Circulating Endothelial Cells Levels Research Articles

Evaluation of Circulating Endothelial Cells as Direct Marker of Endothelial Damage in Allo-Transplant Recipients at High Risk of Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), also known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD), is a rare but potentially fatal complication following allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Timely identification of SOS/VOD to allow for prompt treatment is critical, but identifying a VOD-predictive biomarker remains challenging. Given the pivotal role of endothelial dysfunction in SOS/VOD pathophysiology, the CECinVOD study prospectively evaluated levels of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) in patients undergoing allo-HCT with a myeloablative conditioning (MAC) regimen to investigate the potential of CEC level in predicting and diagnosing SOS/VOD. A total of 150 patients from 11 Italian bone marrow transplantation units were enrolled. All participants were age >18 years and received a MAC regimen, putting them at elevated risk of developing SOS/VOD. Overall, 6 cases of SOS/VOD (4%) were recorded. CECs were detected using the Food and Drug Administration-approved CellSearch system, an immunomagnetic selection-based platform incorporating ferrofluid nanoparticles and fluorescent-labeled antibodies, and were defined as CD146+, CD105+, DAPI+, or CD45-. Blood samples were collected at the following time points: before (T0) and at the end of conditioning treatment (T1), at neutrophil engraftment (T2), and at 7 to 10 days postengraftment (T3). For patients who developed VOD, additional samples were collected at any suspected or proven VOD onset (T4) and weekly during defibrotide treatment (T5 to T8). A baseline CEC count >17/mL was associated with an elevated risk of SOS/VOD (P = .04), along with bilirubin level >1.5 mg/mL and a haploidentical donor hematopoietic stem cell source. Postconditioning regimen (T1) CEC levels were elevated (P = .02), and levels were further increased at engraftment (P < .0001). Additionally, patients developing SOS/VOD after engraftment, especially those with late-onset SOS/VOD, showed a markedly higher relative increase (>150%) in CEC count. Multivariate analysis supported these findings, along with a high Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX) score at engraftment (T2). Finally, CEC kinetics corresponded with defibrotide treatment. After the start of therapy (T4), CEC levels showed an initial increase in the first week (T5), followed by a progressive decrease during VOD treatment (T6 and T7) and a return to pre-SOS/VOD onset levels at resolution of the complication. This prospective multicenter study reveals a low incidence of SOS/VOD in high-risk patients compared to historical data, in line with recent reports. The results from the CECinVOD study collectively confirm the endothelial injury in allo-HCT and its role in in the development of SOS/VOD, suggesting that CEC level can be a valuable biomarker for diagnosing SOS/VOD and identifying patients at greater risk of this complication, especially late-onset SOS/VOD. Furthermore, CEC kinetics may support treatment strategies by providing insight into the optimal timing for discontinuing defibrotide treatment.

Evaluation of Circulating Endothelial Cells (CECs) As Marker of Endothelial Damage in Allo-Transplanted Patients at High Risk of Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (VOD/SOS): The Cecinvod Study

INTRODUCTION Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), also known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD), is a potentially fatal complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). Identifying a predictive biomarker for VOD has been challenging. Since endothelial injury is considered one of the main pathogenic factors for VOD onset, with the CECinVOD prospective study we aimed to evaluate Circulating Endothelial Cells (CEC) in allo-transplanted patients (pts) at higher risk to develop VOD. METHODS From October 2020 to November 2022, 150 pts have been enrolled in the CECinVOD study from 11 Italian Bone Marrow Transplantation Units. All pts must be older than 18 years and undergoing myeloablative alloSCT. CECs were detected using the CellSearch system, the FDA-approved immunomagnetic selection approach incorporating ferrofluid nanoparticles (anti CD146) and fluorophore-labelled antibodies (anti CD105, CD45 and DAPI). CEC were defined as CD146+, CD105+, DAPI+ and CD45-. CEC were collected at the following timepoints: before conditioning regimen (T0), at the end of conditioning regimen and before alloSCT (T1), at the time of neutrophils engraftment (T2), and 7-10 days after engraftment (T3). In pts who developed VOD, additional timepoints were collected as follows: at any time of suspected or proven VOD onset (T4), and then weekly during Defibrotide treatment (T5-T8). SOS/VOD was defined according to the 2016 European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation criteria. RESULTS Pts' main characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Six out of 150 pts (4%) developed VOD during the follow up (4 “severe”, and 2 “very severe”). All pts were treated with Defibrotide, obtaining a complete remission in 5 of them, while 1 pt died due to VOD complications. Pts receiving TBI-based regimen were more likely to develop VOD compared to those receiving Treosulfan (10 to 14 g/m2) or Busulfan ev (9.6 to 12.8 mg/kg) (p 0.08). Similarly, higher baseline levels of bilirubin were associated with a higher incidence of VOD (p 0.08). Considering the CECs analysis, 615 samples were evaluated. At the enrollment, CECs levels were not related with any of clinical characteristics analyzed, except for the number of previous treatments. Indeed, those pts with 2 or more previous lines of treatments had higher levels of CECs (OR=0.53; p&amp;lt;0.001). Considering the different timepoints, conditioning regimen and alloSCT result in higher levels of CECs. Thus, CEC were higher at T1 than at T0 (p 0.02), as well as they were even higher at T2 than at T1 (p&amp;lt;0.0001) (Fig.1). Conversely, no significant differences have been observed between T3 and T2. No other clinical characteristic was correlated with CEC counts at the different timepoints. Pts who developed VOD had higher median levels of CEC at all the timepoints analyzed, but this difference has not achieved statistical significance, probably due to the low number of pts in the VOD group. At VOD onset, the pts always had an increase in CEC levels compared with the previous timepoint. After defibrotide treatment, the CEC levels increased in the first week, while they progressively decreased during the VOD treatment (T6 and T7, -50,7% and -71,5%, respectively). Recently, another endothelial activation marker has been considered: the Easix score. We didn't find any relationship between the Easix score at transplant and the VOD onset, even if a trend may be observed. We also investigated whether the CEC levels may be related with Easix score, but we didn't find any relationship at each timepoint. Interestingly, in a subgroup of pts CECs have been observed as a cluster of multiple cells. This data is firstly described in allo-SCT. Its functional significate remains unclear, but we found a relationship between CECs cluster and the number of CECs (p &amp;lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of VOD in our prospective study was low with respect to the one reported in the literature. This can be explained by the changes in alloSCT from the past (better selection of the pts, lower use of TBI, higher use of reduced intensity regimen) and the retrospective nature of most of the previous reports. We show that CECs can be considered reliable marker of endothelial damage in alloSCT pts, highlighting the impact of previous treatments, the conditioning regimen, and allo-SCT itself. Increased CEC level may be helpful to confirm VOD diagnosis, as well as their monitoring may be useful to evaluate the response to the treatment for VOD.

Circulating endothelial cells as a marker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with psoriatic arthritis

Abstract. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease that involves damage of the skin and joints and leads to the development of cardiopulmonary diseases. Mortality among this cohort is 1.28 times higher than the population level. The presence of a prolonged systemic inflammatory process is a significant predictor of the development of cardiovascular (CV) diseases due to the progression of endothelial dysfunction (ED). Objective. To evaluate the role of circulating endothelial cell (CEC) levels as a marker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Materials and Methods. We examined 97 patients diagnosed with PsA and 25 clinically healthy patients who formed the control group. All patients underwent diagnostic methods characterizing the course of the disease, assessment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDVD) in response to reactive hyperaemia and CEC levels. Results. The results of the study of endothelial function in patients with PsA demonstrated that reduced EDVD (less than 10 %) was more common among patients with PsA compared to the control group (75.3 % vs. 11.8 %, respectively). The analysis of the CEC content in peripheral blood showed a significant difference (7.15 ± 0.19 and 4.05 ± 0.11, respectively, p &lt; 0.001) between patients with PsA and the control group. In addition, were established the relationships between endothelial dysfunction and the state of endothelial vasodilatory function (rs = -0.91, p &lt; 0.05), disease duration (rs = 0.69, p &lt; 0.05), disease activity (DAPSA (rs = 0.65, p &lt; 0.05), inflammatory process itself (ESR (rs = 0.39, p &lt; 0.05), CRP (rs = 0.52, p &lt; 0.05) and skin lesion prevalence (PASI (rs = - 0.42, p &lt; 0.05)). Conclusions. Our studies suggest a significant prevalence of ED in patients with PsA. The high values of negative correlation between EDVD and CEC are quite expected and comparable to modern studies and allow us to consider desquamated endothelial cells as an independent marker for assessing the state of the endothelium in patients with PsA and are consistent with the literature.

Endothelium-biomarkers for postthrombotic syndrome: a case-control study.

The postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a long-term complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Increase knowledge on the PTS pathophysiology and novel biomarkers are needed in order to predict PTS development and to improve treatment results. The aim of this study was to analyze novel endothelium-biomarkers for PTS in patients with DVT out of the acute phase. A case-control study was conducted. Inclusion criteria were symptomatic and confirmed DVT patients treated with anticoagulants for at least 3 months. Villalta score was performed at the time of inclusion and used to diagnose and classify the severity of PTS. Plasma inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, fractalkine and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were quantified using cytometric bead array. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) level were quantified by flow cytometry. Thirty two patients and 61 controls were included. PTS patients showed higher levels of CEC (0.56/μl (0.34-1.5) vs. 0.20/μl (0.11-0.77); P = 0.04) and EPC (0.75/μl (0.38-1.52) vs. 0.09/μl (0.05-0.82); P = 0.0021) compared to no PTS patients. Patients with PTS had significantly higher levels of fractalkine (387.60 pg/ml (222.30-597.90) vs. 98.00 pg/ml (82.30-193.02); P = 0.044) than patients without PTS. Fracktalkine levels showed a strong linear correlation with Villalta score, r = 0.86, P < 0.0001. No differences were observed in P-selectin, ICAM-1 and VEGF between studied groups. The formation and early resolution of DVT are characterized by inflammation and endothelial/platelet activation. We have identified possible novel biomarkers such as CEC, EPC and fractalkine for the development of PTS. These results suggest a possible role of these mediators in the maintenance and worsening of PTS turning them into potential therapeutic targets.

Maximal Exercise Improves the Levels of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Heart Failure Patients.

The impact of exercise on the levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a marker of endothelial repair and angiogenesis, and circulating endothelial cells (CECs), an indicator of endothelial damage, in heart failure patients is largely unknown. This study aims to evaluate the effects of a single exercise bout on the circulating levels of EPCs and CECs in heart failure patients. Thirteen patients with heart failure underwent a symptom-limited maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test to assess exercise capacity. Before and after exercise testing, blood samples were collected to quantify EPCs and CECs by flow cytometry. The circulating levels of both cells were also compared to the resting levels of 13 volunteers (age-matched group). The maximal exercise bout increased the levels of EPCs by 0.5% [95% Confidence Interval, 0.07 to 0.93%], from 4.2 × 10-3 ± 1.5 × 10-3% to 4.7 × 10-3 ± 1.8 × 10-3% (p = 0.02). No changes were observed in the levels of CECs. At baseline, HF patients presented reduced levels of EPCs compared to the age-matched group (p = 0.03), but the exercise bout enhanced circulating EPCs to a level comparable to the age-matched group (4.7 × 10-3 ± 1.8 × 10-3% vs. 5.4 × 10-3 ± 1.7 × 10-3%, respectively, p = 0.14). An acute bout of exercise improves the potential of endothelial repair and angiogenesis capacity by increasing the circulating levels of EPCs in patients with heart failure.

Circulating endothelial and angiogenic cells predict hippocampal volume as a function of HIV status.

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) have the capacity to stabilize human blood vessels in vivo. Evidence suggests that these cells are depleted in dementia and in persons living with HIV (PWH), who have a higher prevalence of dementia and other cognitive deficits associated with aging. However, the associations of CECs and MACs with MRI-based measures of aging brain health, such as hippocampal gray matter volume, have not been previously demonstrated. The present study examined differences in these associations in 51 postmenopausal women with and without HIV infection. Gray matter volume was quantified using MRI. CECs and MACs were enumerated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Analyses examined the association of these cell counts with left and right hippocampal gray matter volume while controlling for age and hypertension status. The main finding was an interaction suggesting that compared to controls, postmenopausal PWH with greater levels of CECs and MACs had significantly greater hippocampus GMV. Further research is necessary to examine potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in HIV infection linking morpho-functional circulatory reparative processes with more diminished hippocampal volume in postmenopausal women.

Circulating Endothelial Cells are Associated with Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Antiphospholipid Antibodies.

Endothelial damage has been described in antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)-positive patients. However, it is uncertain whether circulating endothelial cells (CECs)-which are released when endothelial injury occurs-can be a marker of patients at high risk for thrombosis. Ninety-seven patients with aPL and/or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were included. CECs were determined by an automated CellSearch system. We also assayed plasma levels of tissue factor-bearing extracellular vesicles (TF+/EVs) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) as markers of endothelial dysfunction/damage. Patients' mean age was 46.1 ± 13.9 years, 77 were women. Thirty-seven had SLE and 75 patients were suffering from antiphospholipid syndrome. Thirty-seven percent of patients presented a medical history of arterial thrombosis and 46% a history of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Thirteen patients had increased levels of CECs (>20/mL), with a mean CEC level of 48.3 ± 21.3 per mL. In univariate analysis, patients with obesity or medical history of myocardial infarction (MI), VTE, or nephropathy had a significant increased CEC level. In multivariate analysis, obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 6.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-25.94), VTE (OR = 7.59 [95% CI: 1.38-41.66]), and MI (OR = 5.5 [95% CI: 1.1-26.6)] were independently and significantly associated with elevated CECs. We also identified significant correlations between CECs and other markers of endothelial dysfunction: sTREM-1 and TF+/EVs. This study demonstrated that endothelial injury assessed by the levels of CECs was associated with thromboembolic events in patients with aPL and/or autoimmune diseases.

Circulating Endothelial Cells: A New Possible Marker of Endothelial Damage in Kawasaki Disease, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Background: Kawasaki Disease (KD) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) are pediatric diseases characterized by systemic inflammation and vascular injury, potentially leading to coronary artery lesions (CALs). Data on vascular injury occurring during acute COVID-19 (AC19) in children are still lacking. The aim of our study was to investigate endothelial injury in KD-, MIS-C- and AC19-dosing circulating endothelial cells (CECs). Methods: We conducted a multicenter prospective study. CECs were enumerated by CellSearch technology through the immunomagnetic capture of CD146-positive cells from whole blood. Results: We enrolled 9 KD, 20 MIS-C and 10 AC19. During the acute stage, the AC19 and KD patients had higher CECs levels than the MIS-C patients. From the acute to subacute phase, a significant CEC increase was observed in the KD patients, while a mild decrease was detected in the MIS-C patients. Cellular clusters/syncytia were more common in the KD patients. No correlation between CECs and CALs were found in the MIS-C patients. The incidence of CALs in the KD group was too low to investigate this correlation. Conclusions: Our study suggests a possible role of CECs as biomarkers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in KD and MIS-C and different mechanisms of vascular injury in these diseases. Further larger studies are needed.

Circulating Endothelial Cell Levels Correlate with Treatment Outcomes of Splanchnic Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are viable, apoptotic or necrotic cells, identified by CD 146 surface antigen expression, considered a biomarker of thrombotic risk, given their active role in inflammatory, procoagulant and immune processes of the vascular compartment. Growing evidence establishes that CECs are also involved in the pathogenesis of several hematological and solid malignancies. The primary aim of this study was to verify if CEC levels could predict both the course and treatment responses of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT), either in patients affected by myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) or liver disease. Thus, a retrospective multicenter study was performed; fifteen patients receiving anticoagulant oral treatment with vitamin k antagonists (VKA) for SVT were evaluated. Nine patients were affected by MPN, and all of them received cytoreduction in addition to anticoagulant therapy; four of these patients had primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and were treated with ruxolitinib (RUX), and one patient with primary myelofibrosis, two patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and two patients with polycythemia vera (PV) were treated with hydroxyurea (HU). Six patients affected by liver diseases (three with liver cirrhosis and three with hepatocellular carcinoma) were included as the control group. CECs were assayed by flow cytometry on peripheral blood at specific time points, for up to six months after enrollment. The CEC levels were related to C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, splenic volume reduction, and thrombus recanalization, mainly in MPN patients. In patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for which the mechanism of SVT development is quite different, the relationship between CEC and SV reduction was absent. In conclusion, the CEC levels showed a significant correlation with the extent of venous thrombosis and endothelial cell damage in myeloproliferative neoplasm patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis. Although preliminary, these results show how monitoring CEC levels during cytoreductive and anticoagulant treatments may be useful to improve SVT outcome in MPN patients.

Reduced Levels of Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Endothelial dysfunction has been suggested as a potential mechanism contributing to the development and progression of heart failure (HF). Levels of circulating endothelial cells (CECs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been recognized as useful markers of vascular damage and endothelial repair in response to tissue injury. To evaluate the circulating levels of EPCs, CECs, and HSPCs among patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In 82 individuals (42 patients with HFrEF and 42 age-matched subjects without established cardiovascular disease), peripheral blood was drawn and levels of EPCs, CECs, and HSPCs were quantified by flow cytometry. Patients with HFrEF showed lower levels of circulating EPCs (5.28×10-3 ± 6.83×10-4% vs. 7.76×10-3 ± 4.91×10-4%, p ≤0.001) and CECs (5.11×10-3 ± 7.87×10-4% vs. 6.51×10-3 ± 5.21×10-4%, p=0.005) when compared to the age-matched group. Circulating levels of HSPCs were not significantly different between groups (p=0.590). Additionally, the number of EPCs and CECs was significantly higher in HFrEF patients with overweight/obesity (n=24) compared to patients with normal weight (n=17). Circulating levels of EPCs and CECs were significantly decreased in patients with HFrEF in comparison to age-matched subjects without established cardiovascular disease, suggesting that the levels of CECs and EPCs may be potential biomarkers of the cellular response to vascular injury in patients with HFrEF.

Abstract 13035: A Potent Protective Vascular Endothelium Property of Garcinia mangostana L. Extract in High-Risk Framingham Score Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial

Background: Endothelial dysfunction is the hallmark of vascular complications in cardiovascular disease with type 2 diabetes as the comorbid. Garcinia mangostana L., or mangosteen, has been known as the queen of fruits from Southeast Asia that owns anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties for years. Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the role of G. mangostana extract as a potent protective vascular endothelium in patients with type 2 diabetes and high-risk Framingham score. Method: This is a prospective, randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled trial in subjects with type 2 DM and high-risk Framingham score. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: the treatment group of G. mangostana extract, administered 2,175 mg/day in divided dosage for 90 days, and control group receiving placebo. The primary endpoint was the changes in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs) levels. We also evaluated the levels of NO, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. Study had been approved by local ethics committee. Statistical analysis was done and p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: From 90 subjects with high-risk Framingham score, there were 49 (54.4%) subjects with type 2 diabetes, which randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group (n=23) received G. mangostana extract and control group (n=26) received placebo. Statistical analysis showed that increase of EPC and decrease of CEC levels were significant in treatment group, compared to control (p=0.000 and p=0.002, respectively). The levels of NO increased significantly (p=0.027) and levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α decreased significantly in comparison to placebo (p=0.003, p=0.002, p=0.000, respectively). Analysis also showed that HbA1c decreased significantly (p=0.002) compared to placebo; however, it was insignificant for fasting blood glucose reduction (p=0.336). Conclusion: Garcinia mangostana L. extract, as an adjuvant therapy, plays a role in improving endothelial dysfunction by significant increase in EPCs and decrease in CECs, in patients with type 2 diabetes and high-risk Framingham score.

Comparative Mutational Profiling of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells and Circulating Endothelial Cells (CECs) in Patients with Primary Myelofibrosis

A role of endothelial cells (ECs) in Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) was supposed since JAK2 mutation was found in endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) and in ECs captured by laser microdissection. By Cell Search method, the circulating endothelial cells (CECs) from 14 PMF patients and 5 healthy controls have been isolated and compared by NGS with CD34+Hematopoietic stem and progenitors cells (HSPCs) for panel of 54 myeloid-associated mutations. PMF patients had higher levels of CECs. No mutation was found in HSPCs and CECs from controls, while CECs from PMF patients presented several somatic mutations. 72% of evaluable patients shared at least one mutation between HSPCs and CECs. 2 patients shared the JAK2 mutation, together with ABL1, IDH1, TET2 and ASXL1, KMT2A, respectively. 6 out of 8 shared only NON MPN-driver mutations: TET2 and NOTCH1 in one case; individual paired mutations in TP53, KIT, SRSF2, NOTCH1 and WT1, in the other cases. In conclusion, 70% of PMF patients shared at least one mutation between HSPCs and CECs. These latter harbored several myeloid-associated mutations, besides JAK2V617F mutation. Our results support a primary involvement of EC in PMF and provide a new methodological approach for further studies exploring the role of the “neoplastic” vascular niche.

Flow cytometric analysis ofcirculating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells in pediatric solid tumors: prognostic impact on treatment response and survival.

Solid tumors, including pediatric malignancies, depend on angiogenesis for tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) on treatment response and survival of pediatric patients with solid tumors. A prospective study included 70 patients with different pediatric solid tumors treated with different types of chemotherapy and 20 age and sex-matched healthy children as controls. Blood samples collected at diagnosis then on day 7 and day 21 after chemotherapy. CECs and EPCs were evaluated using flow cytometry. The mean levels of CECs and EPCs of patients at diagnosis were significantly higher than controls (85.29 ± 24.78 and 26.1 ± 9.11 versus 20.08 ± 6.65; and EPCs; 2.78 ± 1.48, respectively; P < 0.001 for both). The highest levels of CECs were observed in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). An overall increase was reported in CECs, and after the first cycle of chemotherapy, that was significantly correlated to treatment response and overall survival. Pediatric patients with solid tumors have elevated levels of CECs and EPCs with more elevation after chemotherapy. The magnitude of increase of CECs occurred on day 7 after chemotherapy may be considered as an early predictor of response to therapy and outcome in pediatric patients with solid tumors.

The Effect of Garcinia Mangostana Linn Extract to The Levels of Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with High Framingham Score

Background : Recently, studies have concerned on the use of xanthones for treating patients with cardiovascular diseases. In our country, xanthones were found in Garcinia Mangostana Linn. Objectives : To assess the effect of Garcinia Mangostana Linn Extract (GMLE) to the levels of Circulating Endothelial Cells (CEC) and Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) in patients with high framingham score. Methods : A prospective cohort study was conducted from November 2018 to January 2019. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group was given 2520 mg/day of GMLE for 90 days and the second group was given placebo. In sub group analyses, patients were divided based on previous medication, including statin, statin and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), statin and oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD), and statin and ACEI or ARB and OAD. The outcome measures were CEC and EPC levels, measured at baseline and after 90 days of treatment. We used multiple linear regression to analyze the correlation and effect estimates. Results: A total of 72 patients was included in our study. All of the patients baseline characteristics were distributed homogeneously (p&gt;0.05). Our findings confirmed that GMLE administration was associated with decreased CEC level compared to placebo. On other hands, increased EPC level compared to placebo was observed after GMLE administration. In sub-group analyses, our study found that the combination of GMLE with statin and ACEI or ARB and the combination of GMLE with statin and ACEI or ARB and OAD were associated with decreased level of CEC compared to placebo, with the odd ratios were 0.12 and 0.18, respectively. Conversely, increased level of EPC was observed in subjects receiving the combination of GMLE with statin and ACEI or ARB and the combination of GMLE with statin. Conclusion: Administration of GMLE as adjuvant therapy is associated with the improvement of CEC and EPC levels in patients with high framingham scores.

Circulating Endothelial Cells as Promising Biomarkers in the Differential Diagnosis of Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Background: Diagnosis of primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) and discrimination of PACNS from its mimics, e. g., reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) or moyamoya disease (MMD) as non-inflammatory vasculopathies, still remain challenging. Circulating endothelial cells (CEC) are well-established markers for endothelial damage and potential biomarkers in PACNS. This study aimed to investigate if CECs may also help to distinguish an active PACNS from its important differentials (RCVS, MMD).Methods: CECs were assessed in 47 subjects. Twenty-seven patients with PACNS were included, seven with an active disease (aPACNS), 20 in remission (rPACNS). Seven patients with RCVS/MMD were analyzed. Thirteen healthy subjects served as controls (HC). CECs were measured by immunomagnetic isolation from peripheral venous blood. Mann-Whitney-U-Tests were applied for between-group comparisons. The Benjamini-Hochberg-procedure was applied to adjust for multiple comparisons.Results: In aPACNS, CECs were significantly elevated compared to HC (480 vs. 40 CEC/ml, p < 0.001) and rPACNS (54 CEC/ml, p < 0.001). RCVS/MMD patients showed higher CEC levels (288 CEC/ml) than HC (p < 0.001), but lower than those in aPACNS (p = 0.017). An adjustment for multiple comparisons confirmed prior significant differences. An increased CEC value (cut-off 294 CEC/ml) is indicative for an active PACNS [sensitivity 100%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 63–100%; specificity 93%, CI 81–98%].Conclusions: CECs may serve as biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and also for differential diagnosis of PACNS. CECs seem to be a marker of endothelial injury with higher levels in inflammatory than non-inflammatory vasculopathies. Larger patient samples are required to corroborate these findings.

Assessment Of Circulating Endothelial Cells And Their Progenitors As Potential Biomarkers Of Disease Activity And Damage Accrual In Behçet's Syndrome.

PurposeTo explore the potential role of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and their progenitors (EPCs) as biomarkers of disease activity and damage accrual in patients with Behçet’s syndrome (BS), by using a standardised and reliable flow cytometry protocol.Patients and methodsCECs and EPCs were assessed in 32 BS patients and 11 gender/age/smoking habits matched healthy controls (HC). They were identified by flow cytometry as alive/nucleated/CD45-negative/CD34-bright/CD146-positive and alive/nucleated/CD45-negative/CD34-bright/CD309-positive events, respectively. In BS patients, demographic and clinical features, including disease activity (assessed by Behçet’s disease current disease activity form, BDCAF) and irreversible damage accrual (by the vasculitis damage index, VDI) were recorded. Uni- and multivariate analysis were performed to compare the CECs and EPCs concentrations in BS vs HC and to identify potential associations with demographic or clinical features.ResultsThe CECs concentration was significantly higher in the BS patients than HCs [median (IQR) 15.0 (7.5–23.0) vs 6.0 (2.0–13.0) CECs/mL, p=0.024]. In BS patients, no significant associations were found between CECs and demographic features, present and past clinical manifestations, BDCAF score and ongoing treatment. A significant association was observed between CECs and organ damage, as assessed by the VDI (rho 0.356, p=0.045). Higher levels of CECs were especially associated with vascular damage [median (IQR) 23.0 (14.0–47.0) vs 13.0 (6.0–19.0) CECs/mL, p=0.011], including arterial aneurysm and stenosis, complicated venous thrombosis, cerebrovascular accident. The concentration of EPCs did not significantly differ between the BS and HC [median 26.5 (13.0–46.0) vs 19.0 (4.0–42.0) EPCs/mL, p=0.316] and no significant associations were observed between their levels and any clinical characteristic.ConclusionOur study suggests that the CECs concentration is significantly higher in BS than healthy subjects, and it mainly correlates with vascular damage. A longitudinal extension of the present study on a wider cohort would be useful to validate the potential role of CECs as a marker or, hopefully, predictor of vascular damage in BS.

Anti-endothelial cell antibodies are associated with apoptotic endothelial microparticles, endothelial sloughing and decrease in angiogenic progenitors in systemic sclerosis.

IntroductionEvidence has accumulated for the role of endothelial damage in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and the anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) might underlie vascular injury.AimSince endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and circulating endothelial cells (CECs) reflect endothelial damage, we aimed to investigate their possible relationship with AECAs in SSc. We examined whether AECAs could affect endothelial repair based on the number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs).Material and methodsForty-seven SSc patients were screened. The AECAs were identified in serum by indirect immunofluorescence. EPCs and CECs were isolated from the peripheral blood using anti-CD34-based immunomagnetic separation, whereas EMPs were analyzed in plasma. Flow cytometry was used to quantify EMPs, CECs and EPCs.ResultsAECAs were found in 21 (44.7%) SSc patients and were significantly associated with higher levels of total as well as apoptotic (AnnV+ and CD51+) EMPs, whereas activated (CD62E+/AnnV–) EMPs did not differ between groups. Patients with AECAs had significantly elevated total CECs as well as activated CD105+ CECs. Total endothelial progenitors did not differ between patients with or without AECAs; however AECAs was negatively associated with the population of EPCs that express VEGFR2 or Tie2 receptors.ConclusionsWe found an association between AECAs and the severity of endothelial damage in SSc based on higher levels of total EMPs and CECs. In our study, AECAs were associated with apoptosis of ECs rather than their activation. We also identified a possible role of AECAs in the impairment of vascular repair in SSc as evidenced by significantly fewer angiogenic EPCs.

Circulating Endothelial Cells, Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells, and Circulating Microparticles in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background and Aim:Hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is accompanied by endothelial cell dysfunction which is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. The aim of the current study was to explore the profile of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), circulating endothelial cells (CECs), endothelial and platelet derived micropaticles (EMPs, PMPs) and total microparticles (TMPs), in T1D children in relation to each other and to the metabolic disorders accompanying T1D.Patients and Methods:Thirty T1D patients and 20 age and sex matched healthy volunteers were assessed for HbA1c level and lipid profile. Quantification of CECs, EPCs, TMPs, EMPs and PMPs was done by flow cytometry.Results:The mean levels of EMPs, PMPs, TMPs and CECs were significantly higher in diabetic children compared to controls. Meanwhile, the levels of EPCs were significantly lower in diabetic children compared to controls. Both PMPs and CECs showed the highest significant differences between patients and controls and their levels were directly related to HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides. A moderate correlation was observed between the frequency of PMPs and CECs. EPCs revealed negative correlations with both LDL and triglycerides. TMPs were only related to LDL, while EMPs were only related to HbA1c.Conclusion:Although there is disturbance in the levels of EMPs, PMPs, TMPs, CECs and EPCs in type 1 diabetic children compared to the controls, only the levels of PMPs and CECs were closely affected by the poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia occurring in T1D; thus may contribute to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Oxidized HDL, Adipokines, and Endothelial Dysfunction: A Potential Biomarker Profile for Cardiovascular Risk in Women with Obesity.

High BMI predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes and positively correlates with increased levels of adipokines. The relationship among BMI, IL-6, TNFα, adiponectin, and oxidized high-density lipoprotein (Ox-HDL) with circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has not been well studied. Elevated CEC levels have been described in both humans and mice with obesity and diabetes. Ox-HDL has been shown to be a potent driver of adipogenesis in vivo and in vitro. In this study, elevated BMI was examined in 2 groups of women studied in Brooklyn, New York, and Huntington, West Virginia, respectively. Twenty-six females with obesity and five lean controls without overt cardiovascular disease were enrolled, 13 from Huntington and 13 from Brooklyn. Cytokine levels, EPCs, and CECs were determined. Females with obesity had elevated levels of leptin, IL-6, and Ox-HDL, increased CEC levels, and decreased EPC and adiponectin levels (all P<0.01). The Ox-HDL levels were higher in women from Brooklyn versus Huntington (P<0.01), possibly from higher TNFα levels in Brooklyn or higher adiponectin levels in Huntington. Seventy-five percent of the variance in Ox-HDL levels could be predicted in this population (P<0.01). This study reveals a unique inflammatory biomarker profile in females with obesity.

Circulating endothelial cells and microparticles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in small-cell lung cancer

ObjectivesIt has been proposed that circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and microparticles (MPs) may be useful for the assessment of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, little is known about the potential clinical relevance of these biomarkers in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Therefore, we investigated the utility of baseline levels of CECs and MPs in SCLC patients. Materials and methodsAn immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique was used to isolate and quantify CECs in the peripheral blood, while plasma samples were analyzed using flow cytometry for the measurement of circulating MPs. ResultsWe prospectively collected data from 56 patients and 41 healthy individuals. Forty-three patients presented at initial diagnosis and 13 patients presented at relapse. Baseline levels of CECs and MPs were significantly higher in SCLC patients either at initial diagnosis or at relapse than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0002 and p < 0.007, respectively). However, estimated tumor volume (ETV) was significantly correlated with basal MP values (p < 0.0001) but not with pretreatment CECs (p = 0.57). The amount of baseline CECs and MPs was significantly lower in patients with an objective response (OR, n = 23) than in those with progressive disease (PD, n = 15) after treatment (p = 0.016 and 0.05, respectively). With cut-off values of 110 cells/mL for CECs and 1257 events/μL for MPs according to receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, baseline levels of these biomarkers were not significantly correlated with either progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). However, patients with 6-month PFS displayed significantly decreased pretreatment CEC counts (p = 0.042), whereas basal MP values significantly increased in 1-year survivors compared with those in non-survivors (p = 0.05). ConclusionOur results suggest that baseline CECs and MPs may be predictive biomarkers of tumor response and long-term survival in SCLC patients.