Level Of Technological Progress Research Articles

North–South trade, technology diffusion, and uneven development

ABSTRACT A recent consensus in the trade and endogenous growth literature establishes that North–South trade could only be detrimental to the South if there is no international technology diffusion. In this paper, I challenge this consensus. To do so, I develop a North–South two-sector trade model, with innovation and technology diffusion (or imitation). The crucial elements of the model are that diffusion is cheaper than innovation, but costly nonetheless, and that it occurs in the modern sector. By opening to trade, the South ends up specializing more in traditional sector production, losing the productivity gains associated with technology diffusion through modern sector production. The model thus confirms that technology diffusion is a force of convergence but shows that trade makes the South experience lower levels of technological progress and income relative to the North, so-called uneven development. After presenting the model, I broadly discuss the consistency of its policy implications in light of historical evidence and discuss the empirical plausibility of its crucial assumptions.

Can agricultural mechanization promote carbon reduction in countries along the Belt and Road?

Whether agricultural mechanization can drive carbon reduction in Belt and Road countries remains an unanswered question. This paper investigates how agricultural mechanization can contribute to agricultural carbon emissions reduction in countries along the Belt and Road, and to test whether technological progress can play a moderating role. The findings show that: 1) agricultural mechanization can effectively promote carbon emission reduction in countries along the Belt and Road; 2) countries with a high level of technological progress can effectively reduce agricultural carbon emissions by improving agricultural mechanization, and technological progress plays a positive regulating role; 3) agricultural mechanization is regionally heterogeneous and income heterogeneous, and its carbon-reducing effects are more pronounced in Asia, low- and middle-income countries and upper-middle-income countries. The results of the study provide lessons for climate governance and agricultural development in countries along the Belt and Road and help governments to formulate relevant policies.

Examining the Effectiveness of Housing and House Registration Policies for Raising Inflow of Talents A Case Study in Zhangjiang Science City, Shanghai

With the national economic transformation, the advance of the intelligent manufacturing industry is gradually approaching, which has a direct positive correlation with innovations and the development of high-tech industries. Sufficient technical and entrepreneurial talent supply is the key to maintaining a high level of technological progress and sustaining economic development. Therefore, as one of the most developed cities in China, Shanghai adopts several house-related policies to attract the inflow of advanced talent. This paper examines the effectiveness and feasibility of the housing and household registration policies implemented in Zhangjiang Science City, including shortening the time of transferring temporary residence permit into the registered permanent residence (TR-to-PR) and offering talents apartments to reduce rental pressure of young talents. Four simple quantitative indicators used to analyze the effectuality are the number of talents introduced annually and its growth rate; the number of TR-to-PR groups annually and its growth, respectively. As a result, this paper supports that the policies are effective in promoting talent inflow. However, the future talent retention issue is still alarming and it deserves the attention of policymakers. More policies concerning solving house price bubbles and improving the living environment should be adopted to keep talents stay and contribute to economic development in the long run.

Does trade openness aggravate embodied species loss?: Evidence from the belt and road countries

Along with the evolution of the international division of labor, trade openness is increasingly affecting species diversity in a profound way, driving an accelerated loss of species diversity. However, current research rarely discusses the mechanism of action between the two. To fill this gap, this paper based on the input and output model quantified the trade-off between economic efficiency and species diversity in global supply chain by centering on a dynamic evolution of embodied species loss driven by trade openness. The results show that effect coefficients of trade openness on embodied species loss is positive which means trade openness exacerbates the level of species loss; Regression results distinguishing the stages of species loss show that increasing the level of trade openness can exacerbate species loss in samples with higher levels of loss. Heterogeneity analysis finds that increased trade openness in developing economies can exacerbate the rate of species loss. Mechanistic tests find that trade openness affects species loss mainly by enhancing the level of technological progress and mitigating the size of the labor force; Machine learning models reveal a nonlinear trend of trade openness on species loss. This paper proposes relevant policy implications: countries should correctly balance the relationship between trade openness and species loss, focus on optimizing the structure of import and export trade, and reduce species loss while improving the trade openness system.

Unlocking the potential of foreign direct investment to reduce energy intensity.

This study examines the potential of foreign direct investment (FDI) to reduce energy intensity in developing countries between 1996 and 2019.Using a generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, we investigated the linear and non-linear impact of FDI on energy intensity through the interaction effect of FDI and technological progress (TP). The results reveal that FDI has a positive and significant direct effect on energy intensity, whereas the energy-saving effect is evident through energy-efficient technology transfers. The strength of this effect depends on the level of technological progress in developing countries. The outcomes of the Hausman-Taylor and dynamic panel data estimations corroborated these research findings, and disaggregated data analysis by income groups also provided similar results, signifying the validity of the results. Based on the research findings, policy recommendations are formulated to improve the ability of FDI to reduce energy intensity in developing countries.

Estimating long-term and short-term CO2 rebound effects of China’s urban residential sector: evidence from a dynamic econometric approach

This study quantifies China’s urban residential CO2 rebound owing to improvements in energy efficiency. We use a dynamic econometric model (error corrected linear approximated almost ideal demand system, ECM-LA-AIDS) to examine the relationship between energy-efficiency promotion, energy consumption behaviour, and the CO2 rebound effect. An improvement in energy efficiency lowers the energy price, resulting in unbalanced short- and long-term energy consumption behaviours. Inconsistent short- and long-term energy-efficiency policies may lead to greater rebound effects. Therefore, this study estimates the residential energy-related CO2 (ECR-CO2) rebound effects considering both short- and long-term consumption patterns to provide targeted policies for controlling residential ECR-CO2. The results indicate that the short- and long-term urban residential ECR-CO2 effects differ across regions and provinces. Additionally, the direct rebound effect contributes more to the total ECR-CO2 rebound effect than the indirect rebound effect. Finally, at the national level, the urban residential ECR-CO2 rebound effects exhibit a U-shaped divergence, indicating that, among the 31 Chinese provinces considered, the ECR-CO2 rebound effect first converges and then diverges, owing to differences in the levels of technological progress.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN BANTUAN PANGAN NON-TUNAI (BPNT) DI DESA RANTAU JAYA UDIK KECAMATAN SUKADANA KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TIMUR

Since now, the handling of poverty in Indonesia is still being pursued with various strategies for handling it. One of them is the issuance of the Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) policy which is based on the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 63 of 2017 concerning the Distribution of Non-Cash Aid. However, in its implementation, there are still many problems such as recipients of aid who are not on target, such as the case that occurred in Rantau Jaya Udik Village, Sukadana District. From a total of 221 Beneficiary Families (KPM), there are 39 data that are not on target. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the implementation of BPNT distribution in Rantau Jaya Udik Village, Sukadana District, East Lampung Regency. This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of BPNT distribution in Rantau Jaya Udik Village has not run well, this can be seen from the characteristics of the problem, it can be seen that there are invalid beneficiary data obtained from the Integrated Data on Social Welfare of the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, namely 39 Beneficiary Families. In implementing this policy, the contents of this policy are clearly contained in the Regulation of the Minister of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2019 concerning the Distribution of Non-Cash Food Aid and support from the implementers and the community for this program. In terms of the environment, social, community economy and the level of technological progress of the community, it is quite low as seen from many KPMs who still do not understand in using the Prosperous Family Card.

Determinants analysis of GDP Per capita’s growth and state regulations of 7 ASEAN countries

Labour, entrepreneurship, and technology are important components in the success of GDP Per capita, the existing workforce is not only fixated by numbers but also must be focused on quality to have a significant impact, in addition to the ability and desire of a nation to grow interested in becoming entrepreneurs. This research base on Solow and Swan's Theory said that economic growth was influenced by the growth of production factors such as population, labor, and capital accumulation, as well as the level of technological progress described in the development of knowledge. There is an element of technological progress in the Solow-Swan model which is the main differentiator from the Harrod-Domar growth model. This study used 42 observers consisting of 7 ASEAN countries, namely; Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Cambodia, using multiple linear regression and using classical assumption test. The research method in this study uses multiple linear regression of panel data, using the classical assumption test. To get the best model, the data will be tested for Pool Effect, Fix Effect and Random Effects Models, while the determination of the best model is based on the results of the Chow and Hausman tests. The results are shown that labor does not have a significant influence on GDP Per Capita revenue, while the entrepreneurship Index (GEI) and Technology Index (GII) variables have a positive and significant impact on GDP Per Capita revenue. The workforce hasn't affected, which is broadly described in this study because the absorption of labor has not been optimal or the provision of jobs whose proportions are not balanced with the number of the workforce.

How heterogeneous technological progress promotes industrial structure upgrading and industrial carbon efficiency? Evidence from China's industries

The bottleneck of China's industrial carbon efficiency improvement is that the contribution of carbon emission technology is less than that of energy technology, and that of neutral technology is less than that of capital-based technology. The key to breaking through this bottleneck is to clarify how heterogeneous technological progress enhances carbon efficiency through industrial structural upgrading. The effects of four levels of technological progress on carbon efficiency under two technical classifications based on technology sources and carbon emission processes from energy consumption are studied by using the DEA method. The suitable choice of the path of technological progress to promoting China's industrial carbon efficiency is provided accordingly. The panel data model is used to deeply investigate the effects of these four levels of technological progress on industrial carbon efficiency in China's 30 provincial industries. The main results are as follows: First, in terms of direct effects, progress in energy technology is more conducive to improving carbon efficiency than progress in carbon emission technology, and progress in neutral technology is more effective in improving carbon efficiency than progress in capital-embodied technology. Second, in terms of indirect effects, progress in capital-embodied technology is effective in upgrading industrial structures and enhancing carbon efficiency; and, through green upgrading of industrial structures, progress in energy technology has a positive and significant impact on carbon efficiency. Third, the level of industrial development and government environmental governance have a positive impact on carbon efficiency, and the energy structure has a negative impact on carbon efficiency.

Research on Environmental Regulation and Green Total Factor Productivity in Yangtze River Delta: From the Perspective of Financial Development.

This paper employs the global Malmquist Luenberger (GML) index and the System Generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation method to investigate the influence of both environmental regulation and financial development on green total factor productivity in 41 cities of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China from 2003–2019. We select the relevant input-output data to measure the green total factor productivity (GTFP) and its decomposition index including undesirable output. The results show that the GTFP and its decomposition index in the YRD have a slow fluctuating upward trend. The YRD mainly depends on improving the level of technological progress and environmental governance to promote the improvement of regional economic green development level. The empirical research results show that there is an inverted U relationship between environmental regulation and GTFP in the YRD, too strict environmental regulation will inhibit the growth of green total factor productivity. By adding control variables, the inflection point of environmental regulation is 0.5034, which is lower than that without control variables. There is a strong interaction and superposition effect between financial development and environmental regulation, which is closely related to the established financial cooperation mechanism, perfect financial system arrangement and cross-regional financial cooperation platform in the YRD. Government intervention should be reduced, the introduction of foreign capital should be controlled appropriately, foreign capital should be guided to green industries, and the use efficiency of foreign capital should be improved. This paper holds that we should pay attention to the strength of environmental regulation, prevent overcorrection, increase the guidance of credit funds, deepen the reform of the financial system, appropriately intervene in the market by the government, strengthen the guidance of foreign capital, and promote the development and transformation of the green economy in the YRD region with the help of several policies.

Research on the Impact of Investment Efficiency of China’s Commercial Economy on Industrial Structure Adjustment Based on Cloud Computing

The adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure is an important issue in macroeconomic development. Through the optimization of resource allocation structure, the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the national economy can be improved. When the investment opportunity is good, the industrial policy can guide the enterprise to invest, which has the significant effect on the investment efficiency. This paper focuses on the impact of China’s OFDI (Outward Foreign Direct Investment) on the upgrading of industrial structure. First of all, this paper combs the research results of domestic and foreign scholars on this topic and describes the main influencing factors of industrial structure upgrading. Secondly, the construction of the empirical model, based on cloud computing, big data analysis, using the grey correlation model. According to China’s development situation, the introduction of industrial structure upgrading, three levels of industrial integration, the whole society’s investment in fixed assets, GDP per capita, financial development indicators to measure the level of technological progress and establish an empirical model for analysis. The empirical results show that China’s OFDI has a positive effect on the industrial structure, but this effect is not significant. The lag of investment rate, the fluctuation of income growth rate, the short-term fluctuation of variables such as tax, relative price of capital, research and development expenditure and human capital stock have significant influence on investment rate. Finally, on basis of the research results, the paper puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions on how to use OFDI more effectively to promote the upgrading of industrial structure.

How does internet development affect energy-saving and emission reduction? Evidence from China

With the development of information technology and its innovative applications in the field of environmental protection, the role of the internet in energy conservation and emission reduction has become increasingly prominent. Based on panel data from 30 provinces from 2006 to 2017 and 196 cities from 2011 to 2018 in China, this study utilizes the SBM (Slack-Based Measure) model to evaluate energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. The OLS, Spatial Durbin model, threshold model, mediating effect model, and DID (Difference in Difference) model are employed to study the direct effect, spatial spillover effect, nonlinear relationship, transmission mechanism, and policy effect of internet development on energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. The empirical results indicate that internet development has significantly promoted energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. This conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests, including IV estimation, and the substitution of dependent and independent variables. The gradual DID model based on the quasi natural experiment of “Broadband China” further proves the causal relationship between internet development and energy saving and emission reduction efficiency. Internet development can improve the latter through technological progress, energy structure, human capital, and openness. Interestingly, the impact of internet development on the energy saving and emission reduction efficiency of adjacent areas also has a significantly positive spatial spillover effect, which still exists under the spatial weight matrix of different distances. There is also solid evidence that the impact of internet development on energy saving and emission reduction efficiency is non-linear under different levels of technological progress, energy structure, human capital, and openness.

Is Technological Progress Selective for Multiple Pollutant Emissions?

Current research on technological progress does not focus on whether there is a biased selection of technological progress based on the resulting pollutant emissions and the emission reduction effect. This paper measures green total factor productivity for 30 provinces in China from 2004–2018 and tests whether technological progress is selectively biased towards the pollutants emitted. The results find a selective bias of technological progress on pollutant emissions, and there is also heterogeneity in the selective bias across regions. The current level of technological progress is on the right side of the inverted U-shaped inflection point for SO2 and PM2.5 and the left side of the inverted U-shaped inflection point for CO2. The improvement of technological progress can reduce the emissions of SO2 and PM2.5. Still, the results indicate that the reduction effect of these two pollutants originates from the treatment process rather than reducing the source of the production side. The inability of technological advancement to reduce CO2 emissions suggests some carbon lock-in in China’s technological advancement. The Chinese government should increase the proportion of new energy applications and reduce the production methods of polluting industries to reduce pollutants effectively.

Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis in obese patients.

<b>Introduction:</b> In today's technological climate, science and medicine have entered a new era. At the level of technological progress, we have identified millennia of "new" problems and diseases. If earlier diseases had a certain individuality then, in the third millennium, we face compliance and synergistic influence of diseases. Obesity is a problem of the third millennium. It is known that obesity is the main factor in the development of various chronic diseases [1-3]. With excess weight and obesity, bile is oversaturated with cholesterol, resulting in an increase of its lipogenicity index. As a result, frequency of gallstone disease increases; findings from this study document an increase of disease frequency as high as 50% to 60% [4]. In 20% of patients, housing concerns are combined with obesity [5]. Thus, obesity is one of the factors in the development of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis [6]. The presence of acute cholecystitis represents the most difficult situation for patients with gallstones. When obesity is also present, the patient's risk of surgical complications increases due to altered homeostasis and reduced reserve capacity [7]. A retrospective study of this issue [8] posed a number of questions about the possibility of influencing the course of disease in the preoperative period as well as the improvement and impact of surgical technicalities in patients with acute cholecystitis and obesity. Addressing these and additional questions is the main goal of this study. <br><b>Aim: </b>The aim of the study was to study and select the optimal method of surgery in patients with acute cholecystitis and obesity. <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> In our study, a prospective analysis was used. We analyzed 67 cases with diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and obesity; all were treated at Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital in the period from September 2018 to March 2020. Patients with acute cholecystitis and obesity received either traditional or modified laparoscopic cholecystectomy. <br><b>Results:</b> Retrospective analysis indicates traditional laparoscopic cholecystectomy is technically difficult and costly in patients with acute cholecystitis and obesity. A modified laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been proposed to improve and enhance surgery in patients with acute cholecystitis and obesity. Surgical duration was shortened by 9.01 ± 0.41 minutes (p = 0.001; αα= 0.05) when a modified laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. <br><b>Conclusions:</b> Performing a modified laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduced the duration of surgery by 9.01 ± 0.41 minutes (p = 0.001; α = 0.05), prevents development of metabolic acidosis pH 7.39 ± 0.03 vs 7.30 ± 0.005 = 0.001; αα= 0.05, pCO2 5.05 ± 0.36 vs 6.03 ± 0.38 (p = 0.02; αα= 0.05), reducing the risk of hypercoagulation. Modified laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LHE) is effective in II and III degrees of obesity (p = 0.001; α = 0.05).

An optimal banking structure from the perspective of enterprise technological innovation ------- empirical evidence from Chinese industrial enterprises

ABSTRACT This paper applies the incomplete contracts model to study an optimal banking structure corresponding to different levels of technological development from the perspective of technological innovation. The findings indicate that, with the development of technology, there exists an optimal banking structure that matches the real economy and has a dynamic evolution in different stages of economic development. At the same time, an optimal banking structure depends on the level of technological development, which seems to render invalid the argument that one structure is absolutely better than the other. Finally, the paper empirically analyzes the impact of banking structure on technological innovation using the data of China’s industrial enterprises from 2005 to 2009 . The empirical results show firstly that, with economic development and technological progress, an optimal banking structure that promotes technological innovation is biased towards a monopoly structure. Secondly, from the perspective of the sub-regional level of technological progress, a competitive banking structure is more conductive to technological innovation in low-tech areas but, in medium- and high-tech areas, a monopolistic banking structure will further promote technological innovation.

Post-earthquake economic resilience and recovery efficiency in the border areas of the Tibetan Plateau: A case study of areas affected by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan, China in 2008

The border areas of the Tibetan Plateau and the neighboring mountainous areas have a high incidence of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than Ms 5.0, as well as having a dense distribution of geological disasters such as collapses, landslides, and debris flows. Revealing the post-disaster economic development and recovery process is very important for enhancing disaster prevention and response capacity in order to formulate control policies and recovery methods for post-disaster economic reconstruction based on economic resilience. Using long-term socioeconomic data and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, this paper calculated the economic resilience index of the areas most severely affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008 and adopted the improved variable returns to scale (VRS) date envelopment analysis (DEA) model and the Malmquist productivity index to analyze the efficiency and effect of annual post-disaster recovery. The results show that: (1) the economic resilience index of the areas most severely affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake was 0.877. The earthquake resulted in a short-term economic recession in the affected areas, but the economy returned to pre-quake levels within two years. In addition, the industrial economy was less resilient than agriculture and the service industry. (2) The comprehensive economic recovery efficiency of the disaster-stricken area in the year following the disaster was 0.603. The comprehensive efficiency, the pure technical efficiency, and the scale efficiency of the plain and hilly areas were significantly greater than those of the plateau and mountain areas. (3) The annual fluctuation in total factor productivity (TFP) following the disaster was considerable, and the economic recovery efficiency decreased significantly, resulting in a short-term economic recession. The TFP index returned to steady state following decreases of 33.7% and 15.2%, respectively, in the two years following the disaster. (4) The significant decrease in the post-disaster recovery efficiency was caused mainly by technological changes, and the renewal of the production system was the leading factor in determining the economic resilience following the disaster. With the decline in the scale of economic recovery following the earthquake, long-term economic recovery in the disaster-stricken areas depended mainly on pure technical efficiency, and the improvement in the latter was the driving force for maintaining the long-term growth of the post-disaster economy. Therefore, according to the local characteristics of natural environment and economic system, the disaster-stricken areas need to actively change and readjust their economic structures. At the same time, attention should be paid to updating the production system to enhance the level of technological progress and give full play to the scale effects of large-scale capital, new facilities, human resources, and other investment factors following the disaster so as to enhance the impact of economic resilience and recovery efficiency in response to the disaster.

Self-building technologies

On the basis of two thought experiments, I argue that self-building technologies are possible given our current level of technological progress. We could already use technology to make us instantiate selfhood in a more perfect, complete manner. I then examine possible extensions of this thesis, regarding more radical self-building technologies which might become available in a distant future. I also discuss objections and reservations one might have about this view.

Significant Influence of Information Technology on the Use of Modern Accounting Software

The purposes of this research are to describe, analysis, and determine the level of effectiveness and efficiency through information technology on modern accounting software. In this case the researcher focuses on the use of accounting applications using the accurate software. This study used a method of description and interviews to direct informants, where the population taken in this study are S1 (bachelor degree) and SMK (vocational high school) Accounting students. The results of this study indicate that the use of Information Technology (IT) has a significant influence on the company. Modern accounting software that uses a computerized system helps manage financial statements from the stage of recording transactions, classification, summarizing and then preparing it in the form of financial statements needed by an accountant to notify those in need in the company. With the level of technological progress is so fast, pushing companies to use modern accounting software that is compatible in the network and multi-user to improve the effectiveness of company performance. Accurate accounting software with complete features and ease of operation is one solution to improve accuracy, functional improvement, and shorten the time spent preparing and presenting financial statements.

The influence of the working fluid type on the parameters of the ion engine

Nowadays, the level of technological progress, the foundations of which were laid in previous decades, has made it possible to practically master the use of near-earth orbits and conduct separate research trips beyond them. Further steps, including expanding the functionality of space vehicles in near-Earth orbits, the creation and regular operation of a lunar space base, large-scale planetary and other bodies of the solar system exploration, and sounding of deep space, requires, first of all, a sharp increase in the capabilities and efficiency of space transport systems. A further increase in the flow rate of the working fluid requires an increase in its specific energy content, that is, conversion to a plasma state, which is implemented in ion engines. In ion engines, ion beams are accelerated in an electric field organized by electrodes. The volume charge in the accelerating gap is not compensated; this serves as one of the restrictions on the current density in such a beam. In the present work, we took hydrogen, deuterium, helium, nitrogen, argon, krypton, xenon as the working fluid, for which the dependences of the optimal ion emission current density on the distance and voltage between the electrodes of the accelerating gap, breakdown voltage of distance between the electrodes, specific thrust of the specific impulse, specific impulse of the mass number of ions and others were calculated, and the most promising and effective working fluid was determined.

Coordinating technological progress and environmental regulation in CO2 mitigation: The optimal levels for OECD countries & emerging economies

As technological progress and environmental regulation are not only important drivers of but also the double-edged swords in mitigation of CO 2 emissions, it is important to figure out their optimal threshold values for CO 2 emissions' reduction. This paper employs the panel smooth transition regression technique to explore these optimal values in the case of OECD countries and emerging economies. The results show that: (1) OECD countries are at a level of excessive technological progress, which will have a rebound effect and increase CO 2 emissions. (2) Emerging economies are under a strict level of environmental regulation, which will lead to serious ‘green paradox’ effects and harm the economic development. Moreover, they have great potential to achieve CO 2 emissions reduction targets through technological progress. (3) Due to the rebound effect, the concentration of environment-related technologies should be shifted from improving energy efficiency to reducing carbon emissions directly such as capture, storage, sequestration or disposal of greenhouse gases. (4) OECD countries should provide low-carbon technical support to emerging economies. In addition, because of the existence of heterogeneity, OECD countries ought to determine their levels of technological progress and environmental regulation according to their own actual conditions. • A PSTR model is employed to explore the optimal values of technological progress and environment regulation for OECD countries and emerging economies. • Results indicate that technological progress may lead to rebound effect. • The strict level of environmental regulation in emerging economies will cause ‘green paradox’ effects and hinder economic development. • Concentration of CO 2 mitigation should be shifted from improving energy efficiency to reducing carbon emissions directly. • OECD countries should provide low-carbon emission reduction technical support to emerging economies.