Levels Of Cynicism Research Articles

Nature, predictors, and outcomes of the psychological capital trajectories observed among upcoming police officers' undergoing vocational training

This study seeks to achieve a dynamic person-centered understanding of the nature of the psychological capital trajectories observed among upcoming police officers undergoing vocational training. Moreover, it seeks to document the predictive role of leader-member exchange and perceived organizational support in relation to these psychological capital trajectories, as well as the implications of these trajectories for a variety of outcomes related to trainees' attitudes (i.e., organizational cynicism, identification with the organization, engagement in the training program, and satisfaction toward the training program), psychological health (i.e., perceived stress), and behaviors (i.e., performance in the training program). A sample of 1200 participants undergoing a 33-week full-time vocational training program to become police officers were surveyed four times over a period of five months and a half. Results revealed that psychological capital trajectories corresponded to five primary profiles: Learning to Hate, High Fit, Moderate Fit, Honeymoon-Hangover, and Low Fit. Perceived leader-member exchange and organizational support were associated with these trajectories in a way that mainly supported our expectations. Trajectories characterized by lower levels of psychological capital were associated with higher levels of cynicism and stress, and with lower levels of engagement, identification, performance, and satisfaction. Conversely, trajectories characterized by higher levels of psychological capital were associated with the most positive outcomes.

Assessing the effectiveness of prosocial activism within sponsored influencer posts on product promotion

AbstractMandatory sponsorship disclosure has reduced the value of influencer campaigns, as consumers are astutely aware of their promotional nature. At the same time, influencers are mobilizing as activists for prosocial causes. Against this backdrop, we ask: Do activism statements within sponsored influencer posts increase their effectiveness? and if so “why” and “when”? Through one behavioral pilot study and four experiments, we reveal that activism statements in sponsored influencer posts prompt consumers to spend more time browsing the promoted product website and increase their purchase intentions. These effects are explained by a reduction in the activation of persuasion knowledge (i.e., reduced perceived selling intent). We further show that the positive effect of combining activism with product promotion is attenuated by the consumer's high level of cynicism. Moreover, influencer‐cause congruence boosts the positive effects of sponsored activism posts; however, incongruence causes these posts to backfire by raising perceived manipulative and selling intent. By intersecting two common phenomena in influencer posts (sponsorship disclosure and prosocial activism), we extend knowledge of the antecedents of sponsored influencer posts’ success and offer strategies for marketers to harness them.

Quality of Work Life and Mental Well-Being for Long-Term Care Staff in Nova Scotia.

This study assesses the quality of work life for Nova Scotian continuing care assistants (CCAs) (n = 266), nurses (n = 144) and managers (n = 45) from 10 long-term care (LTC) homes in late 2021. CCAs scored significantly worse than nurses and managers on measures of mental health and anxiety. All groups reported high levels of cynicism and emotional exhaustion; CCAs' scores were higher than nurses or managers. CCAs scored significantly higher on professional efficacy than other groups. CCAs can derive a strong sense of accomplishment from their work, but results raise concerns of a potential breaking point. This suggests the need for continued action to support LTC staff.

Job burnout and anxiety among medical staff: A latent profile and moderated mediation analysis

BackgroundDue to work pressure, work intensity, and the impact of emergencies such as the epidemic, job burnout and mental health problems among medical staff have become increasingly prominent. ObjectivesOur study aims to characterize the patterns of burnout in Chinese medical staff, explore the profile differences on anxiety and self-esteem, examine whether the differences in these profiles on anxiety were mediated by self-esteem, and investigate whether this mediating process was moderated by positive coping styles among medical staff. MethodsData were collected from 602 medical staff in China by a convenient sampling method. A latent profile and moderated mediation analysis were performed. ResultsLatent profile analysis on three burnout dimensions [emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and professional efficacy] indicated two burnout profiles: low burnout (82.47% of the sample) and high burnout (17.53%). Medical staff with a low burnout profile had lower levels of emotional exhaustion and cynicism than those with a high burnout profile. It was also determined that self-esteem mediates burnout and anxiety in both high- and low-burnout medical staff. The moderating role of positive coping styles was also identified (β = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.058–0.550). ConclusionsThe identification of two distinct burnout patterns (low burnout and high burnout) provides clinical administrators with clear goals for individualizing support and interventions for medical staff with different levels of burnout. Furthermore, attention should be given to self-esteem and positive coping styles, as they act as potential mediators and moderators of medical staff's mental health problems.

Mediation role of work engagement in the effect of healthcare professionals’ perception of organizational trust and organizational support on perception of organizational cynicism

The aim of this study is to investigate the mediating role of work engagement in the effect of healthcare workers’ perceptions of organizational trust and organizational support on organizational cynicism. A total of 306 healthcare workers participated in the research. Data was collected using scales for organizational trust, organizational support, organizational cynicism, and work engagement. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the structure of the scales. The study employed PATH analysis to determine the mediating role of work engagement. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The findings established a negative relationship between perceptions of organizational trust and organizational support with organizational cynicism, which is partially mediated by the level of work engagement. Additionally, the study identified a negative relationship between the level of work engagement and organizational cynicism. Conversely, the study concluded that perceptions of organizational trust and support have a positive impact on work engagement levels. This research makes a significant contribution to understanding the effects of healthcare workers’ perceptions of organizational trust and support on organizational cynicism and work engagement. Furthermore, these results could provide a valuable foundation for developing effective strategies in the management and practice of health organizations.

Personality Traits Correlation with Professional Burnout of Employees from the Advertising Industry

Abstract Research Purpose. The aim of the research is to study and clarify the level of professional burnout, personality traits, their interrelationships, and the impact of personality traits on professional burnout in the advertising industry to make recommendations to advertising company managers. Methodology. The method of quantitative data collection was a 128-item questionnaire, a combination of the Latvian Personality Survey (LPA-v3) (Perepjolkina & Reņģe, 2013); the Maslach Professional Burnout Survey (Maslach & Jackson, 1981) adapted version in Latvian (Vaine, 2019). Data: N=148 respondents, data collected electronically via Google Forms, ensuring respondent confidentiality. Findings. Advertising employees have high emotional exhaustion, moderate levels of depersonalization or cynicism, and high levels of personal achievement reduction. The highest indicators of general personality traits are as follows: openness to experience, conscientiousness, and honesty - humility, while lower indicators are for extroversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. Emotional exhaustion has a strong positive correlation with neuroticism and a negative correlation with extroversion; depersonalization has a positive correlation with neuroticism, a positive correlation with agreeableness and a negative correlation with extroversion. Decreased achievement or work efficiency has a strong negative correlation with neuroticism, a strong positive correlation with extroversion, and a positive correlation with openness to experience. Burnout dimensions also have very close positive and negative correlations with the sub-traits. There are statistically significant regression models between professional burnout scales and sub-traits: depressiveness and sociability have the greatest impact on emotional exhaustion; the greatest impact on depersonalisation is for depressiveness; joyfulness; friendliness; the greatest impact on changes in performance is for stress intolerance; joyfulness; creativity. Practical implications. With at least 50% of advertising employees experiencing high levels of burnout, it is recommended to organise individual and Team Supervision sessions to prevent burnout and identify the triggering factors in a specific organization. This format ensures that both employees and managers are equally accountable for the outcome and through a focused process promotes overall employee engagement, problem-solving, conflict resolution, understanding of diversity, empathy, and role clarity. No less important, the knowledge of the most common personal traits of Advertising Industries employees will help company managers to make more informed hiring decisions.

Association between body mass index and burnout among nurses in China: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesBody mass index (BMI) can affect an individual’s health. The night shift is a characteristic of the nursing profession, which is associated with an abnormal BMI. However, few studies have...

Manifestări ale cinismului organizațional în instituțiile educaționale (sinteze empirice)

Organizational cynicism is frequently associated with various negative experiences related to the im- plementation of institutional changes, thus, analyzing the level of cynicism is essential in order to understand the resistance that employees manifest in the context of planned organizational changes in the institution. Based on the results of some empirical research, in this article, we present recent trends in the study of organizational cynicism in educational institutions, taking into consideration different factors that influence cynicism.

The Role of Perceived Surveillance and Privacy Cynicism in Effects of Multiple Synced Advertising Exposures on Brand Attitude

Technological advancements have made it possible to personalize advertising messages across media in real time based on consumers’ offline media behavior (i.e., synced advertising). This is thought to positively influence consumers’ brand attitudes. However, consumers encountering multiple synced advertising exposures could decrease the strategy’s effectiveness by increasing the perceptions of surveillance among consumers. Moreover, these effects may differ depending on privacy cynicism; consumers may decrease their privacy protection behaviors as a result of feeling hopeless and frustrated by the high demands and lack of control of their data being used for personalized advertising purposes. An online experiment (N = 527) showed the more that ads were synchronized, the higher the perceived surveillance, which led to less positive brand attitudes for participants with the lowest levels of privacy cynicism and positive brand attitudes only for participants with intermediate to high levels of privacy cynicism. The results advance theory on the direct effects, underlying mechanisms, and consumer-related factors that play a role in synced advertising effects. It shows that synced advertising could be a promising advertising strategy but that considerations around privacy and ethics are essential.

Analyzing Latent Burnout Profiles in a Sample of Spanish Nursing and Psychology Undergraduates.

There is abundant literature suggesting that university students in helping professions experience high levels of stress, leading to an increased risk of developing burnout. The objective of this study was to identify burnout profiles in a sample of 1162 Spanish nursing and psychology undergraduates using latent profile analysis, a person-oriented statistical method that can identify hidden homogenous subgroups within a heterogeneous population. We expected to replicate in university students the five-profile structure (burnout, overextended, disengaged, ineffective, and engagement) proposed by Leiter and Maslach using the burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy) as indicators. The results showed that burnout, overextended, and engagement profiles were adequately replicated. Given that levels of inefficacy and cynicism were medium to low, the ineffective and disengaged profiles somewhat deviated from those identified by Leiter and Maslach. We found differences between the five latent profiles in several psychological variables, such as depression and anxiety. These results suggest that psychosocial factors (e.g., workload) are significant among students and may adversely impact their health, leading to psychosomatic and emotional disorders. Hence, designing effective interventions to prevent health problems associated with burnout seems advisable, considering the specific burnout profile that a student exhibits.

When Social Media Attack: How Exposure to Political Attacks on Social Media Promotes Anger and Political Cynicism

Political cynicism is rising in many democracies throughout the world. At the same time, people increasingly use social media to access news and political information. However, much of the political content people see on these platforms is hostile, uncivil, and attacking. This study examines whether exposure to these political attacks on social media is associated with political cynicism and, if so, whether negative emotions like anger and anxiety play a mediating role in this process. Using data from a panel survey of American adults ( N = 1,800) collected during the 2020 U.S. presidential election, this study examines whether exposure to political attacks on social media is related to both emotions about the state of the country and political cynicism. Data indicate that people who were exposed to more political attacks on social media were more politically cynical. Further, perceived exposure to political attacks on social media was associated with more anger about the state of the United States, which was subsequently related to greater levels of political cynicism. The results provide evidence that exposure to political attacks on social media might contribute to both negative emotions about the country and political cynicism.

IMPACT OF POLICE CYNICISM ON CRIME REPORTING: INSIGHTS FROM ANGELES CITY, PHILIPPINES

This research delves into the intricate relationship between police cynicism and crime reporting behavior in Angeles City, Philippines. It takes a comprehensive approach, aiming to identify both the factors that encourage and discourage crime reporting while examining the influence of police cynicism. The research utilizes a mixed-methods design, encompassing a descriptive survey and correlation research. The survey includes questions regarding individuals attitudes towards the police, their willingness to report crimes, and their perceptions of the polices effectiveness in combating crime. The correlation research specifically delves into the connection between police cynicism and crime-reporting behavior, hypothesizing that higher levels of police cynicism correlate with lower levels of crime reporting and vice versa. The findings of this study carry significant implications for improving crime reporting behavior, ultimately contributing to enhanced safety in Angeles City. The research underscores the existence of generally positive attitudes toward crime reporting, driven by an awareness of the seriousness of offenses, a sense of empowerment, and a shared responsibility for community well-being. This positive disposition emphasizes the need for law enforcement agencies and policymakers to consider community engagement strategies and initiatives that encourage reporting. The research also reveals that discouraging factors do exist, particularly concerning non-traditional crimes, where fears and distrust in the justice system play a significant role. While there is a prevailing trust in the local polices effectiveness, the weak correlation between positive police perceptions and actual reporting behavior highlights the need for a holistic approach in policy development. Furthermore, the positive correlation between discouragement and encouragement factors in reporting suggests potential policy implications, calling for in-depth research to further comprehend the intricate dynamics influencing reporting behavior. The findings collectively emphasize the multifaceted nature of public perceptions and reporting motivations, underlining the interconnectedness of these elements. Policymakers are encouraged to adopt comprehensive approaches that foster community trust and enhance reporting behavior, while researchers are urged to delve deeper into these nuanced relationships to inform evidence-based policies for public safety and more effective law enforcement in Angeles City. KEYWORDS: crime reporting, crime reporting behavior, police cynicism, encouraging and discouraging factors of crime reporting

Assessment of Cynicism and Burnout Syndrome Among Nurses; A Descriptive Study

Objective: Healthcare professionals are susceptible to experiencing cynicism and burnout syndrome. This study aimed to assess the cynicism and burnout syndrome levels among hospital nurses. Material and Methods: The study employed a descriptive design and involved the administration of standardized scales and a questionnaire to voluntary participants, who were nurses at a designated tertiary hospital. The questionnaire, conducted through face-to-face interviews, aimed to collect socio-demographic information, address specific concerns relevant to nurses, and comprehensively evaluate their levels of cynicism and Burnout, thereby capturing crucial socio-demographic details. Results: A total of 327 nurses participated in the study. Findings indicated that 58.1% of the nurses had willingly chosen their profession, 48.6% expressed satisfaction with their profession, and 22.3% believed their profession was valued. The study revealed a positive correlation between sub-dimensions of the burnout scale, sub-dimensions of the organizational cynicism scale, total organizational cynicism scale scores, and general cynicism scale scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results indicate that nurses are at risk of experiencing cynicism and burnout syndrome. It is, therefore, crucial to identify risk factors and implement preventive measures early on to minimize the risk. Recommendations include enhancing the working environment and conditions for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses, adjusting working hours, and providing psychological counselling services for employees.

Nurses' Burnout, Resilience, and Its Associated Factors in Sichuan, China, During the Peak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection.

To investigate the level of burnout and resilience, and the associated factors when the coronavirus disease 2019 infection hit a peak in the community in Sichuan, China. This was a descriptive cross-sectional design study. Data were collected from 25 to 31 December 2022, at six hospitals in Sichuan province. Using convenience sampling, a total of 717 participants were recruited, using the revised version of the Maslach Burnout InventoryGeneral Survey, and the Resilience Assessment Scale for healthcare workers. More than half of nurses reported a moderate level of emotional exhaustion (66.50%, n = 484), cynicism (68.20%, n = 489), and personal accomplishment (68.76%, n = 493); nearly one-third and one-fourth of nurses experienced a high level of emotional exhaustion (27.48%, n = 197) and cynicism (20.78%, n = 149), respectively. In resilience, the highest scoring dimension was interpersonal connectedness, followed by decisional coping, flexible self-adaptation, and rational thinking. Satisfaction with work income, patient-nurse conflict, frequency of overtime work, age, and marital status were significant factors influencing burnout among nurses (p < .05). The findings of the study enlighten nursing administrators on the level of burnout and resilience and associated factors among nurses during the peak of coronavirus disease 2019 infection in China. This would be of immense help in planning a welfare program to support the nurses.

Longitudinal Assessment of Empathy and Burnout Across a Single Pharmacy Class Cohort

ObjectiveThis is a final analysis of longitudinal evaluation of burnout and empathy among a cohort of Doctor of Pharmacy students throughout their 4-year enrollment. MethodsThe class of 2021 received sequential Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) surveys containing 2 validated survey instruments, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Surveys were disseminated at the start of the program (PY1start) and the end of each academic year (PY1end, PY2, PY3, PY4). Linear mixed models accounting for repeated measures, Generalized Estimating Equation, and Cochran’s Q statistic were used to evaluate longitudinal change in the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and Maslach Burnout Inventory survey scores, categorized subscales, and burnout. ResultsMatched survey responses were included for 91 students (85.8% response rate). Across all years, a decrease in empathy and professional efficacy and an increase in exhaustion and cynicism was seen. High categorical levels of exhaustion and cynicism indicated evidence of burnout throughout the program. Year-to-year analysis indicated statistically significant increases in exhaustion and cynicism between PY1start and all subsequent assessments, a decrease in professional efficacy from PY1start to PY1end and PY2, and a decrease in empathy for PY1start to PY1end. ConclusionStudents reported trends of decreasing empathy and professional efficacy, with a simultaneous increase in exhaustion and cynicism. Further evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on these results, as well as additional methods to support overall student wellness, is needed.

Investigation of Teachers' Perception Levels of Organizational Cynicism and Organizational Loneliness

This research was carried out to determine the organizational cynicism and organizational loneliness perception levels of teachers in the distance education process. It was tried to determine whether the opinions of the teachers differ significantly in terms of gender, branch, marital status and seniority. In this context, the relatonal survey model was preferred as the research model. The universe of the research consists of teachers working in Edirne. The sample of the study consists of 324 teachers selected by convenience sampling method, which is one of the non-random sampling methods. Organizational Cynicism Scale and Loneliness at Work Scale were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were made on the collected data. As a result of the research; it was determined that while teachers' perceptions of organizational cynicism in the distance education process differed significantly according to gender, branch and seniority variables, it did not differ significantly according to the marital status variable. It was determined that teachers' organizational loneliness perceptions differed significantly according to gender, marital status and branch variables, but did not differ significantly according to professional seniority variable. It was determined that there was a positive and moderate relationship between teachers' perceptions of organizational cynicism and organizational loneliness, and that organizational cynicism was a significant predictor of organizational loneliness. As a result of the research, it was emphasized the importance of supporting teachers' perceptions of organizational cynicism and organizational loneliness with qualitative studies, especially in terms of better understanding in the distance education process.

Tüketici Sinizminin Tüketici Boykot Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisinde Tüketici Boykot Katılım Güdülerinin Aracılık Rolünün İncelenmesi

Consumer cynicism, it is explained by the distrust, dissatisfaction and unmet expectations that consumers feel towards businesses. Consumer boycott behavior is evaluated as a form of consumer behavior in marketing science. Consumer boycott participation motives are expressed as the motivations that enable consumers to participate in the boycott. The purpose of this study is to examine whether a significant mediating effect of consumer boycott participation motives in the effect of consumer cynicism on consumer boycott behavior. The research was carried out by using the questionnaire method with 401 consumers living in Erzurum. Arithmetic mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution, reliability analysis, variance analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis and structural equation analysis were used in the analysis of the data obtained in this research. Lisrel 8.51 and SPSS 22.0 statistical software packages were used in the analysis. The reliability and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the research variables had a high degree of reliability and the goodness-of-fit values were within acceptable limits. In the research, it has been determined that consumers have quite high levels of consumer cynicism, consumer boycott behavior and consumer boycott participation motives. As a result of the structural equation analysis carried out in the research, it is seen that the variables of making a difference and self-enhancement among the consumer boycott participation motives have a significant mediating effect on the effect of consumer cynicism on consumer boycott behavior. However, it was determined that the counter-arguments did not have a significant mediating effect.

Do Clowns Really Taste Funny? An Investigation of the Relationship between Humor and Playfulness in Clown Doctors.

Healthcare clowning represents a well-established method for relieving patients and their relatives of discomfort during hospitalization. Although studies concerning the effectiveness of this approach are increasing in number, state-of-the-art studies conducted to evaluate the psychological characteristics of clown doctors are scarce. In this cross-sectional study, a convenient sample of 210 clown doctors (143 females, 67 males) aged between 18 and 75 years (M = 47.34, SD = 12.31) completed a demographic questionnaire, the Comic Styles Markers, and the Short Measure for Adult Playfulness. The results demonstrated that clown doctors bring higher levels of fun, benevolent humor, and nonsense and a lower level of cynicism compared to the populace. Moreover, the participants with more experience tend to use less irony, sarcasm, and cynicism than those with less experience. Playfulness was primarily related to the lighter styles of humor, and specific differences between the Whiteface and the Auguste clown doctors were observed. The results are discussed with reference to previous studies conducted on groups of clown doctors.

Coordination games and regional economic transitions

ABSTRACT This study proposes a systematic approach to detecting and analysing coordination and/or coordination failure in regional environments. Specifically, it proposes leveraging the logic of the coordination game known as the Stag Hunt to infer whether levels of cynicism, distrust, poor communication and a lack of leadership are anchoring a region in poverty and inhibiting the transition to a more solvent and competitive economy. An application to the Mahoning Valley region in the United States highlights the many benefits of this approach as well as opportunities for future research.

Procedural justice, perceived injustice, legal cynicism and police performance: understanding the decision to report victimisation to the police in Caribbean countries

ABSTRACT Extant literature has identified that victims’ decisions to cooperate with police is often related to how they perceive justice, the legal system, and law enforcement. While this line of inquiry has been extensively conducted in the context of developed world, fewer studies have examined this nexus within the context of developing countries. To fill this research gap, the current study brings into focus seven Caribbean countries surveyed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Using logistic regression models, the research aims to examine how individuals’ beliefs about justice and the criminal justice system affect their crime reporting behaviour. In particular, we evaluate the roles of four factors (procedural justice, performance, perceived justice, and legal cynicism) on the reporting of violent and property crimes. Our results revealed victims of violent crime were more likely to report these crimes to the police when they believe the police are effective. In addition, perceived justice was positively associated with reporting of violent and property crimes in the Caribbean countries. On the contrary, individuals who believed high levels of legal cynicism were less likely to report violent crimes. Implications for future research and policies relevant to the research context as well as to developing countries are also discussed.