Levels In Women Research Articles

Determination of Happiness and Spousal Support Level in Married Women's Relationships During Pandemic Period

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the level of happiness and spousal support in the relationships of married women in the pandemic period. Methods: The sample of the descriptive and relationship-seeking type of research consisted of 1010 married. The data were obtained using the demographic questionnaire, the Relationship Happiness Scale (RHS), and the Spousal Support Scale (SSS). Results: The average of the Relationship Happiness Scale scores of the women participating in the study is 34.16±6.47, while the average of the Spousal Support Scale is 66.61±13.16. There is a statistically significant positive and high-level linear relationship between the RHS scores and the SSS scores (r=0.741). Conclusion: As a result of the research, it was determined that women's levels of spousal support and happiness in their relationships were high. It has been determined that the support women receive from their partners increases the happiness in their relationships.

Mapping the prevalence and covariates associated with home delivery in Bangladesh: A multilevel regression analysis.

Bangladesh has made an intense effort to improve maternal healthcare facilities including facility delivery, but the number of home deliveries is still very high. Therefore, this study aims to find out district-wise prevalence and determine the individual and community-level predictors of home delivery among women in Bangladesh. Data were derived from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019, a nationwide cross-sectional survey in Bangladesh. A final sample of 9,166 (weighted) women who gave birth in the two years preceding the survey were included in this study. Considering the two-stage cluster sampling strategy adopted by MICS, we used multilevel (2-level) logistic regression analysis to find out the correlates of home delivery. The overall weighted prevalence of home delivery was 46.41% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.39-47.43). The highest prevalence was observed in Bandarban district (84.58%), while the lowest was found in Meherpur district (6.95%). The intercept-only regression model demonstrates that the likelihood of women from various clusters having home delivery varied significantly (variance: 1.47, standard error [SE]: 0.117), indicating the applicability of multilevel regression modeling. The multilevel regression analysis showed that women with higher education, wealth status and ANC visit, and those aged >18 years at first marriage/union were associated with lower odds of delivering child at home compared to their counterparts. While women from age group of 35-49 years, whose last pregnancy was unintended were more likely to deliver child at home. In addition, those respondents belonging to a community that had higher wealth status, women's education level, and exposure to media showed lower odds of having delivery at home. The finding indicates that delivery at home is still high in Bangladesh. Targeted interventions to reduce home delivery are urgently needed in Bangladesh to tackle adversities during deliveries and save mothers from the consequences.

The Effect of Murottal Al-Qur'an on the Anxiety of Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester in the Independent Practice of Midwives in the Bandung City Region

Background: Anxiety is still widespread among pregnant women in Indonesia, and the frequency of this condition is relatively significant. During the third trimester of pregnancy, pregnant women experience a higher level of anxiety compared to the previous trimester. This is because they are more concerned about the labor and delivery procedure that they will go through as well as the pain that they will face during the birth process—taking in the murottal of the Al-Qur'an, which has the potential to induce a soothing effect. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate how murottal Al-Qur'an influences third trimester pregnant women's anxiety level. Methode: The study design was a quasi-experiment with a control design that was used before and after the experiment. The study sample was made up of 60 pregnant women from Bandung who were in their third trimester and were between 28 and 36 weeks along. There were 30 expecting women in each of the two groups: the control group and the intervention group. Anxiety observation sheets were used to gather information. The results were looked at with the Mann Whitney test. Result: The intervention group was found to have a mean difference of 9.27, while the control group had a mean difference of 1.17. The Mann-Whitney test results, which were obtained by comparing the posttest results of the intervention group and the control group, indicated that murottal Al-Qur'an had a significant impact on the reduction of anxiety in third-trimester expectant women (p value = 0.017 < 0.05). Conclusion: Murottal al-Qur'an affects anxiety of third-trimester pregnant women.. Suggestion: It is hoped that future researchers will carry out further research by adding variables that can influence the anxiety of pregnant women in the third trimester and a larger number of respondents studied.

The influence of pregnant women's anxiety levels on fetal well-being and pregnancy complications: A cross-sectional study in Lombok, Indonesia

Pregnant women are a vulnerable group who are at risk of experiencing physiological changes that result in a partial decrease in immunity. Pregnancy with anxiety for pregnant women, which can affect maternal health, hinder development, cause emotional disturbances at birth, and even result in pregnancy complications. This type of research is observational-analytic with a cross-sectional design from January to June 2021. The population in this study is all third-trimester pregnant women at the Mataram City Regional Health Center and West Lombok Regency. There were 228 respondents in the study, taken using the accidental sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by accessing medical record data and filling out questionnaires for pregnant women who underwent examinations. The results of the chi square test showed that there was a relationship between anxiety and pregnancy complications with a p value of 0.0000 (p < 0.05) and a relationship between anxiety and fetal heart rate with a p value of 0.007 (p < 0.05). The ANOVA test results also showed that there was a simultaneous influence of fetal heart rate and pregnancy complications on anxiety in pregnant women, with a significance value of 0.0000 (p < 0.05) and an effect size of 74.6%. This research shows that early detection and management of anxiety during pregnancy is very necessary to prevent and minimize the occurrence of pregnancy complications and disruption of fetal well-being, which is characterized by an abnormal fetal heart rate.

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Levels in Women with Different Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and its Correlation with Lipid and Hormonal Profile

Assessment of Oxidative Stress Levels in Women with Different Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and its Correlation with Lipid and Hormonal Profile

Examining the Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Pregnancy Distress in Pregnant Women

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between pregnant women's spiritual well-being levels and their pregnancy-related stress. Material and Methods: The sample of the descriptive and correlational study consisted of 250 pregnant women aged 18 years and over with the 12th week of pregnancy and above who were admitted to the Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic of a Training and Research Hospital between November 2020 and April 2021 and who agreed to participate in the study. The data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale (TPDS). The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical program was used to evaluate the data. Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was 26.5±5.3 years. It was determined that 39.6% of the pregnant women were secondary school graduates, 72% had planned pregnancies, 31.6% were primiparous and 60% were in the third trimester. A statistically significant, negative, and weak relationship was found between the spiritual well-being levels of pregnant women and pregnancy-related stress (r=-0.33, p≤ 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the spiritual well-being of pregnant women was determined to be high, and pregnancy-related stress was found to be low. However, it was found that as the spiritual well-being of pregnant women increased, their pregnancy-related stress decreased.

Young Black Women's Breast Cancer Knowledge and Beliefs: A Sequential Explanatory Mixed MethodsStudy.

Black women under the age of 50 have a 111% higher breast cancer mortality rate than their White counterparts. The breast cancer mortality disparities among young Black women may be due in part to the fact that they are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage, invasive breast cancer tumors. Psychosocial factors, such as lack of perceived risk for breast cancer, lack of awareness of breast cancer risk factors, and ambiguity about breast cancer screening guidelines are areas that are under investigated among young Black women. The purpose of this study was to identify young Black women's cancer beliefs and level of breast cancer risk knowledge. A sequential explanatory mixed methods study was conducted using quantitative data from the Health Information Trends Survey 6 (HINTS 6) (n = 25) and qualitative data from interviews with young Black female college students (n = 13). The results of the quantitative data analysis were used to guide the development of the qualitative interview guide. Data regarding participants' cancer beliefs, cancer risk factor knowledge, perceived cancer risk, and ambiguity about cancer screening behaviors were analyzed. The findings indicated young Black women have low perceived risk of developing cancer. Most participants were not aware of cancer recommendations that were targeted towards women under the age of 40. In addition, knowledge about lifestyle behavior risk factors for breast cancer was relatively low. Our findings underscore the importance of developing, disseminating, and implementing breast cancer education interventions that are targeted towards young Black women.

Residential food environment and dietary antioxidant consumption among pregnant women: Modifying effects of socioeconomic factors and ethnic identity

BackgroundResidential food environment influences dietary patterns, however the impact of individuals' perceived social identity on their antioxidant intake, an indicator of healthy dietary patterns, remains underexplored. ObjectiveWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data collected in a longitudinal cohort. In the study, we aimed to investigate the interactions between the food environment and two indicators of social identity, specifically a subjective ladder measure of socioeconomic status (SES) and the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) score, in relation to dietary antioxidant intake (DAI) among n = 512 Boston and NYC-resident pregnant women. MethodsThe modified Retail Food Environment Index (mRFEI) was calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's equation, with higher scores indicating a healthier food environment. DAI was estimated by summing standardized data from six micronutrients (magnesium, selenium, zinc, and vitamins A, C, and E) obtained through the Block98 Food Frequency Questionnaires administered during pregnancy, with higher scores indicating increased intake. The mRFEI and DAI were dichotomized based on a median split. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regressions were used to analyze associations, both with and without considering women's subjective SES or MEIM levels as effect modifiers. ResultsWomen were racially/ethnically mixed (19.2 % White, 42.7 % Black, and 33.1 % Hispanic) with 32.2 % reporting more than high school education. In the main effect models, no significant association was observed between mRFEI and DAI. Women with higher MEIM scores exhibited higher DAI [Odds ratio (OR) =1.85, 95 % Confidence interval (CI) = 1.26–2.73]. Exploratory interaction models showed that subjective SES significantly modified the association (p-value for interaction = 0.03), specifically, women perceiving themselves to have a lower SES compared to their community (n = 45) exhibited a significantly positive association between mRFEI and DAI. ConclusionThese findings suggest that women perceiving their SES to be lower than their neighborhoods may benefit from better access to healthy food.

Determinants of Caesarean Deliveries in Bangladesh: A Multilevel Analysis of a Nationwide Population-Based Survey

Caesarean section, a frequently conducted surgical procedure in obstetrics, is instrumental in safeguarding the well-being of both mothers and infants by addressing complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. While it significantly contributes to reducing maternal and infant mortality rates, its overuse can pose serious health risks. The prevalence of caesarean deliveries has surged globally, including in Bangladesh. This rise in caesarean deliveries has prompted this research to investigate the prevalence and various associated factors in the country. To achieve the study objectives, data were extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) conducted from 2017 to 2018. After preprocessing the data, a total of 4,884 women were included in the study. Frequency analysis was conducted to illustrate the distribution of sociodemographic characteristics among Bangladeshi women. Chi-square tests were performed to assess their association with caesarean delivery. Furthermore, multi-level logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the variables that have a significant impact on the likelihood of caesarean delivery. The study revealed that in Bangladesh, the prevalence of caesarean section deliveries was approximately 33.1%, with the majority of these occurring in the Dhaka division, accounting for approximately 25.3%. Women aged 20 or older were 1.62 times more likely to opt for a C-section during childbirth (OR 1.62, [1.38-1.89]) compared to those under 20. Overweight or obese women had twice the likelihood of delivering via C-section. Higher socioeconomic status also increased the probability of choosing a caesarean delivery. Women who had exposure to any form of media were 57% more likely to opt for a caesarean delivery (OR 1.57 [1.31-1.87]), while not working women had a 48% higher likelihood of having a C-section. Additionally, the study found that the use of caesarean delivery was positively associated with the husband's education level, the number of children previously born, and the number of antenatal care visits. The study revealed that the rate of C-sections in Bangladesh surpasses WHO recommendations significantly. It also identified various factors driving this trend, including women's education levels, socioeconomic status, media exposure, female obesity, age at first childbirth, and husband’s education. These insights may serve as a foundation for developing strategies to regulate the caesarean delivery rate. Urgent policy directives are essential within Bangladesh's healthcare system, coupled with vigilant monitoring of clinical indications for C-sections, to mitigate the adverse effects of unnecessary procedures. Jagannath University Journal of Science, Volume 11, Number 1, June 2024, pp. 31−44

Less than one in five teenage women in Ethiopia know about emergency contraception.

Teenage women's fertility health faces significant challenges from unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions. Using an emergency contraception within a defined time period could prevent unintended pregnancy and its damaging consequences, like unintended childbirth and unsafe abortion. Despite it being an appropriate contraception, the knowledge of teenage women about emergency contraception is lower among women in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the magnitude of emergency contraception knowledge and its associated factors among teenage women in Ethiopia. Data for this study was obtained from the recent Demographic and Health Surveys. A total weighted sample of 3,381 teenage reproductive women were included. The significant associated factors with emergency contraception knowledge among teenage reproductive women were determined by fitting a multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression model. Finally, Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval and a P value of less than 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. In Ethiopia, the magnitude of teenage women who knew about emergency contraception was 19.47% (95%CI: 18.17, 20.84). Age 17 years (AOR = 1.76, 95%CI, 1.24, 2.48) and age 19 years (AOR = 2.18, 95%CI, 1.47, 3.22), primary education level (AOR = 2.76, 95%CI, 1.60, 4.76), secondary and above educational level (AOR = 4.70, 95%CI, 2.62, 8.44), being protestant followers (AOR = 0.63, 95%CI, 0.45, 0.87), being muslim followers (AOR = 0.68, 95%CI, 0.49, 0.93), media exposure (AOR = 3.36, 95%CI, 2.59, 4.34), rural residence (AOR = 0.45; 95%CI: 0.22, 0.86), and high community level education (AOR = 140, 95%CI: 1.32, 2.00) were factors significantly associated with knowledge of emergency contraception among teenage women. This finding concluded that less than one in five teenage women knew about emergency contraception in Ethiopia. The knowledge of emergency contraception among teenage women in Ethiopia was substantially associated with women's age, education level, religion, media exposure, residency and community-level education. Hence, there is a need to implement comprehensive awareness programs and promotion of emergency contraception as a way of curbing cases of unintended pregnancies among teenage women. Government and non-governmental organizations should design targeted educational initiatives and media campaigns to improve emergency contraception knowledge among young teenagers, women with lower educational backgrounds, and rural teenagers.

Determinants of Fertility Intentions among South Koreans: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background/objectives: This study aims to systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis of factors influencing fertility intentions among South Koreans. This research is crucial given South Korea's lowest-in-the-world fertility rate of 0.72 in 2023, necessitating rapid and effective policies to address this demographic challenge; (2) Methods: Articles published from database inception through April 2024 were collected from five Korean databases using keywords based on the PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) framework. Following PRISMA guidelines, 35 articles were selected. The effect sizes and network of predictors related to fertility intention were analyzed using the R statistical package; (3) Results: A meta-analysis of the effect sizes of factors influencing fertility intentions revealed that the husband's involvement in parenting (ESr = 0.131), women's education level (ESr = 0.127), socioeconomic status (ESr = 0.116), and the expected gender of the child (ESr = 0.068) showed statistically significant positive effects. Conversely, women's age (ESr = -0.175), parental stress (ESr = -0.146), and household labor ratio (ESr = -0.117) showed statistically significant negative effects. The network analysis further elucidated the complex interrelationships among these factors; (4) Conclusions: This study suggests the need for multifaceted policy approaches to address Korea's low fertility, emphasizing promoting men's participation in parenting, supporting women's education and career development, reducing parenting stress, supporting work-family balance, and ensuring economic stability. These findings provide important insights for policymakers and researchers addressing the complex issue of low fertility in South Korea and may inform more effective interventions to boost fertility rates.

Childhood Maltreatment and Electrodermal Reactivity to Stress Among Pregnant Women.

There are competing theoretical hypotheses regarding the consequences of early adversity, such as childhood maltreatment, for individuals' autonomic nervous system activity. Research examining potential implications of child maltreatment for sympathetic nervous system activity, specifically, is scarce. In this preregistered study, we examined whether childhood maltreatment history is associated with pregnant adults' sympathetic responses to different stressors. This population is particularly relevant, given potential intergenerational consequences of pregnant individuals' physiological responses to stress. Pregnant women's (N=162) electrodermal levels were recorded while completing the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), which elicits social-evaluative threat, and while watching a video of an unfamiliar infant crying, which was intended to activate the attachment system. Pregnant women's retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment were negatively associated with their electrodermal reactivity to the TSST and to the video of the infant crying. Follow-up analyses indicated that these associations were specific to reported experiences of childhood abuse and not childhood neglect. Altogether, these findings indicate that self-reported childhood maltreatment experiences, and childhood abuse in particular, may result in blunted activity of the sympathetic nervous system in response to multiple types of stressors.

Postpartum Depression Levels in Women After the Application of Assisted Reproduction Techniques and Their Affecting Factors

Objective: This study was carried out to determine postpartum depression levels and their affecting factors in women who became women after the application of assisted reproductive techniques. Methods: The study is descriptive and cross-sectional and was conducted with mothers (n=93) who had babies as a result of treatment at the infertility clinic of Cukurova University Hospital. Research data were collected using the “Personal Information Form” and “Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS)”. In the analysis of the research data, descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Kruskall Wallis and Mann Whitney U test were employed. Results: The EPDS mean score of the women in the study was determined to be 18.22± 3.22 and 94.6% of them were at risk for postpartum depression. Statistically significant differences were found between the EPDS mean score of the mothers and the gender of the baby they want to have, experiencing anxiety, and sharing problems with their spouse (p0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that mothers who have a baby as a result of infertility treatment are at risk for postpartum depression. Although a healthy outcome of pregnancies obtained as a result of treatment is eagerly awaited by the mothers, it also poses a risk for postpartum infertile mothers.

The Relationship between Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Postmenopausal women frequently encounter a range of symptoms, including fatigue, diminished physical strength, reduced energy levels, vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes, and vaginal atrophy, all of which adversely affect their overall quality of life. Engaging in physical activity and structured exercise may effectively alleviate these symptoms and enhance overall well-being. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity and quality of life in postmenopausal Greek women. This cross-sectional clinical study included 219 postmenopausal women. Women with natural menopause for at least 12 consecutive months were enrolled in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The female participants were asked to fill out the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) instrument. Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, and waist circumference measurements. A total of 219 postmenopausal women with an age of 61.4 ± 6.1 years and body mass index (BMI) of 25.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2 were studied. Out of the total postmenopausal women studied, 64.8% were physically active. The mean value of MET-min/week was M = 1383.46 ± 1030.12. Physical activity among postmenopausal Greek women showed a strong correlation of PA with quality of life (r = 0.5; p ≤ 0.001) and age (r = 0.55; p ≤ 0.001) and a medium correlation with the HADS (r = 0.4; p ≤ 0.05). There was a 64.8% prevalence of physically active postmenopausal Greek women. The findings underscore the significance of fostering physical activity and quality of life among postmenopausal women to formulate efficacious therapeutic interventions. The results demonstrate a correlation between physical activity and the age of female participants, quality of life, and the HADS and can be used to improve postmenopausal women's physical activity levels, which is recommended as a strategy for improving the quality of life in postmenopausal women.

Study the Effect of IL-1beta on Thyroid Hormones Levels in Women with Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism in the City of Ramadi

Thyroiditis is a medical condition of particular concern due to its diverse causes, including autoimmune factors, drug-induced inflammatory causes or fibrotic process, the most common of which is thyroiditis and includes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The study aimed to measure interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and compare it with the studied groups and the hormones TSH, T3, T4 and their relationship with IL-1β. The study included investigating the relationship between IL-1β and thyroid patients in females aged between (18-60) in the city of Ramadi as well as knowing the relationship between thyroid hormones (TSH, T4, T3) and IL-1β. 45 samples were collected from Ramadi Teaching Hospital. The current study showed that there was a significant increase in the level of IL-1β compared to the control group in hypothyroid patients at a significant level (P≤0.05), which was (2.3497ng/dl). There were no significant differences in the level of IL-1β in patients with hyperthyroidism at a significant level (P≤0.05), which was (ng/dl 2.0690) compared to the control group. The study showed that there is an inverse relationship between TSH and IL-1β (0.858) and a positive relationship between T4 and IL-1β (0.809) .We conclude from the study that interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) has an effect on the thyroid gland, especially hypothyroidism, as it showed a highly significant increase in IL-1β in patients with hypothyroidism and no significant differences in IL-1β, as IL-1β affects thyroid hormones

How does Yoga Exercise affect Anxiety in Pregnant Women? : Pre-Experimental Study

Anxious during pregnancy not only impacts pregnant women's health, but it may also interfere with the delivery process, resulting in early labor, extended labor, cesarean delivery, and low birth weight. According to WHO estimates, psychiatric illnesses affect around 10% of pregnant women and 13% of postpartum women globally. This frequency is greater in underdeveloped nations among pregnant women (15.6%) and postpartum women (19.8%). The goal of this study is to determine the effect of prenatal yoga exercise on the anxiety of pregnant women at TPMB Mamah Suhaeriah in 2022. Method for doing research This sort of study employs the Pre-Experimental technique, using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Total sampling was used, and there were 20 responders in total. An observation sheet was employed as the study instrument. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test was performed to analyze the data. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank test yielded a p-value of 0.000, which is less than the threshold of 0.05. This indicates that Ha is accepted. Conclusion: Prenatal yoga practice has an influence on pregnant women's anxiety levels at TPMB Mamah Suhaeriah in 2022. Pregnant women are advised to manage their psychological condition effectively and to exercise often, since exercise has good benefits for survival during pregnancy

Determination of Women's Belief Levels Regarding Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Vaccine and Hesitations towards Vaccination

Objective: To determine women's belief levels regarding Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and vaccine and their hesitation towards the vaccine. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional research type. The sample of the study consisted of 504 women who met the inclusion criteria. The data was collected between 10.04.2023-10.07.2023 by face-to-face interview method. Introductory Information Form, Health Belief Model Scale for Human Papilloma Virus and its Vaccination, and Scale of Vaccine Hesitancy were used to collect data. Results: The average age of women is 34.82±7.857 and 57.2% do not want to get HPV vaccine for themselves, 56% for their daughters and 79.8% for their sons. None of the women had received HPV vaccination and 83.3% had not received information about HPV infection and vaccination before. Health belief scale model regarding HPV infection and vaccine benefit perception mean score is 7.12±2.330, susceptibility perception mean score is 12.76±2.499, seriousness perception mean score is 4.39±1.374 and obstacle perception mean score is 9.95±2.733. 'Stop. The total score average of the Scale of Vaccine Hesitancy is 32.03±7.598, the lack of confidence score average is 24.92±6.924, and the risks score average is 7.11±1.416. Conclusion: Women's knowledge levels about HPV infection and vaccination are low, their perception of susceptibility to health beliefs regarding HPV infection and vaccination is high, and their perception of benefits, seriousness and obstacles is low. Women's hesitations and lack of confidence in the HPV vaccine are at a moderate level, and the opinion that the vaccine has risks is at a high level.

Chinese women's years of education and subjective well-being: an empirical analysis based on ordered Logit model and coupling coordination model.

In modern society, the improvement of women's education level has become one of the important indicators of national development and social progress. Although there are many useful explorations on the relationship between education and subjective well-being, the research on women's years of education and subjective well-being is very limited. The article focuses on women's years of education to determine whether and how to affect subjective well-being. This study is based on the China general social survey in 2021. The ordered Logit model was used to analyze the impact of women's years of education on subjective well-being, and a binary coupling coordination model was constructed to test the above two variables. The results show that the longer the education years of women, the stronger the subjective well-being. The benchmark regression results show that women's years of education have positive and negative effects on subjective well-being through economic status, physical and mental health, ecological environment, social cognition and personal cognition. The analysis of coupling coordination degree shows that the coupling between the years of education and subjective well-being of women in coastal areas and economically developed areas is the strongest, and the subjective well-being is better realized by increasing the years of education. Based on the above research results, this paper provides some practical suggestions for improving women's subjective well-being, and provides some valuable references for women to effectively balance husband-wife relationship, family relationship and work relationship, improve women's years of education and better obtain happiness.

Inequalities in the demand and unmet need for contraception among women in four regions of Ethiopia.

Unmet need for family planning is a major cause of unwanted pregnancies, which may contribute to the death of mothers and children. The aim of this study is to examine inequalities in the demand and unmet need for contraception among women in four regions (i.e., Afar, Benishangul-Gumzu, Gambela and Somali regions) of Ethiopia. The study utilized data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS), collected from 3,343 women of reproductive age 15-49 years situated in these study regions. Multilevel binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis, concentration index, and multivariate decomposition analysis were employed. The study revealed that women's employment status, education level, household wealth index, total number of children ever born, and husband's working status had a statistically significant association with the demand for contraception. Furthermore, women's educational level, household size, wealth index and husband's working status had statistically significant association with unmet need for contraception. The results of the concentration index indicated that illiteracy among respondents (56%), being in the richest economic status/ wealth index (41%) and non-working status of respondents (21%) contributed substantially to the inequality in the demand for contraception use. Illiteracy of the husband (197%) and the household size less than or equal to five (184%) contributed positively, but illiteracy of respondent (-249%) and unemployment status of respondents (-119%) contributed negatively to the existing inequality in unmet need for contraception. The findings of this study highlight the presence of unacceptably high inequality in the demand and unmet need for contraception among women in the four study regions. Policymakers should give due attention to reducing existing socio-economic inequality to address the high unmet need for family planning and increase demand for contraception in these regions. The study strongly recommends implementing multidimensional and multisectoral approaches, which will significantly reduce inequalities in the outcome variables.

Influence of Pain, Risk Factors, and Functional Ability on Physical Activity Levels in Women with Anterior Knee Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objectives: Anterior knee pain (AKP) refers to chronic prepatellar pain and is one of the most common knee complaints in physically active women. This condition can significantly affect daily activities and overall quality of life. This study aims to assess the impact of pain, risk factors, and functional ability on different levels of physical activity (comparing low versus moderate activity) in women with AKP. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved fifty-six women diagnosed with AKP (aged 20-45 years) who were equally allocated into low and moderate physical activity groups. Their AKP and functional ability were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and double squats and step-down tests, respectively. Possible risk factors were assessed using the Q-angle, modified Thomas test, sit and reach test, and patellar glide test. A person's correlation coefficient and independent t-tests were used to determine the relationship and the differences between these variables while keeping the confidence interval level at 95%. Result: Women with moderate activity levels showed significantly higher scores on the VAS than those with low activity levels (p = 0.040). However, both groups had no significant difference in their functional ability or potential risk factors (p > 0.05). Additionally, their functional ability (double squat) showed a positive association with hamstring flexibility (Pearson correlation coefficient [r]:0.3; p = 0.006). Conclusions: Women with AKP who were engaged in moderate physical activity experienced higher levels of pain compared to those with low activity levels. These findings underscore the urgent need for further investigation into different levels of physical activity to develop appropriate prevention and treatment strategies for women with AKP.