Levels In Postmenopausal Women Research Articles

Plasma Homocysteine Levels as Cardiovascular Disease Risk vis-a-vis Estrogen Levels in Pre and Postmenopausal Women

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate plasma homocysteine level and its relation with serum estrogen in pre and postmenopausal women as a risk factor in coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among premenopausal (n = 50) and postmenopausal women (n = 50) with an estimation of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and serum estradiol (E2). Postmenopausal women based on their angiographic status were sub-grouped into A (with normal coronaries) and B (with CAD). Results: The levels of Hcy, 21.98 (20.89–24.05) μmol/L, increased significantly (P < 0.0001) and that of E2, 3.05 (2.32–3.6) pg/mL, decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) in the postmenopausal group when compared to Hcy, 6.11 (4.94–8.27) μmol/L and E2, 26.37 (25.3–29) pg/mL in premenopausal group. The levels of Hcy were elevated (24.7 ± 3.92 μmol/L) in postmenopausal Group B in comparison with postmenopausal Group A (21.37 ± 3.31 μmol/L), P = 0.002. Logistic regression analysis showed Hcy and body mass index to be independent predictors of CAD. Plasma Hcy showed an area under curve (AUC) of 1.00 with sensitivity and specificity of 100% at cutoff >12.6 μmol/L between pre and postmenopausal groups and AUC of 0.722 with 60% sensitivity and 84% specificity at cutoff >23.7 μmol/L between postmenopausal Groups A and B. Conclusion: We observed low E2 and high Hcy levels in postmenopausal women in comparison with premenopausal women. Among postmenopausal women, those with CAD had higher Hcy levels. Assessing Hcy levels routinely in postmenopausal women will help in better risk prediction of CAD and may also help in conjunction with other risk factors to decide the initiation of hormone replacement therapy.

Abstract RF01-01: SERENA-3: A randomized pre-surgical window of opportunity study assessing dose and duration of camizestrant treatment in post-menopausal women with ER-positive, HER2-negative primary breast cancer

Abstract Background Camizestrant, a next-generation oral selective estrogen receptor (ER) degrader (SERD) and pure ER antagonist, has demonstrated statistically significant and clinically meaningful progression-free survival (PFS) benefit over fulvestrant at both 75 and 150 mg once-daily doses in the Phase 2 SERENA-2 (NCT04214288) study in post-menopausal women with ER+ HER2- advanced breast cancer. SERENA-3 (NCT04588298) was established to explore the biological effects of three camizestrant dose levels in post-menopausal women with ER+ HER2- primary breast cancer. Methods Post-menopausal women with ER+ HER2- primary breast cancer scheduled to undergo curative intent surgery were randomly assigned in Stages 1 and 2 to pre-surgical treatment with camizestrant at 75, 150 or 300 mg once daily for 5 to 7 days or, in a sequential Stage 3, randomly assigned to camizestrant at 75 or 150 mg once daily for 12 to 15 days. Image-guided tumor biopsies were accessed as pre-treatment samples, while on-treatment ultrasound-guided tumor biopsies were obtained on the last day of camizestrant treatment. The primary objective was to explore the effect of camizestrant on ER expression by comparison of pre-treatment and on-treatment biopsies as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) H-score. Secondary objectives included assessment of Ki67 and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression, and also of safety and tolerability, with exploratory pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment using other transcriptomic and proteomic technologies. The study was undertaken in 17 centers across 3 countries (Georgia, Mexico and the United Kingdom). Results 135 patients were randomized and received treatment. 76 patients received camizestrant for 5 to 7 days at doses of 75 mg (n=30), 150 mg (n=33), and 300 mg (n=13); 59 received camizestrant for 12 to 15 days at doses of 75 mg (n=30) and 150 mg (n=29). Baseline disease characteristics, and ER, Ki67 and PgR levels were well balanced across arms and stages. Pharmacokinetic (PK) observations in all stages were commensurate with steady-state predictions derived from previous studies. PD data for ER and Ki67 are shown in Table 1. Camizestrant reduced ER H-score by approximately 65% irrespective of dose or duration. While the 75 mg dose reduced Ki67 score to a lesser degree than 150 mg and 300mg after 5–7 days exposure, after 12–15 days exposure 75 and 150 mg reduced Ki76 score to a similar substantial degree (82% reduction). PD results assessed by additional transcriptomics and proteomics assays were concordant with the IHC analyses. No serious adverse events were reported. All treatment-emergent adverse events were grade 1, apart from one patient with a grade 2 visual impairment, and one patient with grade 3 diarrhea. Conclusions SERENA-3 is the first study investigating the effect of multiple dose levels of camizestrant with different treatment durations on ER, Ki67 and PgR expression in post-menopausal women with primary ER+ HER2˗ breast cancer. SERENA-3 demonstrated that the 75 mg dose of camizestrant achieves maximal levels of ER degradation and Ki67 suppression. Together with SERENA-2, this provides strong evidence supporting 75 mg as the optimal dose of camizestrant, including for the early disease setting, and highlights the additive value of a specifically designed multi-dose pre-surgical PD study for optimal dose selection. Table 1 Citation Format: John Robertson, Teimuraz Gogitidze, Zaza Katashvili, Juan Enrique Bargallo Rocha, Ekaterine Arkania, Iain Moppett, Kwok-Leung Cheung, Gia Nemsadze, Maxine Ajimi, Itziar Irurzun-Arana, Justin Lindemann, Teresa Klinowska, Alastair Mathewson, Christopher Morrow, Myria Nikolaou, Giorgi Dzagnidze. SERENA-3: A randomized pre-surgical window of opportunity study assessing dose and duration of camizestrant treatment in post-menopausal women with ER-positive, HER2-negative primary breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr RF01-01.

Endothelial dysfunction in breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors: changes over time

BackgroundBreast cancer is estimated to comprise about 290,560 new cases in 2022. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are recommended as adjuvant treatment for estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women, which includes approximately two-thirds of all women with breast cancer. AIs inhibit the peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen by deactivation of the aromatase enzyme, leading to a reduction in serum estrogen level in postmenopausal women with ER+ breast carcinoma. Estrogen is known for its cardiovascular (CV) protective properties through a variety of mechanisms including vasodilation of blood vessels and inhibition of vascular injury resulting in the prevention of atherosclerosis. In clinical trials and prospective cohorts, the long-term use of AIs can increase the risk for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Studies demonstrate mixed results as to the impact of AIs on actual CV events and overall survival.MethodsA single arm longitudinal study of 14 postmenopausal women with ER+ breast cancer prescribed adjuvant AIs at the University of Minnesota (UMN). Subjects with a history of known tobacco use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes were excluded to eliminate potential confounding factors. Participants underwent routine labs, blood pressure assessments, and vascular testing at baseline (prior to starting AIs) and at six months. Vascular assessment was performed using the EndoPAT 2000 and HDI/PulseWave CR-2000 Cardiovascular Profiling System and pulse contour analysis on two occasions as previously described. Vascular measurements were conducted by one trained vascular technician. Assessments were performed in triplicate, and the mean indices were used for analyses. All subjects were on an AI at the follow-up visit. The protocol was approved by the UMN Institutional Review Board and all participants were provided written informed consent. Baseline and follow-up characteristics were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Analyses were performed using R version 3.6.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).ResultsAfter six months of AI treatment, EndoPAT® ratio declined to a median 1.12 (Q1: 0.85, Q3: 1.86; p = 0.045; Figure 1) and median estradiol levels decreased to 2 pg/mL (Q1: 2, Q3: 3; p=0.052). There was no evidence of association between change in EndoPAT® and change in estradiol level (p = 0.91). There were no statistically significant changes in small or large arterial elasticity.ConclusionsWe hypothesize that long-term use of AI can lead to persistent endothelial dysfunction, and further investigation is necessary. In our study, patients were on AI for approximately 5-10 years. As a result, we do not have data on whether these changes, such as EndoPAT® ratio and the elasticity of small and large arterial, are reversible with discontinuation of AI. These findings set the stage for a larger study to more conclusively determine the association between AI exposure and cardiovascular outcomes. Further studies should evaluate for multivariate associations withmodifiable risk factors for CV disease.

A Comparative Study of Vitamin D Level and Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in Relation to Oxidative Stress in Women with Osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis (OP) is a silent disease that affects the microarchitecture of the skeleton bones, leading to a drop in mineral levels and an increase in fracture rates. This condition is more common in women than men, especially postmenopausal women, due to decreased production of estrogen, a hormone that regulates bone formation and bone resorption. Oxidative stress is a known factor in the development of OP, resulting from an imbalance in the production of oxidants and antioxidants. Hip and arm fractures are particularly common in women with OP. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the activity of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and oxidative stress (OS) levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and varying levels of vitamin D, and to compare these groups based on the measured parameters. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted at the Baquba Teaching Hospital in Diyala, Iraq, from October 2022 to January 2023. The study involved 100 women whom were divided into two groups, 50 with normal vitamin D levels and 50 with abnormal vitamin D levels. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level was evaluated using the Satoh-modified approach. Results: According to the statistical analysis conducted with the SPSS program, there was a significant difference (P<0.001) in Vitamin D levels between the groups (OPn. D) and (OPab.D). Additionally, significant increases were observed in LDH activity (P<0.001) and MDA levels (P<0.05) for the group (OPab.D) in comparison to (OPn. D). Conclusion: The current study has indicated that women suffering from osteoporosis (OP) have higher levels of LDH and MDA. Additionally, there is an inverse correlation between vitamin D and these two variables; this correlation suggests that vitamin D may possess antioxidant properties that reduce the effects of oxidative stress (OS) in the body. Therefore, vitamin D may help in reducing LDH levels.

The Organoleptic Test For Tempe-Based Drink Formulation For The Prevention Of Cognitive Function In Elderly Women

Older women are at twice the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease than men. This happens because when women experience menopause, estrogen in the body will decrease. Estrogen is a hormone that can influence and help regulate body functions including the reproductive system, brain and central nervous system, bones, liver and urinary tract. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is intended to increase estrogen levels in postmenopausal women. One of the food ingredients that contain phytoestrogens and is widely consumed in Indonesia is tempe. The aim of the study was to make a tempe-based drink containing isoflavones (genestein, daidzein, glycetin) and nutrients (vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate) that are appropriate and sensory acceptable. The content of isoflavones and nutrients was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Tempe flour which has been analyzed for its nutritional content and isoflavones, then a tempe drink formulation is made with isoflavones content, namely 15 milli grams (30 grams of tempe flour). To improve the flavor of the drink, add cocoa powder. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single treatment, namely the concentration level of tempe flour for formula 1 (original tempe) = 17.5%, formula 2 (original tempe) = 14% and formula 3 (tempe with added chocolate as flavor). = 14 %. Acceptance of tempeh-based drinks was carried out by organoleptic tests in the form of hedogenic (liking) tests on 30 elderly women. In the first phase of the research that for color, taste, aroma and thickness the most preferred was the third formula with the addition of chocolate and 14% thickness. The conclusion is that tempe flour using the freeze dry method contains isoflavones and nutrients (vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid) higher than tempe using the oven method but not significantly. Hedogenic test (favorability test) is the highest with a 14% viscosity formula and there is the addition of chocolate
 Keywords: tempe, elderly women, organoleptic test

Assessment of Female Hormonal Influence on COVID-19 Vaccine Response: A Prospective Cohort Study.

The diversity of oral epithelial cells offers potential viral infection sites. The lower level of ACE2 inhibitors in women's blood renders them more resistant to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In order to determine the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on female hormones, salivary levels of total antibody, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and cortisol were measured in young and elderly women. Saliva samples from 88 participants were collected and subjected to ELISA for detecting total antibody, IgG, and cortisol. Women who were infected with COVID-19 and who completed two doses of vaccination had more IgG antibodies when compared to the uninfected individuals/single-dose/non-vaccinated individuals. The cortisol levels in post-menopausal women were higher than those in women with normal menstrual cycles, and the difference was statistically significant (P-value 0.00). The increased cortisol levels were well correlated with increased levels of IgG antibodies which was statistically significant (Spearman rho P value 0.00) Conclusions: COVID variants will continue to mutate and evolve as long as the epidemic persists. The higher cortisol and IgG antibodies produced by female hormones protect them from COVID-19 infection.

Effect of Unfermented Soy Product Consumption on Blood Lipids in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

BackgroundClinical studies have reported the beneficial effects of unfermented soy product consumption on blood lipids in various populations. However, contradictory results have been reported regarding the influence of unfermented soy product consumption on blood lipids in postmenopausal women. ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of diets with unfermented soy products compared with diets without unfermented soy products on blood lipids in postmenopausal women. MethodsThe Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase electronic databases were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to February 21, 2023. RCTs were included if they were published in English and investigated the effect of unfermented soy product consumption on blood lipids in postmenopausal women who had discontinued hormone replacement therapy at least 3 months before randomization. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall effect size of the mean difference (MD) and 95% CI. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for Randomized Trials, version 2. ResultsTwenty-nine RCTs involving 2,457 participants were included. The results showed that, compared with the control group that did not consume unfermented soy products, consumption of unfermented soy products significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (MD, −9.46 mg/dL [to convert mg/dL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0259; to convert mmol/L cholesterol to mg/dL, multiply by 38.7]; 95% CI −15.04 to −3.89 mg/dL; P = .001) and triglycerides (TGs) (MD, −10.86 mg/dL [to convert mg/dL TGs to mmol/L, multiply mg/dL by 0.0113; to convert mmol/L TGs to mg/dL, multiply mmol/L by 88.6]; 95% CI −19.70 to −2.02 mg/dL; P = .016), while significantly increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD, 2.32 mg/dL; 95% CI 0.87 to 3.76 mg/dL; P = .002) in postmenopausal women, but had no significant effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD, −4.55 mg/dL; 95% CI −10.90 to 1.80 mg/dL; P = .160). Results of soy preparation subgroup analysis showed that soy isolate protein significantly reduced TC and soy protein–containing isoflavones significantly reduced TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, unfermented soy product consumption significantly reduced TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and TG levels in postmenopausal women with lipid disorders and TGs in healthy postmenopausal women. ConclusionsThe results showed that unfermented soy product consumption reduced TC and TG levels significantly, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. The findings of this review contribute to the evidence-base for dietary management of blood lipids in postmenopausal women.

Vitamin D levels in postmenopausal women and their relationship with diabetes mellitus

Background: Vitamin D (VD) plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone growth and has emerging roles beyond the skeleton. Deficiency is linked to various health issues, especially in postmenopausal women. The burden of T2DM in India, particularly among women, emphasizes the need for exploring the VD-diabetes connection. Aim and Objective: To investigate VD levels in postmenopausal women with T2DM compared to premenopausal women, assessing the association between VD deficiency and glycemic control. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was conducted in Chennai, India, involving pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women with T2DM. Ethical clearance was obtained, and participants were recruited with informed consent. Fifty pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women, each with T2DM, were included. Exclusions involved individuals taking calcium and vitamin D supplements, anticonvulsants, and those afflicted with osteoporosis, renal disease, asthma, and hypertension. Blood samples were collected for glucose and VD level assessments, employing standard methodologies. Results: Pre-menopausal women exhibited significantly higher VD levels compared to their post-menopausal counterparts. Blood sugar levels did not significantly differ based on menopausal status. Conclusion: This study contributes valuable insights into the complex interplay between VD, menopausal status, and glycemic control in women with T2DM. The high prevalence of VD deficiency and its association with suboptimal glycemic control emphasize the need for further research. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing targeted interventions for postmenopausal women with diabetes.

Relation between Osteoporosis and Alveolar Bone Level in Postmenopausal Women (A clinical and Radiographic Study)

Relation between Osteoporosis and Alveolar Bone Level in Postmenopausal Women (A clinical and Radiographic Study)

Acute Effects of Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Constituents on Sex Hormone Among Postmenopausal Women - Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei PLADs, China, 2018-2019.

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was linked to endocrine hormone disruption in the reproductive system. Nonetheless, it was unclear which specific components of PM2.5 were primarily responsible for these associations. The study presented the initial epidemiological evidence that brief exposure to PM2.5 can elevate estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. Various particle components had unique effects, with water-soluble ions and specific inorganic elements like Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, and Tl potentially playing significant roles in increasing estradiol levels. The study established that the prevalence of air pollution, along with its specific components, has been recognized as a novel risk factor affecting the balance of sex hormones.

Serum Human \(\beta\) Defensin (HBD-2) and Osteocalcin Levels in Menopausal Iraqi Women with Osteopenia

Background and Purpose: Osteopenia (OP) is a chronic and advanced condition that is often described by diminished bone mineral density (BMD), deteriorated bone tissue microarchitecture, and an elevated risk of fracture. The low molecular weight antimicrobial peptides known as Human Defensin (HBD-2) proteins are produced locally by keratinocytes in various tissues, including skin, mucosa, and bones. Osteocalcin, often called bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), is a tiny (49 amino acids) noncollagenous protein hormone in bone and dentin. It was initially discovered to be a calcium-binding protein. Material and Methods: Prospective study to evaluate the osteoblast's ability to produce and release osteocalcin makes it a noncollagenous protein, and has primary physiological roles include calcium ion homeostasis, maintaining an average rate of bone mineralization, preventing the aberrant development of hydroxyapatite crystals, and participating in bone remodeling via a negative feedback loop. In menopausal women with osteopenia, this study evaluates the osteocalcin and human beta-defensin 2 for their diagnostic potential. A small amount of venous blood, about 5 ml, was added to the tube and centrifuged for five minutes at a speed of 3 \(\times\) 103 rpm. The serum was put into an Eppendorf tube and stored in a freezer at -20 \(^\circ\)C before being tested. With the help of the specified equation, the body mass index is determined. Findings and Conclusion: Increasing serum HBD 2, osteocalcin levels in postmenopausal women with osteopenia plays an essential role in developing osteopenia to osteoporosis. Differences in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase were seen among patients (as a sample) and controls; serum levels of HBD2 and osteocalcin were considerably lower in controls than in patients (p 0.01).

Dual role of sclerostin and other parameters in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

Background & objective: Osteoporosis is a chronic progressive disease, characterized by decreased bone mass and damage to the microstructure of bone tissue, leading to decreased bone strength and increased risk of fractures. The main serious consequence of osteoporosis is fragility fracture. This case-control study was conducted to know the prevalence of osteoporosis in Iraqi postmenopausal women.
 Methodology: One hundred female patients visiting Al-Sader Teaching Hospital in Al-Najaf province of Iraq, were included in the study. To determine the percentage of their bone density we used a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Blood samples were taken after diagnosing the disease. In addition, serum estrogen and vitamin D3 were measured by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), while alkaline phosphatase was measured by spectrophotometer. Data were gathered by direct interviews with the women. The study excluded those who had chronic diseases.
 Results: This study showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of sclerostin and alkaline phosphatase and non-significant differences in vitamin D3 concentrations between patients and healthy group.
 Conclusion: Increased serum sclerostin and alkaline phosphatase levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis play an important role in the development of primary osteoporosis.
 Key word: Osteoporosis; Sclerostin; DEXA
 Citation: Ahmed NH, Jaffat HS, Alrufaie MM. Dual role of sclerostin and other parameters in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2023;27(6):745−749; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v27i6.2349
 Received: August 22, 2023; Revised: August 29, 2023; Accepted: September 11, 2023

Relationship between Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels along with simvastatin effect on serum calcium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis.

Objective: To investigate the relationships between vitamin D, PTH, and Simvastatin and their effects on serum calcium levels in postmenopausal women with OA. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera. Period: Six Month January to June, 2022. Material & Methods: Ethical approval was obtained, and 24 postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis (OA) were recruited. Morning blood samples were collected, processed, and stored for analysis of 25(OH) D, calcium, and PTH levels. Plasma samples were acquired 3 hours after Simvastatin administration and data analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: In this study, 24 postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis exhibited an average age of 53.4 years, with vitamin D levels at 18.7 ng/ml and consistent serum calcium levels at 9.1 mg/dl. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels varied widely, averaging 52.8 pg/ml. Analysis revealed that vitamin D and PTH increased serum calcium level while the combination of vitamin D with Simvastatin and PTH with Simvastatin exhibited a nuanced relationship, resulting in a moderated decrease in blood calcium levels. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the intricate interplay between vitamin D, PTH, and Simvastatin in postmenopausal women with OA, offering valuable insights for tailored treatment approaches in OA management.

Association of probiotic ingestion with serum sex steroid hormones among pre- and postmenopausal women from the NHANES, 2013-2016.

Sex hormone-related diseases, encompassing a wide range of conditions from reproductive disorders to certain cancers, pose significant health challenges worldwide. Recent scientific investigations have highlighted the intricate interplay between the gut microbiome and sex hormone regulation, indicating the potential for microbiota-targeted interventions in the management of such diseases. Although individual studies have elucidated the influence of the gut microbiome on sex hormones, a comprehensive cross-sectional examination of the population-wide prevalence of probiotic intake and its correlation with sex hormones is still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the association of probiotic ingestion with sex hormones in pre- and post-menopausal women. We conducted an observational cohort study comprising a nationally representative sample of adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2016. Probiotic ingestion was considered when a subject reported yogurt or probiotic supplement consumption during the 24-h dietary recall or during the Dietary Supplement Use 30-Day questionnaire. A survey-weighted generalized linear model was used to analyze the association between probiotic intake and female/male sex hormones. To reduce selection bias, we used propensity score matching (PSM). This study included 2,699 women, with 537 of them consuming yogurt and/or dietary supplements containing probiotics, while the remaining 2,162 women did not consume any probiotics. The findings indicated that there were associations between probiotic intake and sex hormone levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, probiotic intake was positively associated with estradiol (E2) levels. On the contrary, in postmenopausal women, probiotic intake was inversely associated with total testosterone (TT) levels. This study indicated that probiotic consumption was associated with higher E2 level in premenopausal women and lower TT level in postmenopausal women. Probiotic intake might be a sensible strategy for preventing sex hormone-related diseases.

Determining the Effect of L-arginine and Physical Activity on the Plasma Levels of Endothelin-1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 in Postmenopausal Women with Hypertension

Background and Objectives Exercise and L-arginine supplementation are known as effective strategies for treating hypertension. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and L-arginine consumption on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Subjects and Methods In this quasi-experimental research, 40 postmenopausal women with hypertension were divided into four equal groups including exercise, exercise + L-arginine, L-arginine, and placebo groups. Interventions of aerobic exercise (60-75% of maximum heart rate) and L-arginine supplementation (6 g/day) were completed for 12 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last intervention session, blood samples similar to the pre-test were collected to measure TIMP-1 and ET-1 levels using ELISA method. Results Plasma ET-1 levels in the training and training + L-arginine groups were significantly reduced compared to the placebo and L-arginine groups. In addition, plasma TIMP-1 increased significantly in the exercise group and exercise + L-arginine group compared to the placebo group. No synergistic effect was observed on TIMP-1 and ET-1 levels, despite the greater effect of exercise combined with L-arginine supplementation. Conclusion According to the results of the present research, improved blood pressure in adaptation to aerobic exercises is associated with reduced ET-1 and increased TIMP-1. L-arginine supplement, either alone or in combination with aerobic exercise, has no significant effect on TIMP-1 and ET-1 changes.

Salivary calcium in postmenopausal women and prevalence of dental caries: A cross sectional study

Introduction and Aim: Hormonal variations in postmenopausal women may cause growth and development of the oral epithelium, especially in response to estrogen levels. One of the manifestations of this issue is xerostomia or dryness of the mouth. Saliva provides a first line of defence against diseases like caries by maintaining the pH levels. However, estrogen levels have been shown to directly affect the salivary flow rate. Materials and Methods: The current study focuses on the estimation of salivary calcium levels in postmenopausal women and its association with the prevalence of dental caries. Informed consent was obtained from study subjects and they were categorized into case and control based on DMFT index (Decay, filled, missing) WHO criteria 2013.Post menopausal women with caries were categorized has case(n=40) and women who have not attained menopause free of caries were categorized has control (n=40). Unstimulated salivary samples were collected by Navazesh protocol and the salivary calcium levels were estimated by ARSENAZO method. Results: The average calcium levels in saliva were found to be 1.84± 0.30 and 1.67± 0.32 for case group and control group respectively. The mean decayed, missing due to caries, and filled teeth (DMFT) score was observed to be 10.45± 3.81 and 1.80± 0.341 for case group and control group respectively. Conclusion: According to the findings, postmenopausal women need to be administered enough calcium supplements in order to maintain good dental hygiene and thus improve lifestyle.

Exploring The Impact of Capecitabine Treatment on Hormonal and Biochemical Markers in Women with Breast Cancer

Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) is a widely used tumor marker, and the serum level of this tumor marker is measured periodically in breast cancer patients during the chemotherapy period by capecitabine , Assuming that the higher serum levels of this tumor marker can be a potential risk in breast cancer patients, the study aimed to examine the effect on capecitabine with Ca15.3, serum estradiol, and calcium levels in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. The study was conducted on a total of 200 women, including 100 women without breast cancer who served as a control group aged range from (45-75years) and 100 women with breast cancer whose ages ranged from (40-70years). Patients at the oncology center at Imam al-Hussain medical city in Kerbala, Iraq, were sorted into groups based on their age, body mass index, disease duration, and treatment length for this study, which was done between July 2022 and October 2022, the efficacy of capecitabine, the plasma levels of (estradiol, Ca 15.3, and calcium) were measured in 100 breast cancer patients who had been taking the drug for at least 3 months. The findings revealed a statistically significant increase (p 0.05) in the concentration of Ca15.3 levels in women with breast cancer compared with control group, breast cancer (BC) is the most common form of cancer that results, and the average levels of serum calcium and estradiol were increased in patient had breast cancer chemotherapy and different with normal range, otherwise, the average level of serum calcium and estradiol in control groups within the normal range.in conclusion According to the ca15.3,serum calcium and estradiol levels, The high stability and existence of Ca15.3, serum calcium and estradiol in body serum make them a promising new diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer patients.

A cross-sectional study from NHANES found a positive association between obesity with bone mineral density among postmenopausal women

PurposeObesity has been demonstrated to improve bone mineral density (BMD), according to previous research. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of clarity regarding the optimal body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for achieving the highest beneficial BMD in postmenopausal women. The objective of this study was to establish the correlation between obesity and BMD.MethodsThe relationship between BMI, WC, and BMD was examined by using multivariate logistic regression models, fitting smoothing curves and utilizing the latest data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey conducted between 2007 and 2018. Furthermore, the analysis of saturation effects was employed to examine the association of nonlinear connections among BMI, WC, and BMD.ResultsThe research examined information from a combination of 564 participants. A significant correlation between BMD and BMI as well as WC was observed in our findings. The enduring correlation between BMI and WC with BMD was demonstrated across subgroup analyses categorized by age and race, except among other Hispanic and other race. Furthermore, the smoothing curve fitting indicated that there existed not just a linear correlation among BMI, WC, and BMD, but also a saturation threshold in the association of these three factors.ConclusionsBased on our study, we have found a strong and positive relationship between obesity and BMD. According to the results of this research, maintaining obesity at a moderate level in postmenopausal women would result in achieving an optimal equilibrium between obesity and BMD.

Serum Endocan Levels in Postmenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome.

Aim: Studies that explored endocan (as a novel marker of endothelial dysfunction) in relation to metabolic syndrome (MetS) are scarce and show discordant results. Importantly, no study has yet examined serum endocan levels in exclusively postmenopausal women with MetS and free of diabetes. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key features of MetS and consequently cardiovascular diseases. Hence, we aimed to explore the potential relationship between endocan, oxidative stress [i.e., determined by total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, and pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance (PAB)], inflammation, and MetS in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Methods: A total of 126 postmenopausal women were included consecutively. MetS was diagnosed following the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Results: Higher serum endocan levels were found in MetS group as compared with MetS-free counterparts [6.03 (3.47-10.37) pg/mL vs. 2.27 (1.49-3.50) pg/mL, P < 0.001]. Endocan showed good discriminatory ability toward MetS [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.809]. Besides age, the inclusion of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, such as PAB and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), the AUC for discrimination postmenopausal women with MetS from MetS-free women was 0.845. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women with MetS exhibited almost 2.7 times higher serum endocan level as compared with MetS-free middle-aged women. Endocan showed good discriminatory ability toward MetS and could be a diagnostic marker in MetS. Similar results were confirmed when added an age, oxidative stress, and inflammation biomarkers (i.e., PAB and hsCRP) were included for the discrimination of postmenopausal with MetS from MetS-free women.

Correlation of Vitamin D status with TSH levels in postmenopausal women; A pilot study

Vitamin D (VitD) insufficiency is present in over half of population worldwide. Over a billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient or insufficient. It has been long known that VitD insufficiency contributes to development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. We performed a retrospective review of data of 60 patients in postmenopausal age group (45-75 years) during their routine blood investigation for the first time at Government Medical College and Guru Nanak Dev Hospital Amritsar over a period of 3 months (February 2023 to April 2023). Vitamin D levels were insufficient (10-30 ng/mL) in 35% of the patients, deficient (10 ng/mL) in 18.5%, and normal in the remaining 35%. TSH levels were low (less than 0.3 mIU/L) in 5%, high (more than 4.5 mIU/L) in 18.3%, and normal (0.3-4.5 mIU/L) in the remaining 76.6%. 54% (n-11) of individuals with elevated TSH had vitamin D deficiency, while 18% had insufficient vitamin D. 100%(n-3) patients with low TSH had normal vitamin D levels. TSH and vitamin D levels were normal in 22 individuals. High TSH levels was associated with low vitamin D levels, low TSH levels was associated with normal serum vitamin D level. Hence association was linear between TSH and vitamin D in post-menopausal women.