesia is a particularly suitable area for sutch a comparative study.2 Since the area was populated rather late, perhaps within the last 3,000 years (Spoehr 1952), its underlying historical unity is still abundantly clear-even linguistic variations are relatively minor (Elbert 1953). At the same time, Polynesian cultures vary in a continuous series from the simple atoll societies of Ontong Java and Pukapuka to the highly organized feudal kingdoms of Hawaii. These variations suggest an evolutionary sequence, which is borne out by evidence from tribal historical traditions (presumably reliable for comparatively recent events) and from other sources. The present paper takes as its starting point the dominant values of Polynesian culture, those involving concern with social status. Polynesian society is founded upon social inequality and, despite an aristocratic doctrine of hereditary rank, permits its members to compete for position, for prestige, and for power. In one way or another, then, the history of every Polynesian society has been affected by status rivalry, and under the proper conditions the effects of this rivalry have been felt in every vital center of the culture. Rivalry raises issues and provokes conflicts that can never be fully resolved. It promotes a sequence of culture changes that take their character and direction in part from the momentum of status rivalry itself and in part from the particular physical and cultural setting of each island. Thus, the differing ecologies of atolls and high islands, variations in population density, varieties of subsistence techniques, levels of economic productivity, systems of property relations, the role of migrations and military conquests, diffusion, and, finally, the specific historical accidents that occur in wars, migrations, and contests for power-all influence and are in turn influenced by the dominant motive of status rivalry. Many facets of culture, on the other hand, are only barely