Levels Of Choline Chloride Research Articles

Effect of Choline Chloride Supplementation on Broiler Chicks Fed Leucaena leucocephala Seeds

This experiment was carried out to assess the effect of feeding leucaena seeds supplemented with choline on broiler chicks' performance. Two levels of choline chloride (0, 0.1%) were added to three levels of leucaena seeds (0, 6 and 12%) and incorporated in broiler starter and finisher diets. All performance parameters were depressed with the inclusion of leucaena seed diets. PCV% of birds fed any level of leucaena seed diets was not significantly different compared to control. Plasma GOT, ALP, Na, Pi, K and globulin were not affected by the dietary treatments. Plasma cholesterol of birds fed leucaena seed diets was significantly lower than that of control. Leg score of birds fed leucaena seed diets was significantly (p<0.05) poorer compared to the control except for birds fed 6% choline supplemented leucaena seeds.

Interactive effect of two methyl-group sources on the growth and phospholipids’ content of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate post-larvae

Six micro-bound diets were formulated to contain three levels of choline chloride (CC) (0.0, 0.6 and 1.2 g kg−1) and 2 levels of methionine (Met) (0 and 15 g kg−1). Soybean protein isolates (SPI) were used as the main protein source for its limited Met content. A significant (P < 0.05) interaction was determined between CC and Met on the survival (S %), weight gain (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR % day−1), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), phoshphatidylethanolamine (PE) and Met contents of the whole body of shrimp. The shrimp group did not receive either supplemental CC or Met showed lower (P < 0.05) values of the above-mentioned parameters than other shrimp groups fed with 0.6 and 1.2 g kg−1 supplemental CC with or without Met supplementation. The present study showed that supplementation of 1.2 g kg−1 CC in the diets could compensate shrimp post-larvae with the needed methyl group when received Met-deficient diets. The study also assumed that the biosynthesis of PC in the shrimp’s body can be achieved by the methylation of PE through the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) pathway and/or through the cytosine di-phosphoryl (CDP) choline pathway directly from dietary choline.

Choline requirements of grass shrimp(Penaeus monodon)as affected by dietary lipid level

AbstractA feeding trial was conducted to determine the adequate level of dietary choline for juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, given diets containing different dietary lipid concentrations. Purified diets with six levels of choline chloride (0, 2000, 5000, 8000, 11000 and 14000 mg/kg diet) at either 50 or 110 g/kg lipid concentration were each given to three replicate groups of 15 shrimp (mean weight: 0·88 (s.d. 001) g) for 8 weeks. Results indicated that in the 50 g/kg lipid group, weight gain was highest in shrimp given the diets supplemented with 5000 mg choline per kg diet, intermediate in the group given 8000 mg choline per kg diet and lowest in the 14000 mg choline per kg diet and the unsupplemented control groups (P &lt; 005); food efficiency (FE) was highest in shrimp given 5000 mg choline per kg diet, followed by the groups given &gt; 8000 mg choline per kg diet and lowest for the unsupplemented control group. In the 110 g/kg lipid group, weight gain was highest in shrimp given the diets supplemented with 5000 and 8000 mg choline per kg diet, intermediate in the groups given 2000 and 14000 mg choline per kg diet and lowest in the control group; FE was higher in shrimp given 8000 mg choline per kg diet than in any of the other dietary groups; hepatic lipid concentration was higher in shrimp given &lt; 2000 mg choline per kg diet than shrimp given &gt; 5000 mg choline per kg diet. In both lipid groups, shrimp given &lt; 2000 mg choline per kg diet had higher hepatosomatic index (HSI) than shrimp given &gt; 5000 mg choline per kg diet. Of shrimp given &lt;2000 mg choline per kg diet, those in the 110 g/kg lipid group had higher HSI and hepatic lipid concentration than those in the 50 g/kg lipid group. Analysis by polynomial regression of weight gain indicated that the optimum dietary choline requirements in juvenile grass shrimp were about 6400 mg/kg diet and 7800 mg/kg diet in 50 and 110 g/kg lipid diets, respectively.

Toxicity of Gholine in the Diet of Growing Chickens

SummaryVarious levels of choline chloride were added to rations fed to growing chickens. The addition of 1%, 2% and 4% reduced the rate of gain by about 12%, 13.8% and 23.8% respectively. As much a...