Levels Of Triticale Research Articles

ESTABLISHING OF THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TRITICALE IN COMPOUND FEED FOR GROWING PIGS

Two scientific experiments with growing pigs, starting immediately after weaning were conducted in the Agricultural Institute - Shumen. The first experiment was carried out with three groups of 16, or a total of 48 pigs from the cross ♀ Danube White x (English Landrace x Pietrain) x ♂ Danish Landrace. The second experiment was set up with three groups of 12 pigs or a total of 36 pigs from the cross ♀ Danube White x ♂ (Danube White x Duroc). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of different levels of triticale on productivity in formulas for growing pigs. Triticale has a better amino acid composition and a lower crude fiber content than wheat. The substitution of 50% and 100% of wheat in the compound feed in protein equivalent with triticale does not affect the daily feed consumption, growth intensity and feed conversion per kg of gain in growing pigs from crossbred ♀ Danube White x (English Landrace x Pietrain) x ♂ Danish Landrace. Triticale can successfully replace wheat in compound feed for growing pigs.

Effects of including triticale on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and growth-related genes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Triticale is a promising plant ingredient as a source of protein and carbohydrates which is recommended for aquafeed. Therefore, five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to include triticale at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% and fed for Nile tilapia (14.4 ± 0.02 g) for 60 days. The obtained results revealed that no significant linear or quadratic effects were observed on the FBW, WG, and SGR due to using triticale in tilapia diets up to 20% level (P > .05). The FCR was also insignificantly affected by triticale incorporation and represented low values ranged between 1.2 and 1.26 kg diet/kg fish body weight. The body moisture, crude protein, and ash compositions recorded linearly and quadratically insignificant differences among the groups fed varying levels of triticale. However, tilapia fed 20% level of triticale displayed significantly increased ether extract in the whole body (P < .05). The activities of amylase, lipase, and protease were decreased considerably by feeding triticale at 20% (P < .05), whereas tilapia fed triticale at 5, 10, and 15% exhibited insignificant differences with fish fed the control diet. The detected hematological and biochemical blood variables indicated that tilapia fed with or without triticale were in a stable health condition (P > .05). The immunity status revealed insignificant differences among the fish fed varying levels of triticale. However, feeding with triticale increased the activities of SOD and GPx (P < .05), while no differences (P > .05) were shown on the activity of CAT and the concentration of MDA. The incorporation of triticale in tilapia diet did not influence the expressions of IGF-1, FAS, LPL, and myostatin in which probably refers to the regular growth of fish under the current trial conditions (P > .05). In conclusion, the obtained results revealed that using triticale at 5–20% has no adverse effects on the growth performance, blood variables, and immune response of Nile tilapia.

Use of multivariate statistics to separate allelopathic and competitive factors influencing weed suppression ability in winter wheat

Bertholdsson N‐O (2011). Use of multivariate statistics to separate allelopathic and competitive factors influencing weed suppression ability in winter wheat. Weed Research51, 273–283.SummaryThere is an increasing interest in an integrated, less herbicide‐dependent approach to weed management, based on combinations of cultivation practices and competitive crops. More competitive cultivars are essential to this approach and breeders need to know how to breed such. It is known that early vigour and extensive early season vegetative growth are important traits. The questions are, which is most efficient to use in breeding and if allelopathy should be bred for? Weed suppressive ability (WSA) of 12 winter wheat, two rye and two triticale cultivars was studied in a 2‐year field trial with natural weeds and under‐sown Apera spica‐venti and rapeseed (Brassica napus). Crop biomass, shoot length, straw length and plantlet root length and root weight were analysed. Biomass growth in autumn and spring was studied in weed‐free plots using multispectral analysis. Grain yield, winter hardiness and maturity data were collected from official variety tests in Sweden. Allelopathic activity was assessed with use of a bioassay. Factor analysis showed that early season crop biomass and allelopathy were two traits explaining most of the variance in weed biomass. It was predicted by partial least square regression models that weed biomass could be reduced by 60%, if both crop biomass and allelopathy are improved to the levels of triticale. An improvement of allelopathy alone should reduce weed biomass by 18–28%. The factor analysis and multivariate models showed that WSA could be improved without a negative trade‐off in grain yield or winter hardiness.

TRITICALE USE IN BROILER CHICKEN DIETS AND ITS EFFECT ON PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY FATTENING

The purpose of the present studies was to determine the best replacement level of corn by triticale in diets for broilers and effects of different levels of triticale in the diet on production performance, economic efficiency and carcass characteristics of broiler. Substituting 30% of the corn in the feed for triticale did not significantly change the production performances of chickens, but the 60% substitution ratio negatively influenced weight gain, feed intake and the degree of feed capitalization. The high presence of triticales in the feed of broiler chicken led to the decrease of slaughter output and to the deterioration of carcass fat quality, in the sense that the heft of saturated fatty acids increased, at the expense of polyunsaturated ones. Moreover, a significant increase in the viscosity of the intestinal chyle was recorded when triticales were present in the feed, which reduced the speed of intestinal transit and, accordingly, the daily intake and the degree of feed capitalization. The costs for fodder needed to obtain a 1 kg weight gain or a 1 kg carcass meat were 5.25 – 9.69% lower and respectively 4.43 – 7.30% lower by substituting 30% and respectively 60% of the corn in the feed for triticales.

Inclusão do triticale em rações para alevinos de piavuçu, &lt;em&gt;Leporinus macrocephalus&lt;/em&gt; (Garavello &amp; Britski, 1988)

An evaluation of triticale in meals for piavuçu fry Leporinus macrocephalus (Characiformes, Anostomidae) is provided. Two hundred and forty fry, initial mean weight 1.70&plusmn;0.03g, were distributed in randomized blocks with six treatments and five repetitions in 30 120L-compartamentized ponds in five amianthus 1000L-tanks, with eight fishes in each pond. Six inclusion levels of triticale were used in meals: 0.00; 5.14; 10.29; 15.43; 20.58 and 25.72%. Inclusion levels had no influence (p > 0.05) on mean final weight, mean weight gain, apparent food conversion, protein efficiency rate, survival and economic viability (costs/gained kg). Physical and chemical parameters were kept within limits recommended for species. Triticale may therefore represent 25.72% of meal without any impairment in fish development. Nevertheless, its use will depend on availability and market price.

Uso do triticale (Triticum turgidosecale) na alimentação de suínos em crescimento (25 - 60 kg)

Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar o desempenho e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes (matéria seca, matéria orgânica e energia bruta e o coeficiente de metabolização da energia bruta) das rações contendo triticale. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração à base de milho e farelo de soja e outras três com 33, 66 e 100% de substituição do milho pelo triticale. No primeiro experimento, 144 suínos na fase de crescimento (25,27 - 59,60 kg PV) foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos, quatro repetições e nove animais (cinco fêmeas e quatro machos) por unidade experimental. No segundo experimento, 12 suínos machos, com peso médio inicial de 32,14 kg, foram alojados em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. O método da coleta total de fezes e urina foi usado neste experimento. A inclusão de níveis crescentes de triticale não influiu no ganho de peso médio e no consumo de ração, porém melhorou linearmente a conversão alimentar e reduziu linearmente o custo da ração por quilograma de peso vivo ganho. A inclusão de triticale reduziu linearmente o coeficiente de digestibilidade da energia bruta das rações experimentais.

Effect of high inclusion levels of triticale in diets for laying hens containing 30% field beans

The partial replacement of maize by triticale in diets for hens did not affect feed consumption, laying rate, or feed to gain ratio, but mean egg weight increased slightly with increasing levels of triticale. When the highest level of triticale was fed in the absence of field beans, eggs weighed the heaviest. The intensity of yolk colour was reduced as inclusion of triticale increased.

Nutritive Value of Triticale as a Feed Ingredient for Broiler Chickens

Five experiments involving 10,080 chickens were used to evaluate the effects of feeding diets containing 0, 15, 30 and 45% triticale. Diets were calculated to be isoenergic and isonitrogenous. The effect of using supplementary lysine in diets with escalating levels of triticale was included in these studies. Mortality rates were significantly different (P>.05) among dietary treatments. Dietary effects on feed conversion were inconsistent, with two experiments providing evidence of a significant depression in feed efficiency associated with feeding triticale up to 21 days of age, but results from the other three experiments showing no detrimental effects. Body weights tended to be depressed at the higher dietary levels of triticale; this was particularly evident at 21 days of age. Supplementing starter diets with lysine did not correct this problem. Evidence indicates that growth inhibition associated with triticale limits its practical use to not more than 15% in broiler chicken diets; furthermore, damp litter conditions were also associated with the 30 and 45% dietary levels of triticale.

DIGESTIBILITY AND ACCEPTABILITY OF OAC WINTRI TRITICALE BY GROWING PIGS

The digestibility and acceptability of OAC Wintri triticale were evaluated in two trials. In trial 1, three diets in which triticale replaced 0, 50 or 100% of corn were fed to 12 barrows individually housed in digestion crates. No significant difference was observed in dry matter digestibility among diets. Daily fecal nitrogen, daily absorbed nitrogen and apparent protein digestibility adjusted to equal nitrogen intake responded quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) to increasing levels of triticale in the diets. There were no significant differences in daily retained nitrogen, apparent biological value or net protein utilization among diets. Gross energy digestibility, digestible energy (MJ kg−1) or metabolizable energy (MJ kg−1) were not different among diets. The second trial involved pair-feeding 48 pigs (average initial weight 36.7 kg) for 28 d to ascertain the acceptability of triticale to pigs utilizing the same diets as in trial 1. Increasing levels of dietary triticale resulted in a linear reduction (P &lt; 0.001) in feed consumption and growth rate with pigs fed ad libitum. Feed efficiency was poorest when pigs consumed the highest level of triticale. The pair-feeding experiment indicated that pigs fed the diet in which triticale replaced 100% of the corn had a lower growth rate than pigs fed the corn diet even though feed intake on the two diets was similar. In summary therefore, all diets had a similar digestibility. OAC Wintri triticale was less acceptable to pigs, presumably due to poorer palatability, and resulted in lower daily gain than corn. The pair-feeding trial indicated that unknown antinutritional factors may be responsible for part of the poor performance of pigs fed this variety of triticale. Key words: OAC Wintri triticale, digestibility, acceptability, performance, growing pigs

OAC WINTRI TRITICALE IN DIETS OF GROWING SWINE

Two performance trials and two metabolism trials were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of two samples of OAC Wintri triticale for growing swine. The samples of triticale contained 15.5% (triticale A) or 10% (triticale B) protein on a dry matter basis. In trial 1, each sample replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of protein from corn in a 15% protein (as-fed) corn-soybean meal diet. Diets had a constant soybean meal level and cornstarch was added as appropriate to make diets isonitrogenous. Each diet was fed to five individually penned pigs (average weight 22 kg). Forty-eight pigs were utilized in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of triticale sample (triticale A or triticale B), dietary protein (15 or 17%) and percent corn replaced (0, 50 or 100%) in trial 2. Soybean meal in diets was adjusted as appropriate to obtain a 15 or 17% protein diet. Daily gain (P &lt; 0.10) and feed consumption (P &lt; 0.05) were greater for pigs fed triticale B than triticale A in both experiments. While feed efficiency was not different between the two samples of triticale in trial 1, triticale B had better (P &lt; 0.01) feed efficiency than triticale A in trial 2. The corn-soybean meal diet promoted faster gains and higher feed consumption (P &lt; 0.05) than the triticale A-soybean meal diet. As the level of triticale A in the diets increased, daily gain, feed intake and feed efficiency declined in both trials. Digestible and metabolizable energy values (kcal g−1) declined (P &lt; 0.01) linearly as level of triticale in the diet increased. Dry matter digestibility declined (P &lt; 0.01) as the level of triticale increased in trial 2 and as the level of triticale B in diets increased in trial 1. There was no change in dry matter digestibility as the level of triticale A in diets increased in trial 1. Biological value and net protein utilization were lower (P &lt; 0.01) for diets containing triticale A than triticale B. Level of triticale in diets did not affect apparent protein digestibility, biological value and net protein utilization (P &gt; 0.10) in either trial. In a soybean-meal-supplemented diet, the energy value of triticale relative to corn appears to be about 90%. Key words: OAC Wintri triticale, digestibility, energy, pigs, performance, protein

Performance of pigs given diets containing different levels of triticale

ABSTRACTSixty crossbred female and male castrate pigs were randomly allocated to five treatments in which 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% of the ground maize in grower and finisher diets was replaced by triticale on an equal weight basis.Pigs receiving the basal maize growing diet (0% tritcale) gained less than pigs fed the triticale diets (P&lt;0·05). Pigs given the diets in which 20% of the maize was replaced by triticale gained significantly more than those given the other diets (P&lt;0·05). Increasing replacement in the grower diets beyond 20% resulted in a linear decrease in consumption and weight gains (P&lt;0·05). Feed conversion was similar for all diets which contained triticale.The basal finisher diet, and the diet with 20% of the maize replaced, promoted better feed consumption and weight gain than the diets in which 40, 60 and 80% of the maize was replaced by triticale during the finishing phase and for the entire 109-day growing-finishing period. Carcass quality grade was higher for pigs fed the basal diet and the diet in which 20% of the maize was replaced by triticale (P&lt;0·05 ) but there were no differences in the other parameters of carcass quality, nor in the composition, cooking quality and organoleptics,. of the longissimus muscle. Fatty acid profiles of the longissimus muscle indicated that palmitic and oleic acids were significantly higher (P&lt;0·05 ) and linoleic and palmitoleic significantly lower (P&lt;;0·05) in pigs given the basal and 20% replacement diets than in pigs given the other diets. The results show that triticale could replace maize partially (up to 20%) in diets for pigs.

Aluminum effects on the growth and mineral levels of triticale, wheat, and rye

Abstract Aluminum effects on plant growth and the mineral compositions and uptake of different cultivars of triticale (X Triticosecale, Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) were determined in 1/5 strength Steinberg solution. The plants were grown in solutions containing 0 or 6 ppm for 15 and 32 days, respectively. The objective was to determine whether the concentrations and uptake of Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu separated cultivars according to their degrees of Al tolerance at different growth stages. The effects of Al on mineral levels in plants varied with plant age. For example, Al generally decreased the mineral concentrations at 15 days and sometimes in plant tops at 32 days. However, the Zn and Mn in triticale 6TA 203, Al‐tolerant wheats, and the rye cultivars were increased by Al at 32 days. Aluminum tolerance in triticale and wheat was characterized by high Zn and Mn concentrations and uptake in roots, when grown in solutions containing Al. High degrees of Al tolerance were ...

Nutritive Value of Triticale for Young Chicks and Effect of Different Amino Acid Supplements on Growth

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of including high levels of triticale in the diet of young chicks on growth and feed efficiency. Comparable levels of corn or rye were also fed for comparison. Additional experiments were conducted to determine which amino acids were deficient in a diet containing 73% triticale. Similarly, amino acid supplements were added to a 14% protein diet for chicks in which 8% protein in the diet came from triticale and the remainder from a mixture of ingredients. All experiments were conducted with day-old chicks which received the experimental diets to two weeks of age. Data on body weight and feed efficiency were collected at weekly intervals.Results indicate that chicks fed a diet containing 55% triticale were only slightly smaller than chicks fed a diet with the same level of corn. Chicks fed a similar diet containing rye grew more slowly than those fed either triticale or corn. Chicks fed a diet containing 73% triticale were smaller than chicks fed the corn diet and were not different from chicks receiving the rye containing diet. Procaine penicillin supplementation promoted increased growth of chicks on the corn or rye diets but not of those on the triticale diets. Lysine supplementation of the 73% triticale diet increased both chick growth and size of the growth response to penicillin. Supplements of tryptophan and methionine had no effect on chick growth. A low protein diet containing 8% protein from triticale and 6% from a premix was found to be deficient in both lysine and threonine. Supplemental methionine was in the premix.

Preliminary Studies on Triticale in Diets for Laying Hens

Five treatments including two levels of Triticale or wheat (50 and 100%) replacement of protein from milo were fed to laying hens.The results after 98 days indicated that egg production was significantly less when triticale or wheat replaced 100% of the milo protein. Egg weight was significantly less in all treatments in which triticale was used.

Nutritional value of triticale for growing swine (1972)

One hundred thirty-five pigs averaging 57 pounds were used to determine the feeding value of triticale and the influence of physical form (meal or pellet) on the performance of growing pigs. Triticale replaced 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% of the milo in a 16.5% crude protein, milo-soybean diet. Level of triticale had no significant effect on feed intake, daily gain, or feed:gain ratio. Pigs fed triticale supplemented with soybean meal (isonitrogenous with control) and the pigs fed triticale supplemented with 0.2% L-lysine gained significantly (P <.05) slower than pigs fed the control diet. Physical form (meal or pellet) had no significant effect on feed intake, daily gain, or feed:gain ratio. The results indicate that triticale can be substituted on a weight basis in diets for growing pigs but not on a protein basis.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 2, 1972

TRITICALE IN DIETS FOR YOUNG DAIRY CALVES

A study was conducted to compare feed intake and growth rate of young dairy calves receiving two levels of triticale (27.5 and 55% of a complete ration) with calves receiving barley diets supplemented with urea or soybean meal. Effect of pelleting the 55% triticale diet was also examined. Each experimental diet was fed to 10 dairy calves (five bulls and five heifers) from birth. Experimental diets were fed free choice throughout. Triticale (1967 crop) at both levels reduced weight gain and feed intake relative to the control diets; however, there was little effect on feed efficiency. Low levels of ergot contamination of the triticale may have played a role in feed intake depression. Pelleting the 55% triticale diet resulted in reduced feed intake, similar weight gain and increased feed efficiency. Rations containing urea resulted in reduced rumen levels of isobutyric acid.

Replacement of maize by different levels of triticale on performances and meat yield characteristics of broiler chickens

An experiment was conducted for a period of 5 weeks with 240 day-old cobb-500 broiler chicks and were allocated into six dietary treatments with isocaloric and isonitrogenous containing 2975 Kcal ME/kg DM &amp; 21.70% CP and 3077 Kcal ME/kg DM &amp; 20.34% CP both starter and finisher ration respectively. There were 40 chicks per treatment, each treatment had 4 replication having 10 chicks in each. The dietary treatments were T1 (0% triticale + 100% maize), T2 (20% triticale + 80% maize), T3 (40% triticale + 60% maize), T4 (60% triticale + 40% maize), T5 (80% triticale + 20% maize) and T6 (100% triticale + 0% maize). The broilers of all treatment groups were supplied feeds and water ad libitum throughout the experimental period. There were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in feed intake, final body weight, total gain, feed conversion efficiency, survivability% but feed cost per kg live broiler production was differed significantly (P&lt;0.01) among dietary treatments at 35 days of age. Therefore, it is clear that triticale is a good alternative cereal for broiler diet without affecting performance and it may safely replace up to 100% of maize but 40% replacement enhance production performance and edible meat yield of broiler and reducing feed cost (Tk. 2.88/kg) per unit of broiler production.Keywords: Triticale; maize replacement; production performance; meat yield characteristicsDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i1.8613 International Journal of Natural Sciences (2011), 1(1):25-30