Level Of Preschool Children Research Articles

Relationship between Gross Motor Coordination and Health-Related Fitness in Serbian Preschool Children.

The relationship between motor coordination and physical fitness in preschool children is of significant interest due to its implications for overall health and development. This study aims to investigate the correlation between gross motor coordination, as assessed by the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), and health-related physical fitness components. A cross-sectional study, involving 139 preschool-aged children, was conducted. Physical fitness was assessed using the PREFIT fitness test battery, which includes measures of flexibility, muscular strength, speed/agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Motor coordination was evaluated using the KTK test, comprising four subtests. Pearson correlation analysis revealed weak to strong positive and negative correlations between motor coordination and various physical fitness measures, including flexibility (r = 0.402; p = 0.01), muscular strength (r = 0.178; r = 0.487; r = 0.601; p < 0.05), speed/agility (r = -0.742; p = 0.01), and endurance (r = 0.539; p = 0.01). Additionally, hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated significant influence of motor coordination on physical fitness, explaining a notable percentage of the variance across different fitness components (3.2-55%). The findings underscore the importance of motor coordination in shaping physical fitness levels in preschool children. Promoting motor coordination skills early in childhood may have long-term benefits for overall health and fitness.

Utilizing Puzzle Play Therapy for Alleviating Anxiety in Hospitalized Preschool Children

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness of puzzle play therapy in reducing anxiety levels among hospitalized preschool children (aged 3–6 years old) in the Flamboyan Ward at Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Method: Using a descriptive approach, the research adopts a case study design. Results: Both participants demonstrated a reduction in anxiety levels as per the Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS) assessments conducted before and after the intervention. An. Ab’s anxiety level decreased from 4 (very severe anxiety) to 2 (moderate anxiety), while An. Ak’s anxiety level decreased from 3 (severe anxiety) to 1 (mild anxiety). Conclusion: The findings indicate that puzzle play therapy effectively reduces anxiety levels in preschool children, including those with severe and very severe anxiety levels. The author’s implementation of puzzle play therapy has proven to be successful in alleviating anxiety in children.

Serum BAFF, APRIL, TWEAK, TNFSF18, TNFR2, and TNFRS12A levels in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

Objectives A gradually increasing number of studies have reported that dysregulation in the immune system may be a contributing factor in the etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, only limited data has existed about the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily members in ASD. This study aimed to investigate whether serum levels of BAFF, APRIL, TWEAK, TNFSF18 TNFR2, and TNFRS12A are associated with ASD in preschool children. Methods A total of 65 (52 boys/13 girls) preschool children with ASD and 40 (28 boys/12 girls) healthy controls were included in the study. The severity of the ASD symptoms was assessed by the Autism Behavior Checklist and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Serum levels of immunologic parameters were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Analysis indicated that serum BAFF, TNFSF18, TNFR2, and TNFRS12A levels were significantly lower and serum APRIL and TWEAK levels were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group. However, with logistic regression only low BAFF levels and high APRIL levels had relationships with the presence of ASD. Conclusions These findings suggest that TNF superfamily members, especially the BAFF/APRIL system may play a role in the pathophysiology of ASD.

The effect of early childhood caries on chewing function and tolerated food texture levels in preschool children.

The early form of caries can affect solid food consumption. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of oral health status on chewing performance, and tolerated food texture among preschool children suffering from early childhood caries (ECC). A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 109 children aged between 3 and 6 years, who were allocated to three groups (severe-ECC (s-ECC), ECC and control) on the basis of their caries. Chewing function was evaluated by using the 'Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS)' and the Turkish version of the 'Mastication Observation and Evaluation instrument (T-MOE)', and the tolerated food texture was determined by the 'International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI)'. Carious lesions, oral hygiene and gingival health status were evaluated by using the 'decayed, missing, filled tooth/surface indices (dmft/s)', 'plaque and gingival indices'; respectively. A total of 56 children (51.4%) had s-ECC, 39 (35.8%) had ECC and 14 (12.8%) had no caries (control group). KCPS showed that 26 (86.7%) children suffering from s-ECC were at level 1, and 11 (100%) children were at level 2. Seven (100%) children with s-ECC had IDDSI level-5. All children with healthy oral status had IDSSI level-7. Compared to the ECC and control groups, the s-ECC group had significantly lower scores from the T-MOE total and subscale scores (p < .001). The evaluation of chewing performance during routine dental examinations of children with ECC (especially s-ECC) may considerably contribute to the early diagnosis of chewing problems and the provision of necessary oral rehabilitation.

Collaborative Improvement Mechanism of Preschool Children's Music Appreciation Ability and Mental Health Level

Objectives: Our aim was to explore the collaborative improvement of children's music appreciation ability and mental health level, so as to promote the application of music education in preschool children's mental health education activities. Methods: We first established a mathematical model for the degree of order and degree of collaboration of the complex system for the collaborative improvement of preschool children's music appreciation ability and mental health level; and then, based on the evolutionary game theory, we analyzed the choices of strategy in the 2 subsystems???music appreciation ability cultivation and mental health improvement???in the process of collaborative cultivation; finally, we investigated the preschool children's music appreciation ability and mental health level before and after the implementation of the collaborative improvement mechanism, and conducted regression analysis and correlation analysis on preschool children's music appreciation ability and mental health level. Results: We found that with the improvement of music appreciation ability, the mental health level of preschool children also improved. After the implementation of the collaborative improvement mechanism, all indicators of the music appreciation ability and mental health level of the preschool children were higher than those before the implementation of the mechanism. Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between preschool children's music appreciation ability and their mental health level, and the collaborative improvement mechanism proposed is effective.

Nutritional status assessment and intervention with a red palm oil biscuit among pre-school children attending informal crèches, in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Little information is available on the nutritional and health status of pre-school children attending informal crèches. The study aimed to determine the status of blood carotenoid, vitamin E, inflammatory markers and omega-3 fatty acids in children attending crèches in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Baseline measurements were followed by an intervention to determine the effect of a biscuit baked with red palm oil (RPO) shortening on these parameters. Forty-seven (n=47) children were randomly assigned to a RPO (Group A) (n=25) and non-RPO (Group B) (n=22) group. Group A received biscuits providing carotenoids, tocotrienols and α-tocopherol while Group B biscuits provided only tocotrienols and α-tocopherol. Biscuits were distributed daily during the school week. Blood samples were obtained at baseline, 3 months and 6 months during intervention as well as 6 months post intervention. At baseline, children showed a mild (10%) vitamin A deficiency, severe vitamin E deficiency (69%) while 98% presented with omega-3 fatty acid indexes below 8%. For vitamin E data was pooled as both groups received similar amounts of vitamin E while no significant differences were observed between the groups during the intervention. Significant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in α-tocopherol levels were observed in both groups at 3-, 6- and 6- months post intervention. Deficiency levels declined to 10% and 0% at 6- and 6-months post, respectively. In group A, plasma α-carotene levels (p ≤ 0.05) increased significantly from baseline (0.04 μmol/L; 95% CI: 0.03 – 0.06) at 3 (0.36 μmol/L; 95% CI: 0.29 – 0.45) and 6 months (0.48 μmol/L; 95% CI: 0.39 – 0.60). Similar significant (p ≤ 0.05) results were observed for plasma β-carotene levels (3 months (0.31 μmol/L; 95% CI: 0.27 – 0.40) and 6 months (0.33 μmol/L; 95% CI: 0.28 – 0.40). Consumption of a biscuit baked with RPO can play a significant role in alleviating vitamin E deficiency and can significantly increase plasma α- and β-carotene levels in pre-school children. Key words: Vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin E, CRP, IL-6, fortification, omega-3 fatty acids

The Influence of Murotal Therapy on Anxiety and Stress Hospitalization in Preschool Children

This study aims to overcome the anxiety and stress of hospitalization in preschool children; hospitalized children apply several interventions, such as creating a child-friendly environment, but no other interventions. This study uses a quantitative approach and uses statistical formulas to help analyze the data and facts obtained. The results of this study were in the form of the proportion of anxiety levels in preschool children before being given intervention in the intervention group; namely, the majority of respondents experienced moderate anxiety, as much as 34.3%, while in the control group, the majority of respondents experienced anxiety. They were experiencing mild anxiety, as much as 45.7%. The percentage of stress levels in preschool children before intervention in the intervention group was that most respondents experienced severe stress, as much as 100%. In the control group, most respondents experienced extreme pressure, as much as 54.3%. The percentage of anxiety levels in preschool children after intervention in the intervention group, namely, most respondents were not as worried as much as 48.6% after the intervention. In the control group, most respondents experienced moderate anxiety, as much as 40%. The percentage of stress levels in preschool children after intervention in the intervention group, namely, most respondents experienced mild stress, as much as 57.1%. In the control group, most respondents experienced severe stress, as much as 54.3%. In conclusion, there is an effect of murotal therapy on anxiety levels in preschoolers, but there is no effect of murotal treatment on stress levels in preschoolers.&#x0D; Keywords: Anxiety, Murotal Therapy, Preschool Children, Stress Hospitalization

Pengaruh Terapi Mewarnai Gambar Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Pada Anak Prasekolah Selama Hospitalisasi Di Ruang Jasmine Rs Yadika Kebayoran Jakarta Selatan Tahun 2022

School-age children who are undergoing hospitalization experience anxiety. One form of activity that can be done to reduce anxiety is through play therapy activities. Picture coloring therapy is one of the games that is in accordance with the principles of the hospital where psychologically this game can help children express feelings of anxiety, fear, sadness, depression and emotion. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of Image Coloring Play Therapy on the Anxiety Level of Preschool Children During Hospitalization in the Jasmine Room of Rs Yadika Kebayoran Lama South Jakarta Year 2022. This study used a pre - experiment method with a one group pre - post - test design approach and purposive sampling technique with the number of samples to be given coloring therapy as many as 15 preschool children. The results of the study were conducted with a T-test which showed the effect of Picture Coloring Therapy on Anxiety Levels in Preschool Children During Hospitalization in the Jasmine Room of Rs Yadika Kebayoran Lama South Jakarta in 2022 obtained a P value of 0.001 smaller than 0.05 (0.001 &lt;0.05).

Atopic march Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin levels and the onset of allergic airway disease in preschool children

“Atopic march” is the progression of allergic conditions through infancy and childhood. We investigated the association between blood eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) levels in preschool children with food allergy (FA) or atopic dermatitis (AD) and the onset of allergic airway disease [bronchial asthma (BA), allergic rhinitis (AR)].

Serum claudin-5, claudin-11, occludin, vinculin, paxillin, and beta-catenin levels in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

Aim Increased intestinal and blood-brain barriers (BBB) permeability has been suggested to have a role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Claudin-5, claudin-11, occludin, β-catenin, vinculin, and paxillin are crucial components of these barriers. This study assessed concentrations of these molecules in preschool children with ASD. Methods A total of 80 children with ASD and 40 controls aged 18–60 months were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of biochemical variables were determined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results Serum claudin-11, occludin, and β-catenin levels were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group. However, no significant difference for serum claudin-5, vinculin, and paxillin levels was detected between the groups. Conclusion These findings suggest that claudin-11, occludin, and β-catenin may be involved in the pathogenesis of ASD. These proteins may affect the brain by causing dysregulation in intestinal or blood-brain barrier permeability or with other unknown mechanisms.

Family predictors of physical activity change during the COVID-19 lockdown in preschool children in Germany

The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with crucial changes in children’s daily life including their physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST). Among preschool children, the family represents an important factor for sufficient PA levels by being the gatekeeper for PA. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the family environment, specifically SES, parental support, and having siblings on COVID-19-related changes of PA and ST behavior in 317 (170 boys, 147 girls) German preschool children using longitudinal data. Our results indicate a decline in total amount of sports-related PA, an increase in outdoor play, as well as an increase in leisure ST in preschool children. The changes in total amount of PA differed between children with different levels of parental support as well as in dependence on having siblings. Furthermore, levels of outdoor play and ST in preschool children were influenced by environmental factors like having access to their own garden. We conclude that the family environment (parental support as well as physical environment) is highly relevant for PA and ST levels in preschool children. To provide every child with PA opportunities during potential future lockdowns, restriction policies should be adapted and parents need sophisticated information about the importance of their support and thus the PA levels of their children.

Increasing Children’s physical Activity by Policy (CAP) in preschools within the Stockholm region: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSystematic reviews suggest that preschool environmental/organizational changes may be effective in increasing physical activity (PA) levels of preschool children, but evidence is scarce regarding feasible, effective, and equitable interventions that can be scaled up. Specifically, it is essential to understand whether introducing a multicomponent organizational change in terms of policy in the preschool context may be beneficial for children’s PA levels and concomitant health outcomes. To bridge this knowledge gap, our main aim is to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of a policy package in increasing PA levels in preschool children, using a large-scale pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial.MethodsThis proposed study is a pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial with two conditions (intervention and control with a 1:1 ratio) with preschools as clusters and the unit of randomization. We aim to recruit approximately 4000 3–5-year-old children from 90 preschools and retain more than 2800 children from 85 preschools to provide adequate statistical power for the analyses. The intervention to implement is a co-created, multicomponent policy package running for 6 months in preschools randomized to intervention. Change in accelerometer measured PA levels in children between intervention and control from pre- and post-intervention will be the primary outcome of the study, while secondary outcomes include health outcomes such as musculoskeletal fitness, psychosocial functioning, and absence due to illness in children among others. Implementation will be studied carefully using both quantitative (dose, fidelity) and qualitative (interview) methodologies. The change in primary and secondary outcomes, from pre- to post-intervention, will be analyzed with linear mixed-effect models (to allow both fixed and random effects) nested on a preschool level.DiscussionThis is a large-scale co-creation project involving the City of Stockholm, childcare stakeholders, preschool staff, and the research group with the potential to influence more than 30,000 preschool children within the Stockholm area. The study will add reliable evidence for the implementation of PA policies at the organizational level of preschools and clarify its potential effect on objectively measured PA and health markers in children.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT04569578. Prospectively registered on September 20, 2020.

Die behoefte aan apologetiese toerusting reeds by voorskoolse kategese

The need for apologetic equipment already in preschool catechesis. From a young age, children are busy making sense of the world around them. Their worldview is formed by influences and/or guidance and their own intrinsic participation. With the availability of information provided by the media in the 21st century, Christian children are exposed to not only a Christian worldview, but also to other dominating worldviews. This exposure can have a negative effect on the formation of a Christian worldview if not treated correctly. When leading Christian researchers assume the prerequisite that pre-school children do not have the ability to grasp aspects of faith due to their so-called inability for Abstrak thoughts, the results will be the underemphasis, neglect and even disapproval of equipment in terms of a Christian biblical worldview. The result of this view is that non-biblical worldviews will dominate and shape Christian children’s thoughts from an early age, while there is little to no equipment guiding them. This occurs notwithstanding that the Word of God demands believers to educate their children and to equip them from an early age with the necessary foundational tools and resources. Apologetical equipment in the understanding of God, man and the world ought to be part of this education in faith that leads to a biblical and Christian worldview from a young age.Contribution: In their first six years, children form important concepts and presuppositions that could influence and affect the rest of their lives. Especially also through the stories they watch and listen to, they are confronted with conflicting ideas and concepts from which they must make sense. Sufficient apologetic and catechetical resources on the cognitive level of pre-school children should be provided to parents and educators of these children. These materials of which worldviews should be an integral part of, can and should guide these young believers in the consideration of conflicting ideas and even the defence of what they believe.

Relationship Between the Physical Environment and Physical Activity Levels in Preschool Children: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was to understand the influence of the physical environment on the physical activity (PA) behavior of preschool children (aged 2 to 6 years), in order to provide an overview of these influences from the perspective of the ecological model. PA is of great importance for the prevention of obesity and cardiovascular diseases since childhood. The physical environment has a direct relationship with the different domains, where people can spend their time being physically active. Nonetheless, despite the importance of the physical environment to engagement in PA, very few reviews have focused on this relationship in the context of the growing problem of physical inactivity among preschool children. Studies that had analyzed the school domain had found that greater availability of a wider variety of portable play equipment, presence of certain fixed playground equipment, and presence of open spaces had favored PA levels. Furthermore, different studies had shown that the natural environment and the presence of hills were important for children's PA. Thus, despite the associations with PA we were able to identify in this review, new studies will still be needed to link the physical environment with PA levels, especially regarding transportation and leisure time. In conclusion, promoting studies on this subject from an early age will allow us to obtain information that could allow the adaptation, design, and construction of healthier homes, neighborhoods, and schools that promote children's health.

Respiratory Symptoms and Urinary Cotinine Levels in Pre-school Children Exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke.

Objective: Preschool children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are at risk of developing adverse respiratory health effects. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the effects of cigarette-smoking caregivers on respiratory symptoms and urinary cotinine (UC) levels in children.Methods: A cross-sectional study consisting of 543 children (aged between 5 and 6 years) from 5 kindergartens in central China was conducted using a structured questionnaire. We also analyzed UC levels to investigate the relationship between respiratory symptoms and ETS exposure. We further performed logistic regression analyses to establish the relationship between respiratory symptoms (coughing, rhinorrhea, and sneezing) and UC levels.Results: A total of 71 (13.08%) children had a history of hospital admission with respiratory illnesses including bronchitis and pneumonia over the last 6 months. In addition, 102 (18.78%) children presented coughing symptoms, 114 (20.99%) experienced rhinorrhea and 79 (14.55%) presented sneezing symptoms over the last 6 months. After adjusting the confounders, odds ratio (OR) indicated that the number of cigarettes smoked by a caregiver was associated with coughing (OR = 11.02; 95% CI, 3.72–33.66), rhinorrhea (OR = 41.83; 95% CI, 5.58–313.05) and sneezing (OR = 4.71; 95% CI, 1.33–16.48). Furthermore, UC levels in children with coughing, rhinorrhea and sneezing were significantly higher than in children without respiratory symptoms (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively).Conclusions: This study reveals that children exposed to ETS have higher levels of UC. Compared with caregiver who non-smoked live with children, smoked cigarettes were highly risk of developing respiratory illnesses in children. Notably, the higher the UC levels the greater the respiratory risk. Our results also signify that UC can be used as an indicator of ETS exposure to inform caregivers of the associated risks, and inform efforts to reduce related effects.

Relationship of Family Support with Anxiety Levels in Preschool Children Hospitalized in Pediatric Ward Syech Yusuf Hospital Gowa Regency, Indonesia

The family is a collection of two or more people, with each other tied to each other emotionally, and livingin the same area in an adjacent area. Family support is the attitude, actions, and acceptance of the family ofits members. Anxiety is an individual’s response to an unpleasant situation experienced by all living thingsin everyday life. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of family support with anxietylevels in pre-school age children in the children’s care room at Syech Yusuf Hospital Gowa Regency. Thisresearch method was analytic descriptive with a cross-sectional study design. The research sample of 31people using Purposive Sampling techniques. Place of research in the Children’s Care Room Syech YusufHospital Gowa Regency. The study was conducted from July to October 2019. The data collection usedquestionnaire sheets. Data analysis using the chi-square test. The results showed that family support of31 respondents, the highest frequency of respondent family support was good as many as 16 respondents(51.6%) and the lowest frequency was enough as many as 15 respondents (48.4%). Data on children’sanxiety level were obtained from 31 respondents, the highest frequency of respondents’ anxiety level was19 respondents (61.3%) and the lowest frequency was weight, which was 12 respondents (38.7%). Basedon the results of the Chi-Square statistical tests that have been done, it was obtained that the value of X2=14,685 with a significant level of ? = 0,000 with ? = 0.05. The conclusion of the study showed that there wasa relationship between family support and anxiety levels in preschool children.

Can serum periostin, YKL-40, and osteopontin levels in pre-school children with recurrent wheezing predict later development of asthma?

Currently, there are no reliable clinical tools available for predicting asthma in pre-school-aged children with recurrent wheezing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of serum periostin, YKL-40, and osteopontin biomarkers in wheezy pre-school-aged children for predicting the development of asthma in school ages. The study was prospectively conducted between 2011 and 2017. The clinical features of the pre-school-aged children with recurrent wheezing and the levels of serum periostin, YKL-40, and osteopontin were measured. The same participants were reevaluated in school-age period, and participants with asthma were identified. Relative risk (RR) for the development of asthma was analyzed. Of the 197 pre-school-aged children with recurrent wheezing who were reevaluated in school-age years, 32% of them had asthma. Serum periostin, YKL-40, and osteopontin levels at admission could not predict participants who would have asthma symptoms in school-age years. The RR for continuing of asthma symptoms was higher in participants who had their first wheezing episode before 1 year of age, preterm birth, cesarean section delivery, prenatal smoking exposure, multi-trigger wheezing, parental asthma, modified asthma predictive index positivity, prophylactic vitamin D intake ≤ 12 months, breastfeeding time ≤ 12 month, and aeroallergen sensitivity [RR (95% CI) and P value: 2.813 (1.299-6.091), 0.002; 1.972 (1.274-3.052), 0.009; 1.929 (1.195-3.114), 0.004; 2.232 (1.463-3.406), <0.001; 3.152 (1.949-5.097), <0.001; 1.730 (1.144-2.615), 0.016; 2.427 (1.559-3.777), <0.001; 2.955 (1.558-5.604), <0.001; 1.767 (1.084-2.881), 0.016; 0.765 (0.556-1.053), 0.016; respectively]. Results have shown that clinical features were more valuable than biomarkers in predicting having asthma in school-age years in participants who had recurrent wheezing in pre-school-age period.

Antenatal care attendance and maternal knowledge on child feeding predict haemoglobin level of pre-school children in Wa Municipality of Ghana

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify locally relevant factors that predict low haemoglobin (Hb &lt; 11.0g/dl) level of pre-school children (6–23 months) in an impoverished area of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach This study used a cross-sectional analysis of 278 mother–child pairs selected from households using random sampling techniques. Child feeding knowledge, antenatal care (ANC) practices and socio-demographic characteristics were assessed. Hb levels were laboratory determined. This paper modelled the predictors of low Hb in multiple linear regressions. Findings More than half (53.0%) of the children were female and aged more than one year (60.4%). Mean Hb was 8.5 ± 1.5 g/dl, and the prevalence of anaemia was 95.0%. High child feeding knowledge was independently associated with increased Hb of children after adjusting for the effects of other factors (β = 0.61, p &lt; 0.005), and mothers who made at least four ANC visits during pregnancy had children with high Hb (β = 0.42, p = 0.04). This paper found some evidence of an inverse association between high household wealth and child Hb levels (β= −0.75, p = 0.06). Originality/value This study reports a high prevalence of low haemoglobin levels and anaemia in pre-school children in an impoverished area in Ghana. Maternal education on appropriate child feeding and encouragement of antenatal care attendance during pregnancy are key factors to increasing child haemoglobin levels in this setting. Though the current study bridges the knowledge gap between health service education and practice, a large population-based study is required to confirm the finding.

Family Support With The Level of Preschool Children Anxiety in the Intravenous Installation

Children who are hospitalized will experience anxiety because of facing invasive actions such as intravenous installation in the hospital. Anxiety makes children feel weak so that they make children cry, scream, and fight. Overcoming this level of anxiety requires family support to relieve the pressure felt by the child. This study aims to identify the relationship of family support with the level of anxiety of children at the time of intravenous installation. The design of this study used descriptive corrosion with a monthly population of 44 people and the sampling technique was done by accidental sampling technique, as many as 40 respondents of preschool children aged 3-6 years. The data collection tool uses a questionnaire. The results showed that the support given by the family to children was a good majority of 27 people (67.5%) and there was a moderate majority anxiety level of 26 people (65%) with a p-value = 0,000 &lt;0.05 and there is a significant relationship between family support and the anxiety level of preschool children at the time of intravenous installation in the emergency room at Sari Mutiara Hospital in Medan.

Cooperative Level among Preschooler During Intravenous Injection Procedures: An Explanative Study

Introduction: Hospitalized preschoolers have higher anxiety and fear reactions, especially given intravenous injections that are included in invasive procedures The purpose of this study is to determine the cooperative level of preschool children (4-6 years) during intravenous injection procedure.Methods: The research design used was explanative. The samples numbered 34 children aged 4-6 years who underwent treatment in Dahlia room Mgr Gabriel Manek, SVD Hospital selected by purposive sampling with the variables used namely the cooperative level of preschool children during the intravenous injection procedure. Data was collected using cooperative level observation sheets.Results: The cooperative level of preschool children during the intravenous injection procedure was in the uncooperative category of 31 children (91.1%) while the cooperative category was 3 children (8.9%).Conclusion: The cooperative level of preschool children during the intravenous injection procedure tends to be uncooperative. This is influenced by the age and development of the child and the existence of external support from parents and chaperones during the intravenous procedure. Further research can use this study as data in determining appropriate interventions to improve the cooperative attitude of preschool-aged children during intravenous injection procedures.