Levels In Drinking Water Research Articles

Monitoring and analysis of radioactivity levels of environment samples and foods in Nanjing

Objective To obtainthe baseline data of the gross α and gross β radioactivity levels in environmental samples and foods by the monitoring and analyzing the radioactivity levels in drinking water, aerosols and commercial foods in Nanjing City. Methods 15 types of samples, including water source, produced water, aerosol, chicken, pork, stalk vegetable, root vegetable, fresh milk, leafy vegetable, flour, fruits, rice, tea, fish and crab were collected. After pretreatment, LB4008 four-channel low background α and β measuring instrument was used to measure the gross α and gross β radioactivity concentrations. Results The gross α and gross β activity concentrations of source water and produced water in Nanjing from 2016 to 2019 were lower than the national limits. The gross α and gross β activity concentrations in the source water were significantly higher than those of the produced water ( P < 0.05). The mean activity concentration range of gross α and gross β in aerosol were 0.16〜0.98 mBq/m 3 and 0.14〜2.15 mBq/m 3 from 2016 to 2019, and with no statistical difference in difference samples ( P > 0.05). The gross α and gross β activity concentration range of foods were 0.10〜17.00 Bq/kg and 22.20〜187.20 Bq/kg, of which the gross α and gross β activity concentration in tea were significantly higher than that of other kinds of foods ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The radioactivity level in drinking water, atmospheric aerosols and foods in Nanjing were not contaminated by radioactive substances, and the gross α and gross β were relatively stable. 摘要： 目的 通过对南京市饮用水、气溶胶及市售食品中总α和总β放射性水平监测和分析, 掌握本市环境介质和食 品中总α和总β放射性水平。 方法 采集水源水、出厂水、气溶胶、鸡肉、猪肉、茎菜、根菜、生鲜牛乳、叶菜、面粉、水 果、大米、茶叶、鱼及螃蟹 15 种样品, 将样品进行前处理后, 用LB4008型四路低本底αβ测量仪测定总α和总β活度 浓度。 结果 2016—2019年南京市水源水和出厂水总α和总β活度浓度均低于国家限值, 水源水中总α和总β活度 浓度均明显高于出厂水中总α和总β浓度活度（ P < 0.05);气溶胶中总α活度浓度范围为0.16〜0.98 mBq/m 3, 总β活度浓度均值为在0.14〜2.15 mBq/m 3,年度差异均无统计学意义（ P > 0.05);食品总α活度浓度范围为0.10〜17.00 Bq/kg, 总β活度浓度范围为22.20〜187.20 Bq/kg, 其中茶叶中总α和总β活度浓度明显高于其他种类食 品( P < 0.05)。 结论 南京市饮用水、大气气溶胶及食品中α和总β放射性水平相对稳定, 未受到放射性物质污染。

Arsenic exposure is associated with significant upper tract urothelial carcinoma health care needs and elevated mortality rates

PurposeThe aim of the study was to assess upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) health care needs and specific mortality rates in an arsenic-exposed region in Northern Chile and compare them to those of the rest of the country. Material and methodsArsenic levels of drinking water were correlated with UTUC hospital discharges and cancer-specific mortality rates. Mortality and hospital admission rate ratios were estimated using a Poisson regression model. ResultsThere were 257 UTUC-specific deaths in Chile between 1990 and 2016; 81 (34%) of them occurred in Antofagasta, where only 3.5% of the population lives. The peak mortality rate observed in Antofagasta was 2.15/100,000 compared to 0.07/100,000 in the rest of the country. Mortality in the exposed region was significantly higher when compared to the rest of the country (MRR 17.6; 95%CI: 13.5–22.9). The same trend was observed for UTUC hospital discharges (RR 14.8; 95%CI: 11.5–19.1). ConclusionEven stronger than for bladder cancer, exposure to arsenic is related to a significant need for UTUC health care and high mortality rates, even 25 years after having controlled arsenic levels in drinking-water. Awareness of this ecologic factor in these affected regions is therefore mandatory.

A Complex Relationship: Dietary Folate, Arsenic Metabolism, and Insulin Resistance in Mice.

A Complex Relationship: Dietary Folate, Arsenic Metabolism, and Insulin Resistance in Mice.

Aluminium and fluoride in drinking water in relation to later dementia risk.

Environmental risk factors for dementia are poorly understood. Aluminium and fluorine in drinking water have been linked with dementia but uncertainties remain about this relationship. In the largest longitudinal study in this context, we set out to explore the individual effect of aluminium and fluoride in drinking water on dementia risk and, as fluorine can increase absorption of aluminium, we also examine any synergistic influence on dementia. We used Cox models to investigate the association between mean aluminium and fluoride levels in drinking water at their residential location (collected 2005-2012 by the Drinking Water Quality Regulator for Scotland) with dementia in members of the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 cohort who were alive in 2005. A total of 1972 out of 6990 individuals developed dementia by the linkage date in 2012. Dementia risk was raised with increasing mean aluminium levels in women (hazard ratio per s.d. increase 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.15, P < 0.001) and men (1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.21, P = 0.004). A dose-response pattern of association was observed between mean fluoride levels and dementia in women (1.34, 95% CI 1.28-1.41, P < 0.001) and men (1.30, 95% CI 1.22-1.39, P < 0.001), with dementia risk more than doubled in the highest quartile compared with the lowest. There was no statistical interaction between aluminium and fluoride levels in relation with dementia. Higher levels of aluminium and fluoride were related to dementia risk in a population of men and women who consumed relatively low drinking-water levels of both.

Bladder Cancer Burden from Exposure to Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water in the European Union

BACKGROUND and AIM: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are prevalent chemicals in drinking water (DW). Exposure is through ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption and has consistently been associated with increased bladder cancer (BC) risk. We assessed THMs levels in DW and estimated the burden of bladder cancer in the European Union (EU). METHODS: We obtained annual mean THM levels in municipal DW in the 28 EU countries in 2010-2017 through a standardized questionnaire and calculated the population-weighted EU mean. We used published THM levels in countries where THM data was not provided for further imputations. We estimated the attributable BC cases following the burden of disease approach. The dose-response function was obtained from the largest international pooled-analysis on THM exposure and BC and was used to estimate the odds ratio for each country, with an alternative exposure scenario of &amp;lt;5µg/L. We calculated the country annual number of attributable BC cases using incidence rates from GLOBOCAN. RESULTS: The amount of data, representativeness and accuracy was heterogeneous among countries. Mean THM level in drinking water in EU-28 was 11.9µg/L (SD 11.1), ranging from 0.0µg/L (Denmark) to 66.2µg/L (Cyprus). The EU 28 average population attributable fraction was 4.6%, and the maximum was 24% in Romania (95%CI 13-34) and 23% in Cyprus (95%CI 12-33). In total, 5,708 (95%CI 2,940-8,318) annual BC cases were attributable to THM exposure in the EU (ranging from 0 in Denmark to 1,498 in Spain). If THM levels in DW were reduced to the EU mean of 11.9 µg/L among countries above this level, 2,438 (95%CI 1,287-3,469) cases of BC could be avoided annually in the EU. CONCLUSIONS: Although the country mean THM levels were below the legal limit (100&amp;#956;g/L), the attributable BC burden and related costs are considerable and can be further lowered by improvements in the quality of DW, especially in countries with higher THM levels.Funding: FP7 EXPOsOMICS Project and CIBERESP.

Eco-friendly LC-MS/MS method for analysis of multi-class micropollutants in tap, fountain, and well water from northern Portugal.

Organic micropollutants present in drinking water (DW) may cause adverse effects for public health, and so reliable analytical methods are required to detect these pollutants at trace levels in DW. This work describes the first green analytical methodology for multi-class determination of 21 pollutants in DW: seven pesticides, an industrial compound, 12 pharmaceuticals, and a metabolite (some included in Directive 2013/39/EU or Decision 2015/495/EU). A solid-phase extraction procedure followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (offline SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) method was optimized using eco-friendly solvents, achieving detection limits below 0.20ng L-1. The validated analytical method was successfully applied to DW samples from different sources (tap, fountain, and well waters) from different locations in the north of Portugal, as well as before and after bench-scale UV and ozonation experiments in spiked tap water samples. Thirteen compounds were detected, many of them not regulated yet, in the following order of frequency: diclofenac > norfluoxetine > atrazine > simazine > warfarin > metoprolol > alachlor > chlorfenvinphos > trimethoprim > clarithromycin ≈ carbamazepine ≈ PFOS > citalopram. Hazard quotients were also estimated for the quantified substances and suggested no adverse effects to humans. Graphical Abstract Occurrence and removal of multi-class micropollutants in drinking water, analyzed by an eco-friendly LC-MS/MS method.

Isatin N-phenylsemicarbazone: effect of substituents and concentration on anion sensing selectivity and sensitivity

The effect of substituent and concentration on anion sensing selectivity and sensitivity of nine new easily synthesized isatin N-phenylsemicarbazone E-isomer sensors IIIa–XIa was investigated. The substantial difference between the association constants for IIIa–XIa interaction with strongly and weakly basic anions allows detection of F− or CH3COO− anions even at high weakly basic anion excess. Substitution in position 5- of the isatin ring and para-substitution on the phenyl ring in the phenylsemicarbazide chain influence sensor:anion complex stoichiometry and thus also sensor sensitivity. Detection limits of 3–4 × 10−7 mol dm−3 for F− and CH3COO− anions by sensors IVa and Va bearing electron-withdrawing substituents are among the lowest published detection limits for these anions in organic solvents. The high selectivity and sensitivity of sensor VIa allows confident F− detection at tolerated fluoride drinking-water level. The solution dilution leads to a dramatic change in sensor selectivity. Consequently, one E-isomer can be used to sense both strongly and weakly basic anions. On the other side, higher sensor solution concentrations increase the F− and CH3COO− anion detection range, similar to the additional Z-isomer utilization.

Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water and risk of death from lung cancer in women

The possible association between the risk of lung cancer in women and the levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in drinking-water from municipal supplies was investigated in a matched, case-control study in Taiwan. All eligible female lung cancer deaths (3,532 cases) of Taiwan residents, from 2000 through to 2008, were compared with deaths from other causes (3,532 controls), and the levels of Ca and Mg in drinking-water of these residents were determined. Data on Ca and Mg levels in drinking-water throughout Taiwan were obtained from the Taiwan Water Supply Corporation (TWSC). The control group consisted of people who died from other causes, and the controls were pair-matched to the cases by sex, year of birth, and year of death. The adjusted odd ratios were not statistically significant for the relationship between Ca levels in drinking-water and lung cancer in women. The adjusted odd ratios for female lung cancer deaths for those with higher Mg levels in their drinking-water, as compared to the lowest tertile, were 0.82 (95% CI=0.72-0.93) and 0.80 (95% CI=0.69-0.93), respectively. The results of the present study show that there is a significant trend toward a decreased risk of lung cancer in women with increasing Mg levels in drinking-water.

75 ARSENIC EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT UPPER UROTHELIAL TRACT CANCER HEALTH CARE NEEDS AND ELEVATED MORTALITY RATES

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Evidence-based Medicine & Outcomes II1 Apr 201275 ARSENIC EXPOSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT UPPER UROTHELIAL TRACT CANCER HEALTH CARE NEEDS AND ELEVATED MORTALITY RATES Francisco Lopez, Mario Fernandez, and Fernando Coz Francisco LopezFrancisco Lopez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author , Mario FernandezMario Fernandez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author , and Fernando CozFernando Coz Santiago, Chile More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.121AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is a rare malignant disease with few known environmental risk factors. In particular, arsenic has not been clearly associated to higher UTUC incidence or mortality rates. Antofagasta is a well-known arsenic-exposed region in Northern Chile, with a significant impact of this geologic factor on public health, even two decades after having controlled arsenic concentrations in drinking-water. The aim of the study was to assess UTUC health care needs and mortality rates in this affected region during the last decades, comparing them to those of the rest of the country. METHODS Arsenic levels of drinking water of the affected region were obtained for the last 60 years and correlated with UTUC hospital discharges and mortality rates. Incident rate ratios and trends in mortality and hospital admission rates were estimated using a Poisson regression model, being the response variable the number of observed deaths in each age group for each year for Antofagasta and the rest of Chile. Separate calculations were made for men and women. RESULTS UTUC hospital discharges were significantly higher in the affected region (peak RR 5.5; 95%CI: 4.1 - 7.3). There were 220 UTUC-specific deaths in Chile between 1983 and 2009; 74 (34%) of them occurred in Antofagasta, where only 3.5% of the Chilean population lives. Mortality rates for UTUC were higher in this region during the analyzed period, reaching peak mortality rates of 79.2/100,000 in men and 33.2/100,000 in women. Poisson regression models showed increased mortality risk in the studied region compared to the rest of the country until present time for men (IRR 21.7; 95%CI: 15.4 - 30.7) and women (IRR 16.9; 95%CI: 10.4 - 27.5). Age at time of cancer-specific death was significantly lower in the exposed region than in the rest of the country (mean age 61.5; 95%CI: 58.9 - 63.9 vs. mean age 69.5; 95% CI: 67.7- 71.2; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Similar to bladder cancer, exposure to arsenic is clearly related to a significant need for UTUC health care and high mortality rates, even twenty years after having controlled arsenic levels in drinking-water. Affected populations should be aware of the significant impact of this ecologic factor and urologists should play an important role in defining strategies for early detection and management of UTUC in these exposed individuals. © 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 187Issue 4SApril 2012Page: e32 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2012 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Francisco Lopez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author Mario Fernandez Santiago, Chile More articles by this author Fernando Coz Santiago, Chile More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

ATRAZINE EXPOSURE FROM DRINKING WATER AND ADVERSE BIRTH OUTCOMES IN KENTUCKY, U.S.A.

Background and Objectives: Herbicide useis widespread worldwide, with atrazine being one of the most common in the U.S.A. and other countries. Recent studies suggest a possible association betweenatrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes. Kentucky, a largely ruralstate with high atrazine use, ranks among the highest in the U.S.A.in rates of prematurity and low birth weight.We examinedthe relationship between atrazine in drinking water andpreterm births, gestational age and birthweight. Methods: Kentucky birth certificate data were analyzed to assess birth outcomes and other individual-level covariates. Data from 2004-2006 were used for all singleton births toKentucky residents. Atrazine levels in drinkingwater were assessed at the county level using data from the Department of Water andthe Kentucky Geologic Survey.Counties were categorized into tertiles of atrazine exposure (high, moderate, low). Multivariate linear and logistic models were used to assess the potential risk contribution of atrazine to birth weight, gestational age and preterm births (&lt;37 weeks of gestation). Results: A significant risk was observed for preterm births forwomen residing in the high versus low exposure counties while controlling for relevant individual covariates (OR= 1.26; 95% CI 1.19, 1.33). Similar results were found for gestational age as a continuous variable, with a difference of -0.20 weeks (95% C.I. -0.25, -0.16), and for birth weight, with a decrease of -25.8 grams (95% C.I. -34.9,-16.6). Conclusions: The results of this study indicated a modest association between atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes. The results were consistent with similar recent studies.However, due to the ecologic nature of the exposure assessment and the possibility of exposure misclassification further individual-levelresearch is strongly recommended to assess the relationship between atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes.

Geographical distribution of drinking-water with high iodine level and association between high iodine level in drinking-water and goitre: a Chinese national investigation

Excessive iodine intake can cause thyroid function disorders as can be caused by iodine deficiency. There are many people residing in areas with high iodine levels in drinking-water in China. The main aim of the present study was to map the geographical distribution of drinking-water with high iodine level in China and to determine the relationship between high iodine level in drinking-water and goitre prevalence. Iodine in drinking-water was measured in 1978 towns of eleven provinces in China, with a total of 28,857 water samples. We randomly selected children of 8-10 years old, examined the presence of goitre and measured their urinary iodine in 299 towns of nine provinces. Of the 1978 towns studied, 488 had iodine levels between 150 and 300 μg/l in drinking-water, and in 246 towns, the iodine level was >300 μg/l. These towns are mainly distributed along the original Yellow River flood areas, the second largest river in China. Of the 56 751 children examined, goitre prevalence was 6.3 % in the areas with drinking-water iodine levels of 150-300 μg/l and 11.0 % in the areas with drinking-water iodine >300 μg/l. Goitre prevalence increased with water and urinary iodine levels. For children with urinary iodine >1500 μg/l, goitre prevalence was 3.69 times higher than that for those with urinary iodine levels of 100-199 μg/l. The present study suggests that drinking-water with high iodine levels is distributed in eleven provinces of China. Goitre becomes more prevalent with the increase in iodine level in drinking-water. Therefore, it becomes important to prevent goitre through stopping the provision of iodised salt and providing normal drinking-water iodine through pipelines in these areas in China.

The effects of atrazine and temperature on turtle hatchling size and sex ratios

Temperature influences some hormone-governed developmental processes, as do environmental contaminants known as endocrine-disrupting compounds. Although many vertebrates exhibit developmental sensitivity to temperature or contaminants, little research has focused on the potential interaction of these two external influences during development. Here, embryos of the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) are used to model the potential interaction of increased temperature and the herbicide atrazine. The atrazine level selected (0.5 parts per billion) was based on common environmental concentrations and is within the range of federally approved drinking-water levels. Sex ratio was the endpoint of population effect in this study, with an increase in females construed as an effect of either temperature, atrazine, or the two together. Mass, carapace length and width, and plastron length were also assessed as endpoints of individual effects of exposure. Results show that increased temperature or atrazine alone do not affect sex ratio, but that the two interact to significantly increase the female fraction. Plastron length, carapace length and width, and mass were higher in atrazine-exposed turtles kept at the lower temperature, a result with fitness implications.

The Effects of Atrazine and Temperature on Turtle Hatchling Size and Sex Ratios

Temperature influences some hormone-governed developmental processes, as do environmental contaminants known as endocrine-disrupting compounds. Although many vertebrates exhibit developmental sensitivity to temperature or contaminants, little research has focused on the potential interaction of these two external influences during development. Here, embryos of the red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) are used to model the potential interaction of increased temperature and the herbicide atrazine. The atrazine level selected (0.5 parts per billion) was based on common environmental concentrations and is within the range of federally approved drinking-water levels. Sex ratio was the endpoint of population effect in this study, with an increase in females construed as an effect of either temperature, atrazine, or the two together. Mass, carapace length and width, and plastron length were also assessed as endpoints of individual effects of exposure. Results show that increased temperature or atrazine alone do not affect sex ratio, but that the two interact to significantly increase the female fraction. Plastron length, carapace length and width, and mass were higher in atrazine-exposed turtles kept at the lower temperature, a result with fitness implications.

Ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid): Genotoxicity, biodistribution, and subchronic and chronic toxicity in rats

Ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid), EDITEMPA, was tested for oral toxicity in rats in a 13-wk feeding study (at doses of 0, 5, 50 and 500 mg/kg/day) and in a chronic feeding study (at doses of 0, 4, 20 and 100 mg/kg/day). EDITEMPA was also tested for genotoxicity in the Ames, mouse lymphoma, unscheduled DNA synthesis, and in vivo cytogenetics assays. Additionally, absorption, distribution and excretion (ADE) studies were conducted following administration of [ 14C]EDITEMPA to rats by gavage and via the feed and drinking-water. The principal finding in the 13-wk study was mild anaemia in male and female rats given 500 mg/kg/day, which was resolved during a 9-wk recovery period. In the chronic study, there was no substantial evidence of any treatment-related toxicity or carcinogenicity. Differences in survival of control and treated females (noted late in the study) were interpreted to represent unusually good survival in controls; however, a compound-related increase in mortality could not be completely ruled out. Tests for genotoxicity were all negative. ADE studies revealed that [ 14C]EDITEMPA was poorly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and that most of the absorbed dose was rapidly excreted by the kidneys or sequestered in bone. The gavage route of administration led to four- and six-fold increases in bone EDITEMPA levels as compared with administration in the feed and drinking-water, respectively. These results suggest that no significant toxicity or carcinogenicity concerns arise from EDITEMPA when it is administered in the feed at the concentrations tested. Reversible anaemia was seen only at very high doses and was interpreted as being secondary to EDITEMPA's ability to interfere with iron absorption and utilization. Localization of EDITEMPA in bone indicated a high degree of affinity for mineralizing tissues, consistent with its chelating properties. There was, however, no effect on bone resorption or mineralization. A comparison of human drinking-water levels of 3500 ppm EDITEMPA (based on a no-effect level of 100 mg/kg/day in rats) with the estimated worst-case exposure in humans of 0.01 ppm suggested a safety margin greater than 1 × 10 5.

Review of investigations of dichloromethane metabolism and subchronic oral toxicity as the basis for the design of chronic oral studies in rats and mice

In preparation for the design and performance of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice on dichloromethane (methylene chloride; DCM), biochemical, mutagenicity, short-term, metabolic and subchronic feeding studies were carried out. These studies established that it was feasible to present DCM to rodents at adequate levels in drinking-water. Saturation of metabolic pathways was demonstrated in both rats and mice at oral doses of approximately 100 mg/kg. The lowest toxic effect levels after 90 days of treatment were found to be approximately 190 and 580 mg/kg for rats and mice, respectively. Dose, vehicle and the exposure regimen were found to affect DCM challenge to target tissues and its metabolism to CO and CO 2.