Causes Of Levels Research Articles

Application of Global Burden of Animal Diseases methods at country level: experiences of the Ethiopia case study.

Animals play a central role in human livelihoods and welfare. Animal diseases have a great impact on the benefits humans derive from animals and can also pose a risk to human health. Better control of animal diseases generates wider societal benefits, including reducing the climate and ecological impacts of livestock and improving animal welfare. To better understand the scale of investment justified for the control and prevention of animal disease, the wide-ranging impacts of disease on animal production and health must be measured. The Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) programme is quantifying animal disease burden from the local to global levels. The GBADs programme includes country case studies for national- and local-level analysis. Ethiopia is the first case study country in which GBADs methods have been applied. GBADs'Ethiopia case study consists of three activity areas: i) stakeholder engagement; ii) livestock disease burden estimation, including data collection, analytics, evidence generation and communication; and iii) capacity building in animal health economics. At the start of the case study, various stakeholder communication platforms were used to familiarise stakeholders with GBADs and engage their support in various ways, including data access, and, through this engagement, to ensure the programme tools and outputs were relevant and useful to their needs. Existing data were retrieved from multiple sources and used to estimate disease burden. This process involved multiple steps, including estimation of biomass and economic value, the Animal Health Loss Envelope (farm-level disease burden), wider economic impacts and attribution of the disease burden to different levels of causes. This was carried out for major livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats and poultry) in Ethiopia. Capacity building on animal health economics was carried out for GBADs end users to increase competence in utilising animal health economic evidence, including GBADs outputs. This article documents experiences of the implementation of these activities in the GBADs Ethiopia case study.

Analisis Gangguan Penyulang Dengan Menggunakan Diagram Pareto dan Diagram Fishbone di UP3 di Bojonegoro

Feeder interference is an important problem in the electricity system because it can cause unplanned blackouts. With society's increasing need for electricity, it is very important to understand the components that cause feeder interference. Feeder problems can be caused externally or internally. This research was used to determine the level of causes of feeder disturbances at UP3 Bojonegoro and also the root causes of these disturbances. To realize the objectives of this research, this research uses Pareto and fishbone diagrams. The highest level of problems lies in internal factors, namely insulators, conductors and arresters. Meanwhile, external factors are the result of animals and residents' activities. Then, for employment factors that influence feeder disruption, such as lack of practice regarding maintenance or restoration. Therefore, this research contributes to efforts to maintain the sustainability of the electricity system, with the hope of providing a better view of this problem and motivating the implementation of more effective preventive measures.

Service-oriented supply chain: what do we know about its risks?

ABSTRACT This study identifies the risks entailed in a service-oriented supply chain. By employing supply chain mapping, contingency, and Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) theories to elaborate a picture of the current knowledge, we were able to summarise and categorise the various risks into three main levels of cause. Next, these literature-based risks were narrowed down into a specific industry context and were then tested and confirmed using exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses to form an industry-oriented RBS for the construction business. The data were collected from 195 firms who participated in a large-scale survey sponsored by the Japanese Government to promote sustainable socio-economic development for the ASEAN region. As a result, seven risk categories related to demand, supply, operations, information, finance, time (delays) and external sources (human-made or natural-related) were identified and will be a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners. Furthermore, the relationship between identified risk and supply chain performance was explored. This paper is the first to introduce the concept and characteristics of a service-oriented supply chain by using a systematic review combined with a bibliometric mapping of the literature and an empirical study to generate both generic and industry-oriented RBSs in a single study.

Evaluation of the failure effects of a screwing station using a new approached FMEA

Recognizing the importance of risk assessment and the large-scale industrial spread of network research, we developed a new approach to risk assessment.•The risk assessment takes into account the chains of impact between each level and the frequency of effects and their causes.•In contrast to the traditional FMEA methodology, we evaluate the frequency of occurrence and detectability not only at the level of causes but also at the level of effects.•All this is complemented by a toolkit of network research methodology. The new methodology is validated through a real industry example, which is a risk assessment of a screwdriver station.

Physical Therapy Diagnosis of Lumbar Disc Herniation: Role and Function - an Overview

Background: Discus hernia represents an intervertebral disk prolapse. The intervertebral disk provides stability in rest state and distributes the load of the spinal column on the move. Changes that lead to the occurrence of disc prolapse are desiccation, reduction of proteoglycan content, mucoid degeneration, and fibrosing tissue uptake. Predisposing factors of lumbar pain are heavy physical tasks with lifting loads over twenty pounds, especially professional use of heavy tools. Objective: The aims of this article is the review of diagnostics and physical therapy of lumbar disc herniation at levels L4/L5 and L5/S1. Methods: Authors used descriptive method for review lumbar disc herniation including diagnostic procedures and physical therapx based on scientific literature stored in medical databses PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, etc.. Results: The most common area of the spine to experience a herniated disk is the low back, just below the waist level. Herniated disks also commonly occur in the neck.. Conclusion: Rehabilitation is a delicate problem and requires long-term treatment and multidisciplinary cooperation, and is carried out in accordance with the principles of diagnostic and physical therapy of lumbar dics herniation depending of level of demaged and level of causes of lumbar disc herniation. The majority of herniated disks do not require surgery, and respond best to physical therapy. Physical therapists design personalized treatment programs to help people with herniated disks regain normal movement, reduce pain, and get back to their regular activities.

May Chronic Diseases be Treated by Intracellular Enzymes? An Opinion

More and more diseases do not find a basis at the level of causes. One of the causes is disturbances in the effectiveness of intracellular enzymes. Without their perfect function there is no life. Until now, no industrial production of these enzymes for therapy existed. This changed, because the company Citozeatec in Milano produces several enzyme preparations, which are active in the cells, mitochondria and cell nuclei. With these, success can be achieved in many chronic diseases.

Understanding and learning from failure

Failure is an intrinsic part of systems, including construction. While there is a less than consistent understanding of what failure is, it is an aspect of human nature that we wish to learn from mistakes. To gain insights into how failure is understood and what failure means in construction, and as a precursor to developing learning materials for higher education students, the outcomes of 19 semi-structured interviews with construction personnel in the UK are presented. The interviews explore processes employed by the construction industry to capture, understand and extract learning from these events, including an exploration of any perceived attitudes towards failure, and whether such attitudes are barriers or aids to effective learning in practice. Findings revealed different types of failure within the construction industry, manifested as separate and individually developed learning cycles, while attitudes towards failure impact the learning process. Two pairs of attitude stimuli were revealed: Ownership and Blame; Acceptance and Leadership. These findings are then used to provide learning tools for undergraduate students in built environment degree programmes. A taxonomy of failure was developed, incorporating three levels of causes, symptoms and consequences. A face validity exercise with industry experts provides the confidence to adopt this taxonomic approach.

A link between social isolation during the coronavirus outbreak and social alignment in balcony parties.

With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is a growing need for assessing the psychological costs of social isolation (SI). We examine whether the balcony party during the first outbreak of the pandemic is associated with how individuals cope with SI as well as its causes and consequences during the COVID-19 outbreak. A total of 303 quarantined persons responded to a Web-based survey. We found that the effect of balcony parties on the psychological costs of SI is dependent on the self-reported levels of SI. Those who experienced high levels of causes of SI perceived the balcony parties as more beneficial in inducing positive affect and reducing negative affect in comparison to those who experienced low levels of causes of SI. The opposite pattern was observed when individuals were asked about their participation in these parties: individuals with high levels of consequences of SI experienced balcony parties as less beneficial than similar pre-outbreak gathering events, while individuals with low levels of consequences of SI showed an opposite pattern. Finally, for those with high levels of causes of SI and consequences of SI, balcony parties did not meet the expectation of creating feelings of communal solidarity. However, a discrepancy between high SI expectations and experience was not found for those with low SI. Our findings demonstrate that the balcony parties are beneficial in reducing the emotional cost of social isolation–but only for those who feel low levels of SI. The fact that individuals with high levels of SI expected more out of these parties suggests the need to develop interventions aimed at optimizing their expectations. As society enters a new period in which the costs of social distancing may be higher, our findings are valuable for understanding the psychological battle that individuals face while in social isolation.

The causes of farmers’ migration from the rural to the city and ways to address them from the point of view of agricultural extension workers in Sulaymani Governorate- Kurdistan Region – Iraq

The research aimed to determine the level of causes for the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city from the point of view of the agricultural extension workers in the Sulaymani Governorate and its relationship to some variables, as well as identifying the proposed ways to reduce the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city. The data was collected using a questionnaire and the personal interview method from the research population, consisting of (98) agricultural extension agents representing (100%) of the size of the research population. The results of the research showed that the level of farmers’ migration from the rural areas to the city is average, tends to rise. And that there is no difference in the opinions of agricultural extension workers towards the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city according to the research variables (age, educational level, marital status, number of years of experience in the field of agricultural extension, job satisfaction, and the degree of informal social participation), while there is a discrepancy between the opinions of Agricultural extension workers towards the migration of farmers from the rural areas to the city according to the research variables (gender, specialization), Therefore, the researcher recommends that the state establish economic and service projects in the villages to return the rural people to their villages and their original homes, and taking into account the problems that the research results proved to have an impact on the migration of farmers when preparing a future indicative plan in this field..

The 5 Dimensions of Problem Solving using Dinna: Case Study in the Electronics Industry

Based on the principle that perfection is a divine criterion, process management exists on the one hand to achieve excellence (near perfection) and on the other hand to avoid imperfection. In other words, Operational Excellence (EO) is one of the approaches, when used rigorously, aims to maximize performance. Therefore, the mastery of problem solving remains necessary to achieve such performance level. There are many tools that we can use whether in continuous improvement for the resolution of chronic problems (KAIZEN, DMAIC, Lean six sigma…) or in resolution of sporadic defects (8D, PDCA, QRQC ...). However, these methodologies often use the same basic tools (Ishikawa diagram, 5 why, tree of causes…) to identify potential causes and root causes. This result in three levels of causes: occurrence, no detection and system. The research presents the development of DINNA diagram [1] as an effective and efficient process that links the Ishikawa diagram and the 5 why method to identify the root causes and avoid recurrence. The ultimate objective is to achieve the same result if two working groups with similar skills analyse the same problem separately, to achieve this, the consistent application of a robust methodology is required. Therefore, we are talking about 5 dimensions; occurrence, non-detection, system, effectiveness and efficiency. As such, the paper offers a solution that is both effective and efficient to help practitioners of industrial problem solving avoid missing the real root cause and save costs following a wrong decision.

The 5 Dimensions of Problem Solving using Dinna: Case Study in the Electronics Industry

Based on the principle that perfection is a divine criterion, process management exists on the one hand to achieve excellence (near perfection) and on the other hand to avoid imperfection. In other words, Operational Excellence (EO) is one of the approaches, when used rigorously, aims to maximize performance. Therefore, the mastery of problem solving remains necessary to achieve such performance level. There are many tools that we can use whether in continuous improvement for the resolution of chronic problems (KAIZEN, DMAIC, Lean six sigma…) or in resolution of sporadic defects (8D, PDCA, QRQC ...). However, these methodologies often use the same basic tools (Ishikawa diagram, 5 why, tree of causes…) to identify potential causes and root causes. This result in three levels of causes: occurrence, no detection and system. The research presents the development of DINNA diagram [1] as an effective and efficient process that links the Ishikawa diagram and the 5 why method to identify the root causes and avoid recurrence. The ultimate objective is to achieve the same result if two working groups with similar skills analyse the same problem separately, to achieve this, the consistent application of a robust methodology is required. Therefore, we are talking about 5 dimensions; occurrence, non-detection, system, effectiveness and efficiency. As such, the paper offers a solution that is both effective and efficient to help practitioners of industrial problem solving avoid missing the real root cause and save costs following a wrong decision.

FOOD WASTAGE: CAUSES, IMPACTS AND SOLUTIONS

Each year one third of all the produced food for human consumption is lost or wasted. Food wastage scales up the number of hungry people throughout the world and impairs the global food security. Food wastage not only decreases the availability of food, it also reduces the resources needed to produce food for future generation. In many low-income countries, there is considerable loss due to poor storage facilities and lack of capacity to transport produced food immediately after harvesting. Confusion arising from the existence and poor understanding of different food date labels are a major indirect causes of food wastage in developed countries. The quantitative and qualitative impacts of food wastage can be addressed through food wastage footprint. The total food wastage accounts for 3.3Gtonnes of CO2 equivalent. Globally, the blue water footprint of food wastage is about 250km3 equivalent to three times the volume of Lake Geneva. Produced but uneaten food occupies almost about 1.4 billion hectares of land; this represents close to 28% of the world’s agricultural land area. It is difficult to estimate the impact on biodiversity at global level. The impacts are assessed through deforestation due to agricultural expansion and species threatened during agricultural practices. Food wastage also leads to loss of economic value of food entities. Each year, 1 trillion USD is lost through food loss and waste at global level. The broad level of causes and impacts enable us to identify number of solutions to reduce food wastage. Improved practices at harvest and post-harvest stages by adopting new technical innovations could be the best way to mitigate losses in developing countries. Consumer’s behavior should be modified to reduce waste at down-stream level. The government and development partners have to develop sustainable initiatives through effective policies and raise awareness among the people to solve food wastage problem.

Exploration of transmission chain and prevention of the recurrence of coronavirus disease 2019 in Heilongjiang Province due to in-hospital transmission.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is a major public health emergency characterized by fast spread, a wide range of infections, and enormous control difficulty. Since the end of December 2019, Wuhan has become the first core infection area of China's COVID-19 outbreak. Since March 2020, the domestic worst-hit areas have moved to the Heilongjiang Province due to the increased number of imported COVID-19 cases. Herein, we reported the major COVID-19 outbreak, which caused a rebound of the epidemic in Harbin, China. After the rebound, different levels of causes for the recurrence of COVID-19, including city-level, hospital-level, and medical staff-level cause, were investigated. Meanwhile, corresponding countermeasures to prevent the recurrence of the epidemic were also carried out on the city level, hospital level, and medical staff level, which eventually showed the effect of infection control function in a pandemic. In this study, we described the complete transmission chain, analyzed the causes of the outbreak, and proposed corresponding countermeasures from our practical clinical experience, which can be used as a valuable reference for COVID-19 control.

Освіта для стійкого розвитку: до обґрунтування впровадження

Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and has been widely recognized as a key factor and an integral element of quality education. It is part of Goal 4 and permeates all other goals of sustainable development. The problem is that the Ukrainian experience of remote observation of the global process of sustainable development and the formation and implementation of Education for Sustainable Development shows that we are on the margins of these events. We need to understand the global context of our stay in the world in order to change our position and our role in the fateful events and movements of the century at their deepest level of cause.
 Emphasis is placed on the fact that the theory of sustainable development is an alternative to the paradigm of economic growth, which ignores the environmental danger of development on an extensive model. The three components of sustainable development - economic, social, environmental - appear as aspects of a single, holistic process of social development. But despite all the declarations to achieve a balance between economic growth, social community development and the environment a quarter of a century after the Rio Conference (1992), this has not happened. Sustainable development requires a change of outlook. That is why issues related to the transformation of our way of thinking, changes in the value-semantic paradigm of life of national societies as part of global humanity are on the agenda. Education can play a significant role in this complex matter, and it must itself change into a new way of becoming a person adapted to living in a world of instability, uncertainty, complexity and contingency.
 The purpose of the paper is to justify the implementation of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Ukrainian education as the agenda for its reform based on documents from the UN, UNESCO, OECD and the like. The content of the concept of Education for sustainable development and its evolution, the trends in the integration of education in sustainable development and the role of education in achieving sustainable development goals are analyzed.

Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach

More than 50 years after the U.S. Surgeon General's first report on cigarette smoking and mortality, smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. The first report established a causal association between smoking and lung cancer, and subsequent reports expanded the list of smoking-attributable causes of death to include other cancers, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and respiratory diseases. For a second level of causes of death, the current evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship with smoking. This study draws on 1980–2004 U.S. vital statistics data and applies a cause-specific version of the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth indirect method, which uses the association between lung cancer death rates and death rates for other causes of death to estimate the fraction and number of deaths attributable to smoking overall and by cause. Nearly all of the established and additional causes of death are positively associated with lung cancer mortality, suggesting that the additional causes are in fact attributable to smoking. I find 420,284 annual smoking-attributable deaths at ages 50+ for years 2000–2004, 14% of which are due to the additional causes. Results corroborate recent estimates of cause-specific smoking-attributable mortality using prospective cohort data that directly measure smoking status. The U.S. Surgeon General should reevaluate the evidence for the additional causes and consider reclassifying them as causally attributable to smoking.

The relationship between forgivingness, mental health and psychotherapy

Forgivingness occupies a prominent place in religions as well as in various philosophical systems of ethics and can be defined as the free, personal distancing from feelings of rage and resentment toward a person or persons having committed an injustice. The main psychological function of forgiveness consists in allowing for the replacement of negative emotions by positive ones, such as generosity, goodness, compassion, empathy, or even love toward the offender. It must be emphasized that forgiveness is independent from reconciliation, and it is not simply a form of tolerance, justification, oblivion, underestimation, denial or amnesty. Intrapsychic processes are sufficient and necessary for the genesis of forgiveness, although it is likely that these are also influenced by complex interpersonal events. Current research identifies various dimensions of forgiveness, which must be distinguished from each other, as they differ both on the level of causes, as well as on that of effects. The observation that forgiveness has a positive effect on mental health is not new, it is, however, only recently that comprehensive theories have been constructed and scientific research has been developed regarding the relationship between forgiveness and psychopathology. Over the recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies affirming the beneficial effects of forgiveness on a broad spectrum of aspects of mental health and well-being, despite the lack of complete clarification of underlying mechanisms. The positive connection between forgiveness and mental health could be mediated through direct or indirect mechanisms interacting not only on a biological level, but also in the psychological and social realm of human existence. One direct way could be the avoidance of ruminative thoughts reinforcing and maintaining negative emotions such as resentment, hatred, anger, anxiety and fear. Moreover, forgiveness cultivates empathy and promotes altruistic forms of behavior, facilitating the preservation of relationships and protecting from prolonged distress. An indirect mechanism could involve various forms of health behavior, interpersonal functionality and social supportive networks, factors universally accepted as contributing to mental health. Owing to the positive influence of forgiveness on health issues, various modes of intervention have been proposed and implemented using forgiveness either independently or from within the conceptual framework of specific psychotherapeutic methods. The aim of these interventions is to express negative emotions, to liberate the subject from the vicious circle of rumination, and to overcome resentment in a positive way. Thus, there is an obvious need to further promote forgivingness as a subject of psychological and psychiatric research, and to foreground findings and possible clinical psychotherapeutic applications.

Using systems science to understand the determinants of inequities in healthy eating.

IntroductionSystems thinking has emerged in recent years as a promising approach to understanding and acting on the prevention and amelioration of non-communicable disease. However, the evidence on inequities in non-communicable diseases and their risks factors, particularly diet, has not been examined from a systems perspective. We report on an approach to developing a system oriented policy actor perspective on the multiple causes of inequities in healthy eating.MethodsCollaborative conceptual modelling workshops were held in 2015 with an expert group of representatives from government, non-government health organisations and academia in Australia. The expert group built a systems model using a system dynamics theoretical perspective. The model developed from individual mind maps to pair blended maps, before being finalised as a causal loop diagram.ResultsThe work of the expert stakeholders generated a comprehensive causal loop diagram of the determinants of inequity in healthy eating (the HE2 Diagram). This complex dynamic system has seven sub-systems: (1) food supply and environment; (2) transport; (3) housing and the built environment; (4) employment; (5) social protection; (6) health literacy; and (7) food preferences.DiscussionThe HE2 causal loop diagram illustrates the complexity of determinants of inequities in healthy eating. This approach, both the process of construction and the final visualisation, can provide the basis for planning the prevention and amelioration of inequities in healthy eating that engages with multiple levels of causes and existing policies and programs.

The utility of injury narratives for prioritising future prevention activities in small and medium enterprises in rural Vietnam

ObjectivesInjuries are a leading cause of work-related disability and death in rapidly developing countries such as Vietnam. The authors' objective was to demonstrate the utility of detailed injury narratives, derived...

A road‐map for outsourcing facilities‐related services in SMEs

PurposeThis paper aims to focus on the outsourcing facilities management (FM) services in small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs a Define‐Measure‐Analyze‐Improve‐Control (DMAIC) methodology. A survey in Italy, a country quite representative when talking about SMEs, is first presented and evidence from the field is discussed. Stemming from the evidence, a road‐map is presented to overcome these criticalities and to support, also in SMEs, the diffusion of the outsourcing of the FM services, whose benefits in terms of higher efficiency and better service are already being experienced by larger companies. The proposed model is then validated through the extensive survey on small and medium‐sized Italian enterprises.FindingsThe survey shows that the current level of adoption of advanced outsourcing practices is very low: less than 5 percent of the companies in the sample resort to a single supplier delivering multiple FM services. The adoption rate of such practices is hence very low, and the survey has pointed out three different levels of causes: size‐related, cultural, and managerial.Research limitations/implicationsThe survey used in this paper is based on a questionnaire but does not consider non‐respondents. The database of companies provided by IFMA – Italian Chapter – could also possibly introduce bias.Practical implicationsStarting with the early recognition that the main problem in the field implementations of result‐oriented approaches lies in determining whether the expected results have been achieved and that two key tools are available (i.e. the service level agreement and the reporting system), the model suggests a new organizational and managerial structure, even simpler than the traditional (i.e. not integrated) approach. To design the kernel of the control system, DMAIC has been used, after a specific customization.Social implicationsResults show a widespread outsourcing of the facilities‐related services in the larger organizations and some hurdles of the smaller ones in exploiting all the opportunities offered, so that – on average – the management of facilities‐related services represents an opportunity to exploit rather than an actually implemented methodology.Originality/valueOnly a few international contributions refer to local environments: here an extensive survey involving more than 1,000 Italian companies is presented.

Knowledge of cervical cancer and screening practices of nurses at a regional hospital in Tanzania.

Cervical cancer, the most common cancer among women in Tanzania is strongly linked to Human Papilloma Virus. Precancerous lesions can be detected by Papanicolau smear screening. Nurses, being the largest group of health workers, have an important role in promotion of cervical cancer screening. To determine nurses' awareness of cervical cancer and their own screening practices at a hospital in Tanzania. A descriptive cross sectional study using questionnaires on 137 nurses. Data analysis was made by descriptive statistics and chi square tests. Less than half of the nurses had adequate knowledge regarding cervical cancer. There was a significant association between knowledge levels of causes of cervical cancer and transmission of HPV and age. Knowledge was more adequate among the young nurses (p = 0.027) and knowledge differed significantly between cadres. Registered nurses had more adequate knowledge than enrolled nurses (p = 0.006). The majority did not know screening intervals and a few were aware of HPV vaccine. Most nurses (84.6%) had never had a Pap smear examination. These results reflect a need for continuing medical education, creation of cervical cancer prevention policies and strategies at all levels of the health sector.